Abstract
The genus Biapertura Smirnov, 1971, with type species B. affinis (= Lynceus affinis Leydig, 1860) is re-evaluated, removing the affinis-group from polyphyletic Alona s. lato. Biapertura s. str. is a taxon which could be defined by large size (up to 1.1 mm), having head shield with triangular posterior portion and two connected major head pores, and by having massive postabdomen with over 10 well-developed composite marginal denticles and well-developed lateral fascicles of setulae. Thoracic limbs of Biapertura are of Hexalona-type, inner distal lobe of limb I bear extremely large, usually claw-like seta 1. Australian species of the genus, B. kendallensis (Henry, 1919) and B. elliptica (Sinev, 1997), are fully redescribed here. Morphological analysis suggests that Biapertura s. str. is a sister-group to Alona s. str. A key to seven species of the genus is provided and a discussion of their geographic distribution and habitat type is given.
References
Alonso, M. (1996) Crustacea, Branchiopoda. In: Ramos, M. (Ed.), Fauna Iberica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 7, pp. 1–486.
Alonso, M. & Pretus, J.L. (1989) Alona iberica, new species: first evidence of noncosmopolitanism within the A. karua complex (Cladocera: Chydoridae). Journal of crustacean Biology, 9 (3), 459–476.
https://doi.org/10.1163/193724089X00449
Baird, W. (1843) The natural history of the British Entomostraca. VI. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 11 (68), 81–95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03745484309445268
Behning, A.L. (1941) The Cladocerans of the Caucasus. Gruzmedgiz Publishing, Tbilisi, 384 pp. [in Russian]
Birge, E.A. (1892) List of Crustacea Cladocera from Madison, Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science and Arts Letters, 9, 379–398.
Bledzki, L.A. & Rybak, J.I. (2016) Freshwater Crustacean Zooplankton of Europe: Cladocera & Copepoda (Calanoida, Cyclopoida). Key to species identification, with notes on ecology, distribution, methods and introduction to data analysis. Springer International Publishing Cham, 918 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29871-9
Brancelj, A. & Sket, B. (1990) Occurrence of Cladocera (Crustacea) in subterranean waters in Yugoslavia. Hydrobiologia, 199, 17–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007829
Chengalath, R. (1987) The distribution of chydorid Cladocera in Canada. Hydrobiologia, 145 (1), 151–157.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530275
Daday, E. (1905) Untersuchungenuber die Susswasser Mikrofauna Paraguays. Zoologica, 18 (44), 1–374.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11316
Dumont, H.J. & Silva-Briano, M. (2000) Karualona n.gen. (Anomopoda: Chydoridae), with a description of two new species, and a key to all known species. Hydrobiologia, 435, 61–82.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004006521874
Flössner, D. (1972) Krebstiere, Crustacea (Kiemen- und Blattfüßer, Branchiopoda, Fischläuse, Branchiura). In: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 60. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, pp. 1–499.
Flössner, D. (2000) Die Haplopoda und Cladocera (ohne Bosminidae) Mitteleuropas. Backhuys, Leiden, 428 pp.
Garibian, P.G., Chertoprud, E.S., Sinev, A.Y., Korovchinsky, N.M. & Kotov, A.A. (2019) Cladocera and Copepoda (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of the Lake Bolon and its basin (Far East of Russia). Arthropoda Selecta, 28 (1), 37–63.
https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.28.1.05
Henry, M. (1919) On some Australian Cladocera. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 52, 463–485.
Henry, M. (1922) A monograph of the freshwater Entomostraca of New South Wales. Part I. Cladocera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 47, 186, 26–52.
Herbst, H.V. (1962) Blattfűsskrebse (Phyllopoden: EchteBlattfűsser und Wasserflőhe). Kosmos, Stuttgart, 130 pp.
Hudec, I. (2010) Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Haplopoda, Onychopoda (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Fauna Slovenska III. VEDA, Bratislava, 496 pp.
Idris, B.A.G. (1983) Freshwater Zooplankton of Malaysia (Crustacea: Cladocera). Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Syarikat Percetakan Selangor, Kuala Lumpu, 153 pp.
Korovchinsky, N.M. (2013) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of South East Asia: history of exploration, taxon richness and notes on zoogeography. Journal of Limnology, 72 (S2), 109–124.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e7
Kotov, A.A., Sinev, A.Y., Garibian, P.G., Neretina, A.N., Jeong, H.G., Lee, W., Chae, K.S. & Min, G.S. (2018) Recent progress in studies of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of South Korea with seven new records for the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Species Research, 6, 227–246.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.4
Kotov, A.A., Van Damme, K., Bekker, E.I., Siboualipha, S., Silva-Briano, M., Ortiz, A.A., de la Rosa, R.G. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Vientiane province and municipality, Laos. Journal of Limnology, 72 (S2), 81–180.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e6
Leydig, F. (1860) Naturgeschichte der Daphniden. H. Lauppsche Buchhandlung, Laupp & Siebeck, Tübingen, 252 pp.
Liévin, F. (1848) Die Branchiopoda der Danziger Geden, ein Beitragzur Fauna der Provinz Preussen.Neueste Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, 2 (4), 1–52.
Lilljeborg, W. (1901) Cladocera Sueciae. Nova acta regiae societatis scientatis scientiarum upsaliensis, Seriei Tertiae, 19, 1–701.
Michael, R.G. & Sharma, B.K. (1988) Fauna of India and ajancent countries. Indian Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera). Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 262 pp.
Müller, P.E. (1867) Danmarks Cladocera. Naturhistorisk Tidskrift, Koebenhavn, 3 (5), 53–240.
Negrea, S. (1983) Cladocera. Fauna Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti, Crustacea, 4 (12), 1–399.
Sars, G.O. (1896) On fresh-water Entomostraca from the neighbourhood of Sydney, partly raised from dried mud. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab Christiania, 18, 1–81.
Sars, G.O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the freshwater Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab Christiania, 23, 1–102.
Sars, G.O. (1916) The fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province (Union of South Africa). Part 1: Cladocera. Annals of the South African Museum, 15, 303–351.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22197
Schödler, J.E. (1863) Neue Beiträgezur Naturgeschichte der Cladoceren (Crustacea Cladocera). Verlag von August Hirschwald, Berlin, 80 pp.
Shiel, R.J. & Dickson, J.A. (1995) Cladocera recorded from Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 119, 29–40.
Sinev, A.Y. (1997) Review of the affinis-group of Alona Baird, 1843, with the description of a new species from Australia (Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Arthropoda Selecta, 6 (3–4), 47–58.
Sinev, A.Y. (1998) Alona ossiani sp. n., a new species of the Alona affinis complex from Brasil, deriving from the collection of G. O. Sars (Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Arthropoda Selecta, 7 (2), 103–110.
Sinev, A.Y. (1999) Alona costata Sars, 1862 versus related palaeotropical species: the first example of close relations between species with a different number of main head pores among Chydoridae (Crustacea: Anomopoda). Arthropoda Selecta, 8 (3), 131–148.
Sinev, A.Y. (2000) Postembrional development of male and abnormal sexual individuals of Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) (Anomopoda, Chydoridae). Hydrobiologia, 437, 197–202.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026515226055
Sinev, A.Y. (2004) Armatalona gen. n.—a new genus of subfamily Aloninae (Anomopoda, Chydoridae), separated from genus Alona Baird, 1840. Hydrobiologia, 420, 29–47.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027723.38965.11
Sinev, A.Y. (2009) Cladocerans of the Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) group from South Africa. Zootaxa, 1990 (1), 41–54.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1990.1.3
Sinev, A.Y. (2012) Alona kotovi sp. nov., a new species of Aloninae (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from South Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3475 (1), 45–54.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3475.1.4
Sinev, A.Y. (2013) Cladocerans of Alona affinis group (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from North America. Zootaxa, 3693 (3), 329–343.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3693.3.3
Sinev, A.Y. (2015) Revision of the pulchella-group of Alona s. lato leads to its translocation to Ovalona Van Damme et Dumont, 2008 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Zootaxa, 4044 (4), 451–492.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4044.4.1
Sinev, A.Y. (2016) Key for identification of Cladocera of the subfamily Aloninae (Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from South-East Asia. Zootaxa, 4200 (4), 451–486.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4200.4.1
Sinev, A.Y. (2018) Genus Camptocercus (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) in North America. Zootaxa, 4459 (3), 583–599.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4459.3.11
Sinev, A.Y. (2020) Revision of the elegans-group of Alona s. lato and its status as a subgenus of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Zootaxa, 4732 (2), 501–526.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4732.4.1
Sinev, A.Y. & Coronel, J.S. (2006) A new species of genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from the Bolivian Andes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Monographiae Studiae, Supplement 15/114, 395–408.
Sinev, A.Y. & Dumont, H.J. (2016) Revision of costata-group of Alona s. lato (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) confirms its generic status. European Journal of Taxonomy, 233, 1–38.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.223
Sinev, A.Y. & Elmour-Loureiro, L.M.A. (2010) Three new species of chydorid cladocerans of subfamily Aloninae (Branchipoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 2390 (1), 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2390.1.1
Sinev, A.Y., Gu, Y. & Han, B. (2015) Cladocera of Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa, 4006 (3), 569–585.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4006.3.9
Sinev, A.Y. & Hollwedel, W. (2005) Translocation of Alona muelleri Richard, 1897 into the genus Karualona Dumont & Silva-Briano, 2000 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Arthropoda Selecta, 14, 93–101.
Sinev, A.Y., Karabanov, D.P. & Kotov, A.A. (2020) A new North Eurasian species of the Alona affinis complex (Cladocera: Chydoridae). Zootaxa, 4767 (1), 115–137.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4767.1.5
Sinev, A.Y. & Korovchinsky, N.M. (2013) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Cat Tien National Park, South Vietnam. Journal of Limnology, 70 (2), 125–141.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e8
Sinev, A.Y. & Kotov, A.A. (2012) New and rare Aloninae (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from Indochina. Zootaxa, 3334 (1), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3334.1.1
Sinev, A.Y. & Shiel, R.J. (2008) Redescription of Alona macracantha Smirnov and Timms, 1983 and its assignment to Maraura gen. nov. (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Journal of Natural History, 42 (45–46), 2809–2824.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802361048
Sinev, A.Y., Silva-Briano, M. (2012) Cladocerans of genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) and related genera from Aguascalientes State, Mexico. Zootaxa, 3569 (1), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3569.1.1
Sinev, A.Y., Van Damme, K. & Kotov, A.A. (2005) Redescription of tropical-temperate cladocerans Alona diaphana King, 1853 and Alona davidi Richard, 1895 and their translocation to Leberis Smirnov, 1989 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae). Arthropoda Selecta, 14 (3), 183–205.
Sinev, A. Y. & Yusoff, F. M. (2018) New data on Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Sabah State, Borneo Island, Malaysia. Zootaxa, 4438 (2), 362–372.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4438.2.10
Smirnov, N.N. (1971) Chydoridae of the world fauna. Fauna SSSR. Rakoobraznie, 1 (2), 1–531. [in Russian]
Smirnov, N.N. & Timms, B. (1983) A revision of the Australian Cladocera. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 1, 1–132.
https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.1.1983.103
Sousa, F.D.R., Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M.A. & Santos, S. (2016a) New findings of Hexalona-branch representatives in Brazil, with a description of Prenda gen. nov. (Crustacea: Anomopoda: Aloninae). Journal of Natural History, 50 (43–44), 2727–2768.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1208302
Sousa, F.D.R., Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M.A. & Santos, S. (2016b) Position of the dentifera-group in the Coronatella-branch and its relocation to a new genus: Magnospina gen. n. (Crustacea, Chydoridae, Aloninae). ZooKeys, 586, 95–119.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.586.8209
Stingelin, T. (1895) Die Cladoceren der Umgebung von Basel. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 3, 161–274.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53708
Stingelin, T. (1906) Neue Beiträgezur Kenntnis der Cladocerenfauna der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 14, 317–387.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.8298
Tiang-Nga, S., Sinev, A.Y. & Sanoamuang, L. (2016) A new species of the genus Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev& Dumont, 2011 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from North-East Thailand. Zootaxa, 4150 (1), 93–100.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.6
Van Damme, K., Brancelj, A. & Dumont, H.J. (2009) Adaptations to the hyporheic in Aloninae (Crustacea: Cladocera): allocation of Alona protzi Hartwig, 1900 and related species to Phreatalona gen. nov. Hydrobiologia, 618, 1–34.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9607-6
Van Damme, K. & Dumont, H.J. (2008a) Further division of Alona Baird, 1843: separation and position of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski and Ovalona gen.n. (Crustacea: Cladocera). Zootaxa, 1960 (1), 1–44.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1960.1.1
Van Damme, K. & Dumont, H.J. (2008b) The ‘true’ genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda): characters of the A. quadrangularis-group and description of a new species from Democratic Republic Congo. Zootaxa, 1943, 1–25.
Van Damme, K. & Eggermont, H. (2011) The Afromontane Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of the Rwenzori (Uganda—D. R. Congo): taxonomy, ecology and biogeography. Hydrobiologia, 676, 57–100.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0892-0
Van Damme, K., Kotov, A.A. & Dumont, H.J. (2010) A checklist of names in Alona Baird 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae) and their current status: an analysis of the taxonomy of a lump genus. Zootaxa, 2330 (1), 1–63.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2330.1.1
Van Damme, K. & Maiphae, S. (2013) Salinalona gen. nov., an euryhalinechydorid lineage (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda) from the Oriental region. Journal of Limnology, 72 (S2), 142–173.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e9
Van Damme, K. & Sinev, A.Y. (2011) A new genus of cave-dwelling microcrustaceans from the Dinaric Region (south-east Europe): adaptations of true stygobitic Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 31–52.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00639.x
Van Damme, K., Sinev, A.Y. & Dumont, H.J. (2011) Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa, 2875 (1), 1–64.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1
Werestchagin, G.Y. (1911) Zur Cladocerenfauna des Nowgorodischen Gouvernements (Waldayscher Bezirk). ZoologischerAnzeiger, 37, 553–561.