Abstract
The Caspiinae comprise small gastropod species inhabiting low-salinity environments of the Pontocaspian region, specifically the Caspian Sea and the limans, estuaries and lower river reaches of the northern Black Sea Basin. There is considerable discrepancy in the literature as to which taxa are attributed to this hydrobiid subfamily, which of them are valid and what rank they have. Moreover, the generic classification is not agreed upon. Here, we aim at elucidating systematic relationships and species identities by a thorough taxonomic and systematic revision of the Caspiinae, including a detailed morphological study along with information on biogeography, ecology, conservation and fossil record. We use historical and recent collections from all around the Pontocaspian region acquired over the past 170 years, including several type series that were only recently discovered as well as selected Pleistocene and Holocene materials. Several of the species are illustrated properly here for the first time, using both macrophotographs and scanning electron microscopy images to facilitate evaluation of morphological details. The genus Andrusovia, which has been classified in a number of different families and even gastropod subclasses before, is here attributed to the Caspiinae. By designating a lectotype for the type species, A. dybowskii, we finally fix the identity of this previously ambiguous species and genus. Our revision yields four genera and eleven accepted species of Caspiinae for the modern Pontocaspian fauna: Andrusovia (1), Caspia (1), Clathrocaspia (7) and Ulskia (2). In addition, two species of uncertain status (1 nomen dubium, 1 taxon inquirendum) are discussed, and two species introduced as Caspiinae are here found not to belong in that group. Andrusovia antecessor sp. nov. and Andrusovia cyrensis sp. nov. are introduced as new (sub)fossil species from the Caspian Sea.
References
Albrecht, C., von Rintelen, T., Sereda, S. & Riedel, F. (2014) Evolution of ancient lake bivalves: the Lymnocardiinae (Cardiidae) of the Caspian Sea. Hydrobiologia, 739 (1), 85–94.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1908-3
Alexenko, T.L. (1992) Mollyuski Dneprovsko-Bugskoy ust’yevoy oblasti i ikh rol’ v ekosisteme. Abstract of PhD thesis. Institute of Hydrobiology, Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, 22 pp.
Alexenko, T.L. & Alexandrova, N.G. (1987) Nekotorye momenty ekologii Ponto-Kaspijskikh mollyuskov ust’evoy oblasti Dnepra. In: Starobogatov, Ya. I., Golikov, A.N. & Likharev, I.M. (Eds.), Molluscs: Results and perspectives of investigation. Eight meeting on the Investigation of Molluscs, April, 1987. Abstracts of Communications. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 266–267.
Alexenko, T.L. & Anistratenko, V.V. (1998) Osobennosti razmnozheniya mollyuskov dvukh vidov roda Caspia (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Pyrgulidae). Vestnik Zoologii, 32 (4), 60–66.
Alexenko, T.L. & Kucheryava, A.N. (2019) Osoblyvosti rozselennya molyuskiv roda Caspia (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Pyrgulidae) u Dniprovsko-Buzkoyi hyrlovoyi oblasti. Naukovi chytannya, prysvyacheni Dnyu nauky. Ekolohichni doslidzhennya Dniprovs’ko-Buz’koho rehionu, 12, 28–33.
Alexenko, T.L. & Shevchenko, I.V. (2016) Strukturno-funktsionalni osoblyvosti formuvannya ugrupovan donnykh bezkhrebetnykh rusla Nyzhnoho Dnipra v suchasnykh umovakh. Naukovi chytannya, prysvyacheni Dnyu nauky. Ecologichni doslidzhennya Dniprovs’ko-Buz’koho rehionu, 9, 45–50.
Alexenko, T.L. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1987) Vidy Caspia i Turricaspia (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Pyrgulidae) Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna. Vestnik Zoologii, 21 (3), 32–38.
Ali-Zade, A.A. (1967) Akchagyl Turkmenistana. T. 2. Izdatel’stvo “Nedra”, Moskva, 407 pp.
Ali-Zade, A.A. (1969) Akchagyl Azerbaidzhana. “Nedra”, Leningradskoe otdelenie, Leningrad, 271 pp.
Anistratenko, V.V. (2007a) Finding of the extremely rare hydrobiid Caspia logvinenkoi (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the estuary of the River Don and its zoogeographical significance. Mollusca, 25 (1), 23–26.
Anistratenko, V.V. (2007b) Novyye dannyye o sostave, strukture i genezise Ponto-Kaspiyskoy fauny bryukhonogikh mollyuskov v Azovo-Chernomorskom basseyne. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 86 (7), 793–801.
Anistratenko, V.V. (2008) Evolutionary trends and relationships in hydrobiids (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) of the Azov-Black Sea Basin in the light of their comparative morphology and paleozoogeography. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 84 (2), 129–142.
https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001
Anistratenko, V.V. (2013) On the taxonomic status of the highly endangered Ponto-Caspian gastropod genus Caspia (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Caspiinae). Journal of Natural History, 47 (1–2), 51–64.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.742934
Anistratenko, V.V. & Anistratenko, O. Yu. (2018) Novi znakhidky “chervonoknyzhnyh” molyuskiv Ponto-Kaspiyskoho biogeographichnoho kompleksu. In: Akimov, I.A., Kharchenko, V.O., Kostiushyn, V.A. & Vasyliuk, O.V. (eds), Materialy do 4-ho vydannya Chervonoyi knyhy Ukrayiny. Tvarynnyy svit / Seriya: “Conservation Biology in Ukraine”.—Vyp. 7. T. 1. Instytut zoolohiyi im. I. I. Shmal’hauzena NAN Ukrayiny, Kyiv, pp. 19–20.
Anistratenko, V.V., Anistratenko, O. Yu. & Kadolsky, D. (2019) Karl E. von Baer’s collection of Caspian Sea molluscs stored in the Zoological Museum of Lviv University, Ukraine. Part 2. Type materials of gastropod species described by Stephan Clessin and Wladyslaw Dybowski in 1887–1888. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 148 (1), 35–62.
https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/148/035-062
Anistratenko, V.V., Anistratenko, O. Yu. & Shydlovskyy, I.V. (2018) Karl E. von Baer’s collection of Caspian Sea molluscs stored in the Zoological Museum of Lviv University, Ukraine. Part 1. Catalogue and general description. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 147 (2), 223–236.
https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/147/223-236
Anistratenko, V.V. & Gozhik, P.F. (1995) Mollyuski semeystv Neritidae, Viviparidae, Lithoglyphidae i Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia) iz kimmeriyskikh otlozheniy Abkhazii. Vestnik Zoologii, 1, 3–13.
Anistratenko, V.V., Khaliman, I.A. & Anistratenko, O. Yu. (2011) Mollyuski Azovskogo morya. Naukova dumka, Kiev, 171 pp.
Anistratenko, V.V. & Prisyazhniuk, V.A. (1992) Novyye dannyye o mollyuskakh golotsenovykh otlozheniy Chernogo morya na Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, 5, 15–21.
Anistratenko, V.V., Sitnikova, T.Ya., Kijashko, P.V., Vinarski, M.V. & Anistratenko, O. Yu. (2020) A review of species of the genus Theodoxus (Gastropoda: Neritidae) of the Ponto-Caspian region, with considerations on available type materials. Ruthenica, 30 (2), 115–134.
Anistratenko, V.V. & Stadnichenko, A.P. (1995) Fauna Ukraine. Vol. 29. Mollusca. Fasc. 1. B. 2. Orders Littoriniformes, Rissoiformes. Naukova dumka, Kiev, 175 pp.
Anistratenko, V.V., Zettler, M.L. & Anistratenko, O. Yu. (2017) On the taxonomic relationship between Theodoxus pallasi and T. astrachanicus (Gastropoda: Neritidae) from the Ponto-Caspian region. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 146 (2), 213–226.
https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/146/213-226
Birshtein, Y.A., Vinogradov, L.G., Kondakov, N.N., Kuhn, M.S., Astakhova, T.V. & Romanova, N.N. (Eds.) (1969 [“1968”]) Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost (Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel’skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii), Moskva, 412 pp.
Boeters, H.D., Glöer, P., Georgiev, D. & Dedov, I. (2015) A new species of Caspia Clessin et W. Dybowski, 1887 (Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae) in the Danube of Bulgaria. Folia Malacologica, 23, 177–186.
https://doi.org/10.12657/folmal.023.014
Brusina, S. (1882) Le Pyrgulinae dell’Europa orientale. Bollettino della Società Malacologica Italiana, 7 (13–19), 229–292.
Brusina, S. (1892) Fauna fossile terziaria di Markuševec in Croazia. Con un elenco delle Dreissensidae della Dalmazia, Croazia e Slavonia. Glasnik Hrvatskoga naravoslovnoga društva, 7, 113–210.
Cancino, J.M., Gallardo, J.A. & Torres, F.A. (2003) Combined effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature on embryonic development and larval shell secretion in the marine snail Chorus giganteus (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Marine Biology, 142, 133–139.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0925-3
Cummings, K.S. & Graf, D.L. (2015) Class Bivalvia. In: Thorp, J.H. & Rogers, D.C. (Eds.), Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates. 4th Edition). Academic Press, Elsevier, Boston, pp. 423–506.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00019-X
Cuvier, G. (1795) Second mémoire sur l’organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des Mollusques et de leur division en ordre, lu à la société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, le 11 prairial an troisième. Magazin Encyclopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, 2, 433–449.
Dumont, H.J. (1998) The Caspian Lake: History, biota, structure, and function. Limnology and Oceanography, 43 (1), 44–52.
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.1.0044
Dybowski, B. (1913) Ueber Kaspische Schnecken aus der Abteilung Turricaspiinae subfam. nova, zum Vergleich mit den Turribaicaliinae subfam. nova. Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Sixième Série, 7 (16), 905–906.
Dybowski, B. & Grochmalicki, J. (1915) Ueber kaspische Schnecken aus der Abteilung „Turricaspiinae“ subfam. nova zum Vergleich mit den Turribaikalina nobis. Petrograd, 34 [numbered 103–136] pp. , 3 pls pp.
Dybowski, B. & Grochmalicki, J. (1917) Studien über die turmförmigen Schnecken des Baikalsees und des Kaspimeeres (Turribaicaliinae - Turricaspiinae). Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 9 (3), 1–55.
Dybowski, W. (1887–1888) Die Gasteropoden-Fauna des Kaspischen Meeres. Nach der Sammlung des Akademikers Dr. K. E. v. Baer. Malakozoologische Blätter, Neue Folge, 10 (1–3), 1–64 (issue 1, 1887), 65–79 (issue 2, 1888), pls. 1–3 (issue 3, 1888).
Eichwald, E. (1829) Zoologia specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimum Rossiae in universum et Poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi habendarum. Pars prior propaedeuticam zoologiae atque specialem heterozoorum expositionem continens. Joseph Zawadzki, Vilnae, 314 pp.
Eichwald, E. (1838) Faunae Caspii Maris primitiae. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 11 (2), 125–174.
Eichwald, E. (1855) Zur Naturgeschichte des Kaspischen Meeres. Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 10, 283–323.
Gillet, S. & Geissert, F. (1971) La faune de mollusques du Pontien de Trilophos. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 23, 123–164.
Gogaladze, A., Raes, N., Biesmeijer, J.C., Ionescu, C., Pavel, A.-B., Son, M.O., Gozak, N., Anistratenko, V.V. & Wesselingh, F.P. (2020a) Social network analysis and the implications for Pontocaspian biodiversity conservation in Romania and Ukraine: A comparative study. PLoS ONE, 15 (10), e0221833.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221833
Gogaladze, A., Wesselingh, F.P., Biesmeijer, K., Anistratenko, V.V., Gozak, N., Son, M.O. & Raes, N. (2020b) Using social network analysis to assess the Pontocaspian biodiversity conservation capacity in Ukraine. Ecology and Society, 25 (2), 25.
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11575-250225
Golikov, A.N. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1966) Ponto-kaspiyskiye bryukhonogiye mollyuski v Azovo-Chernomorskom basseyne. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 45 (3), 352–362.
Golikov, A.N. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1972) Klass bryukhonogiye mollyuski. In: Mordukhay-Boltovskoy, F.D. (Ed.), Opredelitel’ fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey: Svobodnozhivushchiye bespozvonochnyye. T.3. Chlenistonogiye (krome rakoobraznykh), mollyuski, iglokozhiye, shchetinkochelyustnyye, khordovyye. Naukova dumka, Kiev, pp. 65–166.
Golikov, A.N. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1975) Systematics of prosobranch gastropods. Malacologia, 15 (1), 185–232.
Gray, J.E. (1840) Shells of molluscous animals. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, Ed. 42, 105–152.
Grimm, O.A. (1876) Kaspiyskoye more i yego fauna. Tetrad’ 1. Trudy Aralo-Kaspiyskoy Ekspeditsii, 2, i–v + 1–168.
Grimm, O.A. (1877) Kaspiyskoye more i yego fauna. Tetrad’ 2. Trudy Aralo-Kaspiyskoy Ekspeditsii, 2 (2), i–ii + 1–105.
Harzhauser, M. & Kowalke, T. (2002) Sarmatian (Late Middle Miocene) Gastropod Assemblages of the Central Paratethys. Facies, 46, 57–82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668073
Harzhauser, M., Kowalke, T. & Mandic, O. (2002) Late Miocene (Pannonian) Gastropods of Lake Pannon with Special Emphasis on Early Ontogenetic Development. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 103, 75–141.
Hijmans, R.J., van Etten, J., Sumner, M., Cheng, J., Bevan, A., Bivand, R., Busetto, L., Canty, M., Forrest, D., Ghosh, A., Golicher, D., Gray, J., Greenberg, J.A., Hiemstra, P., Hingee, K., Institute for Mathematics Applied Geosciences, Karney, C., Mattiuzzi, M., Mosher, S., Nowosad, J., Pebesma, E., Lamigueiro, O.P., Racine, E.B., Rowlingson, B., Shortridge, A., Venables, B. & Wueest, R. (2020) raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R package version 3.1-5. Available from: https://rspatial.org/raster/ (accessed 1 June 2020)
Hoogendoorn, R.M., Boels, J.F., Kroonenberg, S.B., Simmons, M.D., Aliyeva, E., Babazadeh, A.D. & Huseynov, D. (2005) Development of the Kura delta, Azerbaijan; a record of Holocene Caspian sea-level changes. Marine Geology, 222–223, 359–380.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.06.007
Jekelius, E. (1944) Sarmat und Pont von Soceni (Banat). Memoriile Institutului geologic al României, 5, 1–167.
Kantor, Yu.I. & Sysoev, A.V. (2006) Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel‘nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 372 pp., 140 pls pp.
Kevrekidis, T. & Wilke, T. (2005) Life cycle, population dynamics and productivity of Ventrosia maritima in the Evros Delta (northern Aegean Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 375–382.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405011306h
Kolesnikov, V.P. (1947) Tablitsa dlya opredeleniya kaspiyskikh gastropod. Byulleten’ Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytateley Prirody, otdel geologicheskiy, 22 (1), 105–112.
Kolesnikov, V.P. (1950) Paleontologiya SSSR. Tom X. Chast’ 3. Vyp. 12. Akchagyl’skiye i apsheronskiye mollyuski. Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva, Leningrad, 259 pp.
Kosarev, A.N. & Yablonskaya, E.A. (1994) The Caspian Sea. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 259 pp.
Kostianoy, A.G. & Kosarev, A.N. (2005) The Caspian Sea Environment. Springer, Berlin, 271 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/b138238
Krijgsman, W., Tesakov, A., Yanina, T., Lazarev, S., Danukalova, G., Van Baak, C.G.C., Agustí, J., Alçiçek, M.C., Aliyeva, E., Bista, D., Bruch, A., Büyükmeriç, Y., Bukhsianidze, M., Flecker, R., Frolov, P., Hoyle, T.M., Jorissen, E.L., Kirscher, U., Koriche, S.A., Kroonenberg, S.B., Lordkipanidze, D., Oms, O., Rausch, L., Singarayer, J., Stoica, M., van de Velde, S., Titov, V.V. & Wesselingh, F.P. (2019) Rise and fall of the Paratethys Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Earth-Science Reviews, 188, 1–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.013
Lattuada, M., Albrecht, C., Wesselingh, F.P., Klinkenbuß, D., Vinarski, M.V., Kijashko, P.V., Raes, N. & Wilke, T. (2020) Endemic Caspian Sea mollusks in hotspot and non-hotspot areas differentially affected by anthropogenic pressures. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 46 (5), 1221–1226.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.12.007
Lattuada, M., Albrecht, C. & Wilke, T. (2019) Differential impact of anthropogenic pressures on Caspian Sea ecoregions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142, 274–281.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.046
Latypov, Yu. Ya. (2015) The Bivalve Mollusc Abra ovata: Role in Succession of Soft Bottom Communities on Newly Flooded Area of the Caspian Sea. American Journal of Climate Change, 4, 239–247.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2015.43019
Lindholm, V.A. (1924) K nomenklature nekotorykh kaspiyskikh gastropod. Russkiy Gidrobiologicheskiy Zhurnal, 3 (1–2), 32–34.
Lindholm, W.A. (1930) Drei interessante Wasserschnecken (Gastropoda) aus dem westlichen Turkestan. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1929, 311–314.
Logvinenko, B.M. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1966) Mollyuski semeystva Planorbidae Kaspiya. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 45 (10), 1467–1475.
Logvinenko, B.M. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1969 [“1968”]) Mollusca. In: Birshtein, Y.A., Vinogradov, L.G., Kondakov, N.N., Kuhn, M.S., Astakhova, T.V. & Romanova, N.N. (Eds.), Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost (Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel‘skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii), Moskva, pp. 308–385.
Lörenthey, E. (1902) Die Pannonische Fauna von Budapest. Palaeontographica, 48, 137–256.
Makarov, A.K. (1938) Rasprostraneniye nekotorykh rakoobraznykh (Mysidacea, Cumacea) i limannykh mollyuskov v ust‘yakh i otkrytykh limanakh Severnogo Prichernomor‘ya. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 17 (6), 1055–1062.
Marinescu, F. (1973) Les mollusques pontiens de Tirol (Banat Roumain). Mémoires - L’Institut de Géologie et de Géophysique, 18, 7–56.
Markovsky, Yu. M. (1953) Fauna bespozvonochnykh nizov’ev rek Ukrainy, usloviya sushchestvovaniya i puti ispol’zovaniya. Chast’ 1. Vodoemy delty Dnestra i Dnestrovskij liman. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, Kiev, 196 pp.
Markovsky, Yu. M. (1954) Fauna bespozvonochnykh nizov’ev rek Ukrainy, usloviya sushchestvovaniya i puti ispol’zovaniya. Chast’ 2. Dneprovsko-Bugskij liman. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, Kiev, 208 pp.
McCreesh, N., Arinaitwe, M., Arineitwe, W., Tukahebwa, E.M. & Booth, M. (2014) Effect of water temperature and population density on the population dynamics of Schistosoma mansoni intermediate host snails. Parasites & Vectors, 7, 503.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-014-0503-9
Moore, R.C. (Ed.) (1960) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part I. Mollusca 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 351 pp.
Mordukhay-Boltovskoy, F.D. (1960) Kaspiyskaya fauna v Azovo-Chernomorskom basseyne. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 228 pp.
Neubauer, T.A., Anistratenko, O. Yu., Anistratenko, V.V., Kijashko, P.V., Stoica, M., van de Velde, S., Vinarski, M.V. & Wesselingh, F.P. (2020) A revision of the poorly known Pontocaspian gastropod genus Abeskunus, and its Central Paratethyan origin. Historical Biology. [published online]
https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1720015
Neubauer, T.A., van de Velde, S., Yanina, T.A. & Wesselingh, F.P. (2018) A late Pleistocene gastropod fauna from the northern Caspian Sea with implications for Pontocaspian gastropod taxonomy. ZooKeys, 770, 43–103.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.25365
Nevesskaja, L.A., Paramonova, N.P. & Popov, S.V. (2001) History of Lymnocardiinae (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Paleontological Journal, 35 (Supplement 3), S147-S217.
Pană, I. (2003) Les nannogastropodes. In: Papaianopol, I., Marinescu, F., Krstić, N. & Macaleț, R. (Eds.), Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen. Neogen der Zentrale Paratethys. Bd. X. Pl2. Romanien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, pp. 296–349.
Papp, A. (1953) Die Molluskenfauna des Pannon des Wiener Beckens. Mitteilungen der geologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 44, 85–222.
Pavlović, P.S. (1927) Donjopontiski mekušci iz okoline Beograda (s narocitim obzirom na fosilnu faunu okoline sela Vrcina). Sprska Akademija nauka, posebna izdanja, 66 (Prirodnjacki i matematicki spisi 17), 1–121.
R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.6.3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available from: http://www.R-project.org (accessed 1 June 2020)
Richards, K., van Baak, C.G.C., Athersuch, J., Hoyle, T.M., Stoica, M., Austin, W.E.N., Cage, A.G., Wonders, A.A.H., Marret, F. & Pinnington, C.A. (2018) Palynology and micropalaeontology of the Pliocene - Pleistocene transition in outcrop from the western Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan: Potential links with the Mediterranean, Black Sea and the Arctic Ocean? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 511, 119–143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.07.018
Riedel, F., Healy, J.M., Röpstorf, P. & Sitnikova, T. Ya. (2001) Ecology, Shell Morphology, Anatomy and Sperm Ultrastructure of Caenogastropod Pyrgula annulata, with a Discussion of the Relations between the ‘Pyrgulidae’ and Caspian and Baikalian Rissooideans. Limnologica, 31, 289–302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(01)80031-1
Romanenko, V.D. (Ed.) (1987) Priroda Ukrainskoj SSR. Morya i vnutrennie vody. Naukova dumka, Kiev, 223 pp.
Roshka, V.K. (1973) Mollyuski meotisa severo-zapadnogo prichernomor’ya. Shtiintsa, Kishinev, 284 pp.
Rust, J. (1997) Evolution, Systematik, Paläoökologie und stratigraphischer Nutzen neogener Süß- und Brackwasser-Gastropoden im Nord-Ägäis-Raum. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 243, 37–180.
Sands, A.F., Glöer, P., Gürlek, M.E., Albrecht, C. & Neubauer, T.A. (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 96 (1), 25–66.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Scarlato, O.A. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1972) Klass dvusvorchatye mollyuski. In: Mordukhay-Boltovskoy, F.D. (Ed.), Opredelitel’ fauny Chornogo i Azovskogo morey: Svobodnozhivushchiye bespozvonochnyye. T.3. Chlenistonogiye (krome rakoobraznykh), mollyuski, iglokozhiye, shchetinkochelyustnyye, khordovyye. Naukova dumka, Kiev, pp. 178–249.
Shanahan, T.M., Pigati, J.S., Dettman, D.L. & Quade, J. (2005) Isotopic variability in the aragonite shells of freshwater gastropods living in springs with nearly constant temperature and isotopic composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69 (16), 3949–3966.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.049
Shokhin, I.V., Nabozhenko, M.V., Sarvilina, S.V. & Titova, E.P. (2006) The present-day condition and regularities of the distribution of the bottom communities in Taganrog Bay. Oceanology, 43 (3), 401–410.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S000143700603012X
Sitnikova, T.Ya. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1998) Polovaya sistema i radula kaspiyskikh Pyrgulidae (podsemeystva Turricaspiinae i Caspiinae, Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 77 (12), 1357–1367.
Sitnikova, T. Ya. & Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1999) Novyy rod semeystva Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia) iz presnykh vod Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna (v svyazi s voprosom o Ponto-Kaspiyskikh vidakh v Azovo-Chernomorskogom basseyne). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 78 (2), 158–163.
Starobogatov, Ya. I. (1970) Fauna mollyuskov i zoogeographicheskoye rayonirovaniye kontinental’nykh vodoemov zemnogo shara. Nauka, Leningrad, 372 pp.
Starobogatov, Ya. I. (2000) Caspian endemic genus Andrusovia (Gastropoda Pectinibranchia Horatiidae). Ruthenica, 10 (1), 37–42.
Stimpson, W. (1865) Researches upon the Hydrobiinae and allied forms; chiefly made upon materials in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 7 (201), 1–59.
Stoica, M., Lazăr, I., Krijgsman, W., Vasiliev, I., Jipa, D. & Floroiu, A. (2013) Paleoenvironmental evolution of the East Carpathian foredeep during the late Miocene-early Pliocene (Dacian Basin; Romania). Global and Planetary Change, 103, 135–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.04.004
Tadjalli-Pour, M. (1977) Les Mollusques marins des côtes Iraniennes de la Mer Caspienne (Astara-Hachtpar). Journal de Conchyliologie, 114 (3–4), 87–117.
Tarasov, A.G. (1996a) Novyye dannyye o donnykh bespozvonochnykh glubokovodnykh zon Kaspiya. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 75 (6), 848–856.
Tarasov, A.G. (1996b) Novyye dannyye o kaspiyskikh glubokovodnykh Gastropoda. Ruthenica, 6 (2), 117–126.
Tarasov, A.G. (1997) Donnaya fauna glubokovodnykh vpadin Kaspiya. 2. Genezis i vertikalnaya zonalnost. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 76 (1), 5–15.
van de Velde, S., Jorissen, E.L., Neubauer, T.A., Radan, S., Pavel, A.B., Stoica, M., van Baak, C.G.C., Martínez Gandara, A., Popa, L., de Stigter, H., Abels, H.A., Krijgsman, W. & Wesselingh, F.P. (2019a) A conservation palaeobiological approach to assess faunal response of threatened biota under natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Biogeosciences, 16 (12), 2423–2442.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2423-2019
van de Velde, S., Wesselingh, F.P., Yanina, T.A., Anistratenko, V.V., Neubauer, T.A., ter Poorten, J.J., Vonhof, H.B. & Kroonenberg, S.B. (2019b) Mollusc biodiversity in late Holocene nearshore environments of the Caspian Sea: A baseline for the current biodiversity crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 535 (109364), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109364
van de Velde, S., Yanina, T.A., Neubauer, T.A. & Wesselingh, F.P. (2020) The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 46 (5), 1227–1239.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.04.001
Verduin, A. (1977) On a remarkable dimorphism of the apices of sympatric closely-related marine gastropod species. Basteria, 41 (5–6), 91–95.
Wenz, W. (1926) s.n. In: Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia. Gastropoda extramarina tertiaria. Vol. VII. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1863–2230.
Wesselingh, F.P. (2007) Long-Lived Lake Molluscs as Island Faunas: A Bivalve Perspective. In: Renema, W. (Ed.), Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 275–314.
Wesselingh, F.P., Neubauer, T.A., Anistratenko, V.V., Vinarski, M.V., Yanina, T., ter Poorten, J.J., Kijashko, P.V., Albrecht, C., Anistratenko, O. Yu., D’Hont, A., Frolov, P., Martínez Gándara, A., Gittenberger, A., Gogaladze, A., Karpinsky, M., Lattuada, M., Popa, L., Sands, A.F., van de Velde, S., Vandendorpe, J. & Wilke, T. (2019) Mollusc species from the Pontocaspian region - an expert opinion list. ZooKeys, 827, 31–124.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.827.31365
Westerlund, C.A. (1903) Methodus dispositionis Conchyliorum extramarinorum in Regione palaearctica viventium, familias, genera, subgenera et stirpes sistens. Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 151, 82–139.
Yanina, T.A. (2014) The Ponto-Caspian region: Environmental consequences of climate change during the Late Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 345, 88–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.045
Zakonnov, V.V., Timchenko, V.M. & Zakonnova, A.V. (2019) Silt Accumulation in Large Plain Reservoirs. Hydrobiological Journal, 55 (1), 93–102.
https://doi.org/10.1615/HydrobJ.v55.i1.100
Zarbaliyeva, T.S., Akhundov, M.M., Kasimov, A.M., Nadirov, S.N. & Hyseynova, G.G. (2016) The influence of invasive species on the Caspian Sea aboriginal fauna in the coastal waters of Azerbaijan. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 7 (3), 227–236.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075111716030139
Zhulidov, A.V., Kozhara, A.V., van der Velde, G., Leuven, R.S.E.W., Son, M.O., Gurtovaya, T.Yu., Zhulidov, D.A., Nalepa, T.F., Santiago-Fandino, V.J.R. & Chuikov, Yu.S. (2018) Status of the invasive brackish water bivalve Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831) (Dreissenidae) in the Ponto-Caspian region. BioInvasions Records, 7 (2), 111–120.
https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2018.7.2.02