Abstract
A taxonomic revision of the Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini) from the Chacoan Biogeographical Province is presented. Liogenys now includes 92 species, including four new species described here: L. neoforcipata Cherman, new species; L. foveata Cherman, new species; L. isotarsis Cherman, new species; and L. truncata Cherman, new species; and the female of L. tarsalis Moser is described for the first time. Six new synonymies are proposed: L. denticulata Moser, 1918 is a new synonym of L. denticeps Blanchard, 1851; L. ophtalmica Frey, 1973 is a new synonym of L. bidenticeps Moser, 1919; L. mendozana incisa Frey, 1969 is a new synonym of L. mendozana Moser, 1918; L. flavicollis Blanchard, 1851 and L. fulvescens Blanchard, 1851 are new synonyms of L. pallens Blanchard, 1851; and L. densicollis Moser, 1921 is a new synonym of L. opacicollis Fairmaire, 1892. Liogenys cribricollis Moser, 1921 species status is revalidated from its synonymy with L. densicollis. A neotype is designated for Liogenys mendozana incisa Frey, 1969, as well as lectotypes for: L. bruchi Moser, 1924; L. cribricollis, L. denticulata, L. denticeps, L. fulvescens, L. latitarsis Moser, 1918; L. mendozana Moser, 1918; L. obscura Blanchard, 1851; L. opacicollis; and L. pallens. Redescriptions and/or diagnoses and updated geographical distributions are provided for 16 species. Six species previously known only from Argentina have their distribution expanded to Bolivia (L. mendozana; L. opacicollis; L. rectangula Frey, 1969), Paraguay (L. nigrofusca Moser, 1918; L. pallens), or to both of these countries (L. latitarsis).
References
Andelman, S.J. & Willig, M.R. (2002) Alternative configurations of conservation reserves for Paraguayan bats: considerations of spatial scale. Conservation Biology, 16, 1352–1363.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01119.x
Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G., Pais, M.S.S. & Scheffer, J.J.C. (1991) Composition of the essential oil of Schinus latifolius Engl. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 6, 237–239.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730060315
Biezanko, C.M., Bertholdi, R.E. & Baucke, O. (1949) Relação dos principais insetos prejudiciais observados nos arredores de Pelotas nas plantas cultivadas e selvagens. Agros, 2, 156–213.
Blackwelder, R.E. (1944) Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America, part 2. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 185, 189–341.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.185.2
Blanchard, É. (1851) s.n. In: Muséum D’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Catalogue de la Collection Entomologique. Classe des Insectes. Ordre des Coléoptères. Tome I. Part 2. Gide et Baudry, Paris, pp. 129–240.
Bruch, C. (1911) Catálogo sistemático de los coleópteros de la República Argentina. Revista del Museo de la Plata, 17, 181–225.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8799
Cherman, M.A. & Almeida, L.M. (2015) New Brazilian species of Liogenys Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) and redescription of two related species. Dugesiana, 22, 171–178.
Cherman, M.A., Guedes, J.V.C., Morón, M.A., Dal Prá, E., Perini, C.R. & Jung, A.H. (2011) First record of species of Liogenys (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae) associated with winter crops in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55, 618–620.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011005000052
Cherman, M.A., Guedes, J.V.C., Morón, M.A., Dal Prá, E. & Bigolin, M. (2013) White grubs (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae) in the “Planalto Region”, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil: key for identification, species richness and distribution. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 57, 271–278.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000300005
Cherman, M.A., Morón, M.A., Dal Prá, E., Valmorbida, I. & Guedes, J.V.C. (2014a) Ecological characterization of white grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) community in cultivated and noncultivated fields. Neotropical Entomology, 43, 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0214-0
Cherman, M.A., Morón, M.Á., Salvadori, J.R., Prá, E.D. & Guedes, J.V.C. (2014b) Análise populacional de corós-praga e de outras espécies no planalto do Rio Grande do Sul. Ciencia Rural, 44, 2095–2102.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131443
Cherman, M.A., Morón, M.A. & Almeida, L.M. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guérin-Méneville. Systematic Entomology, 41, 744–770.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188
Cherman, M.A., Mise, K.M., Morón, M.A., Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z. & Almeida, L.M. (2017) A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae). ZooKeys, 699, 1–120.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031
Cherman, M.A., Basílio, D.S., Mise, K.M. & Almeida, L.M. (2019a) Unraveling the puzzle of Liogenys biodiversity: fifteen new species, nomenclatural acts and new geographical records (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae ). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 51, 1–69.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00001040
Cherman, M.A., Basílio, D.S., Mise, K.M. & Almeida, L.M. (2019b) Interactive key to New World Diplotaxini genera and to Brazilian Liogenys Guérin-Méneville species (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae). Available from: https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/diplotaxini (accessed 29 November 2020)
Dalla Torre, K.W. von (1913) Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae IV. Pars 50. In: Schenkling, W. (Ed.), Coleopterorum catalogus, Volumen XX. W. Junk, Berlin, Germany, pp. 291–450.
Evans, A.V. (2003) A checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Zootaxa, 211 (1), 1–458.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.211.1.1
Evans, A.V. & Smith, A.B.T. (2009) An electronic checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Version 3. Available from: http://unsm-ento.unl.edu/SSSA/nwmelos.htm (accessed 4 January 2021)
Evenhuis, N.L. (2020) The insect and spider collections of the world website. Available from: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens (accessed 23 July 2020)
Fairmaire, M.L. (1892) Descriptions de quelques coléoptères Argentins. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 36, 242–253.
Frey, G. (1964) Neue Melolonthiden (Col.). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G.Frey, 15, 691–701.
Frey, G. (1965) Neue südamerikanische Melolonthidae (Col.). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G.Frey, 16, 143–151.
Frey, G. (1969) Bestimmungstabelle und revision der gattung Liogenys Guérrez (Coleoptera—Melolonthinae—Macrodactylini). Entomologische Arbeiten Aus Dem Museum G.Frey, 20, 38–64.
Frey, G. (1970) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Sudamerikanischen Melolonthiden (Col.). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G.Frey, 21, 281–287.
Frey, G. (1973) Neue Macrodactylini (Col., Scarab., Melolonthinae). 20. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der südamerikanischen Melolonthiden. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G.Frey, 24, 255–279.
Gutiérrez, R. (1952) Notas sobre Scarabaeidae Neotrópicos. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 2, 207–227.
Harold, E.F. von (1869) Scarabaeidae. In: Gemminger, M. & von Harold, E.F. (Eds.), Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus, Vol. 4. E.H. Gummi, Munich, pp. 976–1346.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.
Kolbe, H. (1907) Coleopteren. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise, 8, 1–125.
Krajčík, M. (2012) Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. 5th Edition. Animma.x, Plzeň, 278 pp.
Lacordaire, J.T. (1855) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusqu’ici dans cet ordre d’insectes. Tome troisième contenant les familles des pectinicornes et lamellicornes. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 594 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.67686
Lawrence, J.F. (1999) The Australian Ommatidae (Coleoptera: Archostemata): new species, larva and discussion of relationships. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 13, 369–390.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IT99008
Löwenberg-Neto, P. (2014) Neotropical Region: a shapefile of Morrone’s (2014) biogeographical regionalisation. Zootaxa, 3802 (2), 300.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.2.12
Mercado, M.I., Moreno, M.A., Ruiz, A.I., Rodríguez, I.F., Zampini, I.C., Isla, M.I., Ponessa, G.I., Mercado, M.I., Moreno, M.A., Ruiz, A.I., Rodríguez, I.F., Zampini, I.C., Isla, M.I. & Ponessa, G.I. (2018) Morphoanatomical and histochemical characterization of Larrea species from northwestern of Argentina. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 28, 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.05.012
Morrone, J.J. (2009) Evolutionary biogeography: an integrative approach with case studies. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, 301 pp.
Morrone, J.J. (2014) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782 (1), 1–110.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1.1
Moser, J. (1918) Neue Amerikanische Melolonthiden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 79, 95–167.
Moser, J. (1919) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Melolonthiden (Col.). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 80, 3–64.
Moser, J. (1921) Neue Melolonthiden von Mittel- und Süd-Amerika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 82, 133–182.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.192119210312
Moser, J. (1924) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Melolonthiden (Col.). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 84, 114–136.
Naumann, M. (2006) Atlas del Gran Chaco Sudamericano. Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica (GTZ), ErreGé & Asoc., Buenos Aires, 92 pp.
Pacheco, L.F. & Simonetti, J.A. (1994) Conservation of Bolivian flora: representation of phytogeographic zones in the national system of protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 751–756.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00126863.
Ratcliffe, B.C. (2013) Best writing and curatorial practices for describing a new species of beetle: a primer. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 67, 107–113.
https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-67.2.107
Rodrigues, S.R., Nogueira, G.A. de L. & Gomes, E.S. (2014) Biological aspects of Liogenys bidenticeps Moser, 1919 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 68, 235–238.
https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-68.2.235
Rodrigues, S.R., Fuhrmann, J., Gomes, E.S. & Amaro, R.A. (2017) Description of immatures and mating behavior of Liogenys bidenticeps Moser, 1919 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 61, 339–348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2017.07.006
Roig-Juñent, S.A., Griotti, M., Cecilia Domínguez, M., Agrain, F.A., Campos-Soldini, P., Carrara, R., Cheli, G., Fernández-Campón, F., Flores, G.E., Katinas, L., Muzón, J.R., Neita-Moreno, J.C., Pessacq, P., San Blas, G., Scheibler, E.E. & Crisci, J.V. (2018) The Patagonian Steppe biogeographic province: Andean region or South American transition zone? Zoologica Scripta, 47, 623–629.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12305
Sandoval, M.L. & Barquez, R.M. (2013) The Chacoan bat fauna identity: patterns of distributional congruence and conservation implications. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 86, 75–94.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2013000100007
Santos, V. & Ávila, C.J. (2009) Aspectos biológicos e comportamentais de Liogenys suturalis Blanchard (Coleoptera : Melolonthidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul. Neotropical Entomology, 38, 734–740.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2009000600005
Schultz, J.C. (1981) Adaptive changes in antipredator behavior of a grasshopper during development. Evolution, 35, 175–179.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2407951
Steinheil, E. (1874) Symbolae ad historian coleopterorum Argentiniae meridionalis, ossia enumeriazione dei coleotteri raccolti dal prof. P. Strobel nell’Argentinia meridionale, e descrizione dell species nuove, di Edoardo Stenheil. (Traduzione dal manoscritto tedesco inedito). Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 15, 554–578.
United States Department of Agriculture (1971) Insects not known to occur in the United States: a scarab (Liogenys macropelma Bates). Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 21, 335–336.
Yahnke, C.J., Gamarra De Fox, I. & Colman, F. (1998) Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 84, 263–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00113-4
Zak, M.R., Cabido, M. & Hodgson, J.G. (2004) Do subtropical seasonal forests in the Gran Chaco, Argentina, have a future? Biological Conservation, 120, 589–598.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.034