Abstract
An integrative taxonomic analysis of Hierodula patellifera (Audinet-Serville) is presented based on morphological and molecular characters (COI, 28S rDNA). During repeated trips to the Korean peninsula, we collected unusual specimens from Wanju-gun. They were similar to H. patellifera, but can be distinguished by a larger body size, the number and shape of spines on foreleg, and the shape of male genitalia. To examine the phenotypes and delimit H. patellifera from fourteen sampled populations, we used forecoxal spines and male genitalia as key morphological characters, as well as molecular data including gene tree monophyly and genetic divergence data. The molecular analyses (p-distance, neighbor-joining, and parsimony analyses) did not separate the specimens as two distinct species. The diagnostic characters of H. patellifera are illustrated with habitus images.
References
Audinet-Serville, J.-G. (1839) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthoptères. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 782 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16081
Battiston, R., Amerini, R., di Pietro, W., Guariento, L.A., Bolognin, L. & Moretto, E. (2020) A new alien mantis in Italy: is the Indochina mantis Hierodula patellifera chasing the train for Europe? Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, 1−10.
https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e50779
Battiston, R., Leandri, F., di Pietro, W. & Andria, S. (2019) Mantis, Hierodula e Sphodromantis: aggiornamento su conoscenze e identificazione delle mantidi (Mantodea: Mantinae) native ed aliene presenti in Italia. Pianura – Scienze e storia dell’ambiente padano, 38, 86–96.
Brannoch, S.K., Wieland, F., Rivera, J., Klass, K.-D., Béthoux, O. & Svenson, G.J. (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys, 696, 1–100.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Cardoso, A., Serrano, A. & Vogler, A.P. (2009) Morphological and molecular variation in tiger beetles of the Cicindela hybrida complex: is an ‘integrative taxonomy’ possible? Molecular Ecology, 18, 648–664.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04048.x
Chatterjee, P. & Srinivasan, G. (2013) Morphological variation in Hierodula patellifera patellifera Serville, 1839 from India. Prommalia, 1 (1), 131–135.
Dayrat, B. (2005) Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 85, 407–415.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00503.x
Ehrmann, R. & Borer, M. (2015) Mantodea (Insecta) of Nepal: an annotated checklist. Biodiversität und Naturausstattung im Himalaya, 5, 227–274.
Giglio-Tos, E. (1912) Mantidi esotici. V. Mantes, Tenoderae, Hierodulae et Rhomboderae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 43, 3–167.
Goldstein, P.Z. & DeSalle, R. (2011) Integrating DNA barcode data and taxonomic practice: determination, discovery, and description. BioEssays, 33, 135–147.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000036
Goloboff, P.A. & Catalano, S.A. (2016) TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics, 32 (3), 221–238.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Hebard, M. (1920) Studies in Malayan, Papuan, and Australian Mantidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 71, 14–82.
Hebert, P.D., Cywinska, A. & Ball, S.L. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313–321.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Jensen, D., Svenson, G.J., Song, H. & Whiting, M.F. (2010) Phylogeny and evolution of male genitalia within the praying mantis genus Tenodera (Mantodea: Mantidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 23 (5), 409–421.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09004
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
Moulin, N. (2020) When Citizen Science highlights alien invasive species in France: the case of Indochina mantis, Hierodula patellifera (Insecta, Mantodea, Mantidae). Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e46989.
https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e46989
Mukherjee, T.K., Hazra, A.K. & Ghosh, A.K. (1995) The mantid fauna of India (Insecta: Mantodea). Oriental Insects, 29 (1), 185–358.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1995.10433744
Patel, S. & Singh, R. (2016) Updated checklist and distribution of Mantidae (Mantodea: Insecta) of the world. International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology, 2 (4), 17–54.
https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0204003
Shcherbakov, E. & Anisyutkin, L. (2018) Update on the praying mantises (Insecta, Mantodea) of South-East Vietnam. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, New Serie, 54 (2), 119–140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2018.1447394
Song, J.-H. & Ahn, K.-J. (2014) Species delimitation in the Aleochara fucicola species complex (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) and its phylogenetic relationships. Zoologica Scripta, 43 (6), 629–640.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12077
Song, J.-H. & Ahn, K.-J. (2018) Species trees, temporal divergence and historical biogeography of coastal rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) reveal their early Miocene origin and show that most divergence events occurred in the early Pliocene along the Pacific coasts. Cladistics, 34 (3), 313–332.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12206
Song, J.-H., Yoo, I.-S., Ôhara, M., Ahn, K.-J. (2018) Discovery of two new Diaulota Casey species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from coastal Hokkaido, Japan based on morphological and molecular characters. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 21, 930–936.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2018.07.002
Srivathsan, A. & Meier, R. (2012) On the inappropriate use of Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) divergences in the DNA-barcoding literature. Cladistics, 28, 190–194.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00370.x
Tan, D.S., Ang, Y., Lim, G.S., Ismail, M.R.B. & Meier, R. (2010) From ‘cryptic species’ to integrative taxonomy: an iterative process involving DNA sequences, morphology, and behavior leads to the resurrection of Sepsis pyrrhosoma (Sepsidae: Diptera). Zoologica Scripta, 39, 51–61.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00408.x
Wang, T. (1993) Synopsis on the classification of Mantodea from China. Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House, Shanghai, 176 pp.
Wang, Y., Zhou, S., Zhang, Y. (2020) Revision of the genus Hierodula Burmeister (Mantodea: Mantidae) in China. Entomotaxonomia, 42 (2), 1−21.
Whiting, M.F. (2002) Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera. Zoologica Scripta, 31 (1), 93–104.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x
Will, K.W., Mishler, B.D. & Wheeler, Q.D. (2005) The perils of DNA barcoding and the need for integrative taxonomy. Systematic Biology, 54, 844–851.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500354878
Yeates, D.K., Seago, A., Nelson, L., Cameron, S.L., Joseph, L. & Trueman, J.W. (2011) Integrative taxonomy, or iterative taxonomy? Systematic Entomology, 36, 209–217.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00558.x
Zhu, X., Wu, C. & Yuan, Q. (2012) Mantodea in China. Xiyuan Publishing House, Beijing, 331 pp.