Abstract
We describe four upper Lower Triassic to lower Middle Triassic clam shrimp-bearing intervals from Mallorca, which include the clam shrimp species Hornestheria sp. aff. Hornestheria sollingensis and several other forms of carapace valve morphology: Hornestheria? Morphotype 1, Hornestheria? Morphotype 2, and other undetermined carapace valves. All of this material was obtained from red-bed units cropping out in the Serra de Tramuntana mountains of Mallorca (western Mediterranean). Except for a few morphologically similar carapace valves of Middle Triassic age from China, Hornestheria is known only from the type locality of its type species, Hornestheria sollingensis Kozur et Lepper, in the Solling Formation (Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup) in the German part of the Central European Basin. According to its original definition, the larval carapace valve of Hornestheria Kozur et Lepper is characterized by a radial sculpture, but this characteristic apparently is only variably developed. Due to both a limited number of previously known occurrences of Hornestheria and its poorly known carapace valve morphology, open nomenclature is applied to the taxonomy herein. The studied specimens were freshly collected from outcrop sections composed of greyish-green to greyish-red laminated claystones and siltstones that accumulated in a fluvial facies. The clam shrimp specimens are accompanied by remains of insects and fishes, invertebrate and tetrapod ichnofossils, and micro-/macroplant remains, all of which either have been described by previous workers or are currently part of a separate study.
References
Álvarez-Ramis, C., Fernández-Marrón, T. & Calafat, F. (1995) Avance sobre la megaflora triásica, en facies germánica, de Estellencs (sector noroccidental de la sierra de Tramontana, Mallorca). Revista Española de Paleontología, nº homenaje al Dr. Guillermo Colom, 55–58.
Aristov, D. & Zessin, W. (2009) Mallorcagryllus hispanicus n. gen. et sp. - eine neue Grylloblattide (Insecta: Grylloblattida: Blattogryllidae) aus dem Buntsandstein der Insel Mallorca, Spanien. Virgo, Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg, 12 (1), 30–34.
Astrop, T.I. & Hegna, T.A. (2015) Phylogenetic relationships between living and fossil spinicaudatan taxa (Branchiopoda Spinicaudata): Reconsidering the evidence. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35 (3), 339–354.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002317
Astrop, T.I., Park, L.E., Brown, B. & Weeks, S.C. (2012) Sexual discrimination at work: Spinicaudatan ‘Clam Shrimp’ (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) as a model organism for the study of sexual system evolution. Palaeontologia Electronica, article number 15.2.20A.
Astrop, T.I., Sahni, V., Blackledge, T.A. & Stark, A.Y. (2015) Mechanical Properties of the Chitin-Calcium-Phosphate “Clam Shrimp” Carapace (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata): Implications for Taphonomy and Fossilization. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35 (2), 123–131.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002332
Bachmann, G.H. & Kozur, H.W. 2004. The Germanic Triassic: correlations with the international chronostratigraphic scale, numerical ages and Milankovitch cyclicity. Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, Reihe B, 26, 17–62.
Becker, A. (2015) Ambiguities in Conchostracan Biostratigraphy: A Case Study of the Permian–Triassic Boundary. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 85, 697–701.
https://doi.org/10.14241/asgp.2015.035
Benton, M.J. (1995) Diversification and Extinction in the History of Life. Science, 268, 52–58.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7701342
Benton, M.J. (2018) Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 376 (2130), 20170076.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0076
Beyrich, W. (1857) 2. Protokoll der Juni-Sitzung. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 9, 374–377.
Biswas, R.K., Kaiho, K., Saito, R., Tian, L. & Shi, Z. (2020) Terrestrial ecosystem collapse and soil erosion before the end-Permian marine extinction: Organic geochemical evidence from marine and non-marine records. Global and Planetary Change, 195, 103327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103327
Bourquin, S., Bercovici, A., López-Gómez, J., Díez, J.B., Broutin, J., Ronchi, A., Durand, M., Arche, A., Linol, B. & Amour, F. (2011) The Permian–Triassic transition and the onset of Mesozoic sedimentation at the northwestern peri-Tethyan domain scale: palaeogeographic maps and geodynamic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 299 (1–2), 265–280.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.11.007
Calafat, F. (1988) Estratigrafía y sedimentología de la litofacies Buntsandstein de Mallorca. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 127 pp., 31 annexed figs.
Calafat, F. & Sáez, B. (1987) Paleofauna lacustre del Triàsic Inferior de Mallorca. Jornades del Medi Ambient de les Illes Balears, 1, 18–19.
Chang, W.-T., Chen, P.-J. & Shen, Y.-B. (1976) Fossil Conchostraca of China. Science Press, Beijing, 325 pp., 138 pls.
Chernyshev, B.I. (1934) O nekotorykh Branchiopoda iz kuznetskogo basseyna. Trudy leningradskogo obshchestva yestestvoisnytateley, 63 (2), 115–125. [in Russian]
Chu, D., Tong, J., Benton, M.J., Yu, J. & Huang, Y. (2019) Mixed continental-marine biotas following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction in South and North China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 519, 95–107.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.028
Delfino, M., Kustatscher, E., Lavezzi, F. & Bernardi, M. (2020) The End-Permian Mass Extinction: Nature’s Revolution. In: Martinetto, E., Tschopp, E. & Gastaldo, R.A. (Eds.), Nature through Time. Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. Springer, Cham, pp. 253–267.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35058-1_10
Depéret, C. & Mazeran, P. (1912) Les Estheria du Permien d’Autun. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun, 25, 165–174.
Diez, J.B., Broutin, J., Grauvogel-Stamm, L., Bourquin, S., Bercovici, A. & Ferrer, J. (2010) Anisian floras from the NE Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands: A synthesis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 162 (3), 522–542.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.09.003
Frank, P.W. (1988) Conchostraca. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 62, 399–403.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90064-8
Galfetti, T., Hochuli, P.A., Brayard, A., Bucher, H., Weissert, H. & Vigran, J.O. (2007) Smithian-Spathian boundary event: evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the end-Permian biotic crisis. Geology, 35, 291–294.
https://doi.org/10.1130/G23117A.1
Gall, J.-C. (1971) Faunes et paysages du Grès à Voltzia du Nord des Vosges. Essai paléoécologique sur le Buntsandstein supérieur. Mémoires du Service de la Carte Géologique d‘Alsace et de Lorraine, 34, 1–318.
Gall J.-C. & Grauvogel-Stamm, L. (2005) The early Middle Triassic ‘Grès à Voltzia’ Formation of eastern France: a model of environmental refugium. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4, 637–652.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.04.007
Gerstaecker, A. (1866–1879) Die Klassen und Ordnungen der Arthropoden wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erste Abtheilung Crustacea (Erste Hälfte). In: Bronn, H.G. (Ed.), Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Fünfter Band Gliederfüssler (Arthropoda). C.F. Winter, Leipzig, Heidelberg, 1320 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9999
Ghosh, S.C. (2011) Estheriids (fossil conchostraca) of Indian Gondwana. Palaeontologia Indica, 54, 1–145.
Gómez-Gras, D. (1993) El Permotrías de la Cordillera Costero Catalana Facies y Petrología Sedimentaria (Parte I). Boletín geológico y minero, 104 (2), 3–49.
Goretzki, J. (2003) Biostratigraphy of Conchostracans: A Key for the Interregional Correlations of the Continental Palaeozoic and Mesozoic – Computer-aided Pattern Analysis and Shape Statistics to Classify Groups Being Poor in Characteristics. PhD thesis, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, 243 pp., 64 pls.
Grauvogel-Stamm, L. & Álvarez Ramis, C. (1996) Conifères et pollen in situ du Buntsandstein de l’île de Majorque (Baléares, Espagne). Cuadernos de Geología Ibérica, 20, 229–243.
Hauschke, N. (2014) Conchostraken als Zeitmarken und Faziesanzeiger in kontinentalen Ablagerungen der Trias: Fallbeispiele aus Sachsen-Anhalt und dem östlichen Niedersachsen. Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde, 34, 19–55.
Hegna, T.A. & Astrop, T.I. (2020) The Fossil Record of the Clam Shrimp (Crustacea; Branchiopoda). Zoological Studies, 59, 43.
https://doi.org/10.6620/zs.2020.59-43
Hegna, T.A. & Olesen, J. (2020) Branchiopoda J.-B. Lamarck 1801 [T.A. Hegna and J. Olesen], converted clade name. In: de Queiroz, K., Cantino, P.D. & Gauthier, J.A. (Eds.), Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 587–593.
Hegna T.A., Czaja A.D. & Rogers, D.C. (2020) Raman spectroscopic analysis of the composition of the clam-shrimp carapace (Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida): a dual calcium phosphatecalcium carbonate composition. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 40 (6), 756–760.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa078
Hochuli, P., Sanson-Barrera, A., Schneebeli-Hermann, E. & Bucher, H. (2016) Severest crisis overlooked—Worst disruption of terrestrial environments postdates the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Scientific Reports, 6, Article number: 28372.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28372
Holub, V. & Kozur, H. (1981) Revision einiger Conchostracen-Faunen des Rotliegenden und biostratigraphische Auswertung der Conchostracen des Rotliegenden. Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 11 (2), 39–94.
Joachimski, M.M., Lai, X., Shen, S., Jiang, H., Luo, G., Chen, B., Chen, J. & Sun, Y. (2012) Climate warming in the latest Permian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Geology, 40, 195–198.
https://doi.org/10.1130/G32707.1
Jones, R. (1862) A Monograph of the Fossil Estheriae. Palaeontological Society, London, 134 pp., 5 pls.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52947
Juárez-Ruiz, J. & Wachtler, M. (2015) Early-Middle Triassic (Anisian) Fossil Floras from Majorca (Spain). Dolomythos, Innichen, 49 pp.
Kobayashi, T. (1954) Fossil Estherians and allied fossils. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo section 2, 9, 1–192.
Kozur, H. (1982) Beiträge zur Taxonomie und stratigraphischen Auswertung der untertriassischen Conchostracen. Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 11 (11), 355–398.
Kozur, H. (1983) Intraspezifische und erhaltungsbedingte Variabilität der Conchostraca-Arten Cornia germari (BEYRICH) und Estheriella nodoscostata (GIEBEL) aus dem Unteren Buntsandstein (Bernburg-Formation, Oberes Brahmanian, höheres Unterskyth). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 166 (3), 404–430.
Kozur, H.W. (1993) Range charts of conchostracans in the Germanic Buntsandstein. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin, 3, 249–253.
Kozur, H.W. & Mock, R. (1993) The importance of conchostracans for the correlation of continental and marine beds. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin, 3, 261–266.
Kozur, H. & Seidel, G. (1983a) Revision der Conchostracen-Faunen des unteren und mittleren Buntsandsteins. Teil I. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, 11 (3), 295–423.
Kozur, H. & Seidel, G. (1983b) Die Biostratigraphie des unteren und mittleren Buntsandsteins des Germanischen Beckens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Conchostracen. Teil II zur Revision der Conchostracen-Faunen des unteren und mittleren Buntsandsteins. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, 11 (4), 429–464.
Kozur, H.W. & Weems, R.E. (2010) The biostratigraphic importance of conchostracans in the continental Triassic of the northern hemisphere. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 334, 315–417.
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP334.13
Kozur, H., Martens, T. & Pacaud, G. (1981) Revision von „Estheria” (Lioestheria) lallyensis Depéret & Mazeran, 1912 und „Euestheria“ autunensis Raymond, 1946. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, 9, 1437–1445.
Kozur, H.W., Mahler, H. & Sell, J. (1993) Stratigraphic and paleobiologic importance of the latest Olenekian and Early Anisian conchostracans of Middle Europe. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin, 3, 255–259.
Lamarck, J.B. (1801) Système des animaux sans vertèbres. Dèterville, Paris, 432 pp.
Li, G. (2017) SEM plays an important role in the study of fossil clam shrimps. Journal of Environmental Geology, 1 (1), 22–23.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2591-7641.1000006
Linol, B., Bercovici, A., Bourquin, S., Diez, J. B., López-Gómez, J., Broutin, J., Durand, M. & Villanueva-Amadoz, U. (2009) Late Permian to Middle Triassic correlations and palaeogeographical reconstructions in south-western European basins: New sedimentological data from Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 220 (1–2), 77–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.06.003
Liu, S.W. & He, Z.J. (2000) Marine conchostracans from the “Sunjiagou Formation” of Qishan, Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 39 (2), 230–236. [in Chinese with English summary]
López-Gómez, J., Galán-Abellán, A.B., De la Horra, R., Barrenechea, J.F., Arche, A., Bourquin, S., Marzo, M. & Durand, M. (2012) Sedimentary evolution of the continental Early–Middle Cañizar Formation (Central Spain): implications for life recovery after the Permian–Triassic crisis. Sedimentary Geology, 249/250, 26–44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.01.006
Lutkevich, E.M. (1937) O nekotorykh Phyllopoda SSSR. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva, 11, 60–70. [in Russian with English summary]
Mahler, H. & Sell, J. (2015) Profile im Oberen Buntsandstein (Röt 4-Subformation) von Unterfranken und Südthüringen. Naturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch Schweinfurt, 27, 27–93.
Matamales-Andreu, R., Oms, O., Galobart, À. & Fortuny, J. (2020) Middle–Upper Triassic marine vertebrates of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). Historical Biology.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1810682
Monferran, M., D’Angelo, J., Cabaleri, N., Gallego, O. & Garban, G. (2018) Chemical taphonomy and preservation modes of Jurassic spinicaudatans from Patagonia: A chemometric approach. Journal of Paleontology, 92 (6), 1054–1065.
https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.40
Nagy, E. (1960) A Mecsek-Hegység Mezozóos Phyllopodá. Földtani Közlöny, 90 (1), 137–141.
Navidad, M. & Álvaro, M. (1985) El vulcanismo alcalino del Triásico Superior de Mallorca (Mediterráneo Occidental). Boletín Geológico y Minero, 96 (1), 10–22.
Novozhilov, N.I. (1958) Recueil D’Articles sur les Phyllopodes Conchostracés. Annales du Service d’Information Géologique du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques, Géophysiques et Minières, 26, 1–135.
Orlova, E.F. (1978) The use of replicas to study fossil conchostracans. Paleontological Journal, 3, 401–404.
Preuss, G. (1951) Die Verwandtschaft der Anostràca und Phyllopoda. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 147, 49–64.
Raymond, P.E. (1946) The genera of fossil Conchostraca – An order of bivalved crustaceans. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 96, 217–370.
Reible, P. (1962) Die Conchostraken (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) der Germanischen Trias. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 114, 169–244.
Rogers, D.C. & Hegna, T.A. (2020) Fossil and Modern Clam Shrimp (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata): The World’s First Clam Shrimp Symposium and a Celebration of Brian V. Timms. Zoological Studies, 59, 32.
https://doi.org/10.6620/zs.2020.59-32
Rosell, J., Arribas, J., Elízaga, E. & Gómez-Gras, D. (1988) Caracterización sedimentológica y petrográfica de la serie roja permo–triásica de la isla de Menorca. Boletín Geológico y Minero, 99 (1), 71–82.
Sanz, T., Lago, M., Galé, C., Ubide, T., Pocoví, A. & Gil, A. (2013) Las rocas magmáticas de la Sierra de Tramuntana (N de Mallorca, España): contexto estratigráfico. Geogaceta, 54, 39–42.
https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2013.v39.n1.41759
Schneider, J.W. & Scholze, F. (2018) Late Pennsylvanian–Early Triassic conchostracan biostratigraphy: a preliminary approach. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 450, 365–386.
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP450.6
Schneider, J.W., Goretzki, J. & Rössler, R. (2005) Biostratigraphisch relevante nicht-marine Tiergruppen im Karbon der variscischen Vorsenke und der Innensenken. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 254, 103–118.
Schneider, J.W., Lucas, S., Scholze, F., Voigt, S., Marchetti, L., Klein, H., Opluštil, S., Werneburg, R., Golubev, V., Barrick, J., Nemyrovska, T., Ronchi, A., Day, M., Silantiev, V., Rößler, R., Saber, H., Linnemann, U., Zharinova, V. & Shen, S. (2020) Late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic continental biostratigraphy — links to the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale. Palaeoworld, 29 (2), 186–238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.09.001
Scholze, F. & Schneider, J.W. (2015) Improved methodology of ‘conchostracan’ (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) classification for biostratigraphy. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 48, 287–298.
https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2015/0065
Scholze, F., Golubev, V.K., Niedźwiedzki, G., Sennikov, A.G., Schneider, J.W. & Silantiev, V.V. (2015) Early Triassic Conchostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the terrestrial Permian–Triassic boundary sections in the Moscow syncline. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 429, 22–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.002
Scholze, F., Schneider, J.W. & Werneburg, R. (2016) Conchostracans in continental deposits of the Zechstein-Buntsandstein transition in central Germany: Taxonomy and biostratigraphic implications for the position of the Permian-Triassic boundary within the Zechstein Group. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 449, 174–193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.021
Scholze, F., Abu Hamad, A., Schneider, J.W., Golubev, V.K., Sennikov, A.G., Voigt, S. & Uhl, D. (2017) An enigmatic ‘conchostracan’ fauna in the eastern Dead Sea region of Jordan: First records of Rossolimnadiopsis Novozhilov from the Early Triassic Ma’in Formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 466, 314–325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.047
Scholze, F., Golubev, V.K., Niedźwiedzki, G., Schneider, J.W. & Sennikov, A.G. (2019) Late Permian conchostracans (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) from continental deposits in the Moscow Syneclise, Russia. Journal of Paleontology, 93 (1), 72–97.
https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.58
Scholze, F., Shen, S., Backer, M., Wei, H., Hübner, M., Cui, Y., Feng, Z. & Schneider, J.W. (2020) Reinvestigation of conchostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Permian–Triassic transition in Southwest China. Palaeoworld, 29 (2), 368–390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.04.007
Sell, J. (2018) Die Euestheriidae (Conchostraca) des Oberen Muschelkalks und Unteren Keupers von Unterfranken. Semana, 33, 55–90.
Shen, S.-z. & Bowring, S.A. (2014) The end-Permian mass extinction: a still unexplained catastrophe. National Science Review, 1 (4), 492–495.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwu047
Shen, Y., Garassino, A. & Teruzzi, G. (2002) Studies on Permo-Trias of Madagascar. 4. Early Triassic Conchostracans from Madagascar. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano, 143 (1), 3–11.
Soussi, M., Niedźwiedzki, G., Tałanda, M., Dróżdż, D., Sulej, T., Boukhalfa, K., Mermer, J. & Błażejowski, B. (2017) Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) Tejra red beds and Late Triassic (Carnian) carbonate sedimentary records of southern Tunisia, Saharan Platform: Biostratigraphy, sedimentology and implication on regional stratigraphic correlations. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 79, 222–256.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.10.019
Stanley, S.M. (2009) Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions. PNAS, 106 (36), 15264–15267.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613094113
Stanley, S.M. (2016) Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history. PNAS, 113 (42), E6325–E6334.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613094113
Tasch, P. (1962) Taxonomic and evolutionary significance of two new conchostracan genera from the midcontinent Wellington Formation. Journal of Paleontology, 36 (4), 817–821.
Tasch, P. (1969) Branchiopoda, Order Conchostraca. In: Moore, R.C. (Edi.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part R. Arthropoda 4. The University of Kansas and The Geological Society of America, Lawrence, pp. R141–R163.
Tassi, L.V., Monti, M., Gallego, O.F., Zavattieri, A.M. & Lara, M.B. (2013) The first spinicaudatan (Crustacea: Diplostraca) from Permo-Triassic continental sequences in South America and its palaeoecological context. Alcheringa, 37, 189–202.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.736793
Tassi, L.V., Zavattieri, A.M. & Gallego, O.F. (2015) Triassic spinicaudatan fauna from the Cerro de Las Cabras Formation (Cuyo Basin), Mendoza Province (Argentina): description of new species and revision of previous records. Ameghiniana, 52, 241–264.
https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2014.2823
Vanschoenwinkel, B., Gielen, S., Vandewaerde, H., Seaman, M. Brendonck, L. (2008) Relative importance of different dispersal vectors for small aquatic invertebrates in a rock pool metacommunity. Ecography, 31, 567–577.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2008.05442.x
Varentsov, I.M. (1955) O sostave i rasprostranenii roda dvustvorchatykh listonogikh rakoobraznykh Palaeolimnadiopsis v paleozoe. Doklady Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R., 104, 310–312. [in Russian]
Voltz, P.L. (1835) Notice sur le grès bigarré de la grande carrière de Soultz-les-Bains: avec observations de M. Schimper. Mémoires de la Société du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg, 2, 1–14.
Webb, J.A. (1979) A Reappraisal of the Palaeoecology of Conchostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 158, 259–275.
Weems, R.E. & Lucas, S.G. (2015) A revision of the Norian conchostracan zonation in North America and its implications for Late Triassic North American tectonic history. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 67, 303–317.
Weiss, W. (1875) 1. Protokoll der Juli-Sitzung. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 27, 709–712.
Zessin, W. (2008a) Einige neue Insekten aus der Unteren Trias (Buntsandstein) von Mallorca, Spanien (Blattaria, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera und Megaloptera). DGaaE-Nachrichten, 22 (1), 20–21.
Zessin, W. (2008b) Neue Insekten aus der Unteren Trias (Buntsandstein) von Mallorca, Spanien (Blattaria, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Orthopteroidea und Homoptera). Virgo, Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg, 11 (1), 99–101.
Zhang, L., Orchard, M.J., Brayard, A., Algeo, T.J., Zhao, L., Chen, Z.-Q. & Lyu, Z. (2019) The Smithian/Spathian boundary (late Early Triassic): A review of ammonoid, conodont, and carbon-isotopic criteria. Earth-Science Reviews, 195, 7–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.014
Żyła, D., Wegierek, P., Krzysztof, O. & Niedźwiedzki, G. (2013) Insects and crustaceans from the latest Early–early Middle Triassic of Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 371, 136–144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.002