Abstract
Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) are common moist-forest spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here, in the third paper in a planned series reviewing the six Californian clade species groups, we review the species of the consocius group. We recognize nine species: Cybaeus consocius Chamberlin & Ivie, C. hesper Chamberlin & Ivie, C. hummeli Bennett spec. nov., C. opulentus spec. nov., C. pan Bennett spec. nov., C. penedentatus Bennett, C. simplex Roth, C. ubicki Bennett spec. nov., and C. vulpinus Bennett. Eight of these species have restricted distributions in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains of eastern California, U.S.A (C. opulentus, C. pan spec. nov., and C. vulpinus) or the central coast of western California (C. consocius, C. hesper, C. hummeli spec. nov., C. penedentatus, and C. ubicki spec. nov.); a single species (C. simplex), is relatively widely distributed in western Oregon, U.S.A. Descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and an identification key are provided as well as a discussion of conservation issues of relevance to the group.
References
Banks, N. (1892) A classification of North American spiders. The Canadian Entomologist, 24, 88–97.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent2488-4
Banks, N. (1904) Some Arachnida from California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3, 331–377.
Bay Area Open Space Council (2019) The Conservation Lands Network 2.0 Report. Berkeley, California. Available from: https://www.bayarealands.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CLN%202.0%20Final%20Report.Web.pdf (accessed 11 January 2021)
Beesley, D. (1996) The opening of the Sierra Nevada and the beginnings of conservation in California 1827–1900. California History, 75, 322–337.
https://doi.org/10.2307/25177615
Bennett, R.G. (1991) The systematics of the North American Cybaeid spiders (Araneae, Dictynoidea, Cybaeidae). Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, 308 pp.
Bennett, R.G. (2005) Cybaeidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V.D. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: an Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society, Keene, New Hampshire, pp. 85–90.
Bennett, R.G. (2006) Ontogeny, variation, and synonymy in North American Cybaeus spiders (Araneae: Cybaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 138, 473–492.
https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-804
Bennett, R.G. (2017) Cybaeidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V.D. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. 2nd Edition. American Arachnological Society, Keene, New Hampshire, pp. 96–101.
Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2016) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the Nearctic species of the Holarctic clade. Zootaxa, 4164 (1), 1–67.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4164.1.1
Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2019) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the adenes species group of the Californian clade. Zootaxa, 4711 (2), 245–274.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.2
Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2020) Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California. Zootaxa, 4845 (3), 436–336.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4845.3.8
Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2021) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the aspenicolens species group of the Californian clade. Zootaxa, 4926 (2), 224–244.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.4
Blue Earth Consultants (2016) San Francisco Bay Area Conservation External Evaluation: Assessing Stewardship Outcomes and Project Impact. Prepared for the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, 31 pp. Available from: https://www.moore.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/bay_area_conservation_subprogram_evaluation_exec_summary.pdf?sfvrsn=78416c0c_0 (accessed 11 January 2021)
Bonnet, P. (1956) Bibliographia Araneorum. Tome 2. Douladoure, Toulouse, pp. 919–1926.
Brignoli, P.M. (1983) A Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 755 pp.
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2020) State and Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California. Available from: https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/CESA (accessed 11 January 2021)
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2021) State and Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Plants of California. Available from: https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/CESA (accessed 11 January 2021)
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) (2021). Available from: https://www.fire.ca.gov/ (accessed 11 January 2021)
Calsbeek, R., Thompson, J.N. & Richardson, J.E. (2003) Patterns of molecular evolution and diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: the California Floristic Province. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1021–1029.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01794.x
Chamberlin, R.V. (1919) New Californian spiders. Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Claremont, 12, 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/12.3.239
Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1932) A review of the North American spiders of the genera Cybaeus and Cybaeina. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 23, 1–43.
Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1937) New spiders of the family Agelenidae from western North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 30, 211–230.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/30.2.211
Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1942) A hundred new species of American spiders. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 32, 1–117.
Chyzer, C. & Kulczyński, W. (1897) Araneae Hungariae. Tomus II. Academia Scientarum Hungaricae, Budapest, pp. 147–366.
Collins, B.M. & Roller, G.B. (2013) Early forest dynamics in stand-replacing fire patches in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Landscape Ecology, 28, 1801–1813.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9923-8
Connor, E.F., Hafernik, J., Levy, J., Moore, V.L. & Rickman, J.K. (2002) Insect conservation in an urban biodiversity hotspot: The San Francisco Bay area. Journal of Insect Conservation, 6, 247–259.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024426727504
Copley, C.R., Bennett, R. & Perlman, S.J. (2009) Systematics of Nearctic Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 367–401.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09001
Demographia (2020) World Urban Areas (Built-Up Urban Areas or Urban Agglomerations) 16th Annual Edition. Available from: http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf (accessed 11 January 2021)
Dolanc, C.R., Keeler-Wolf, T. & Barbour, M.G. (2016) Vegetation. In: Mooney, H. & Zavaleta, E. (Eds), Ecosystems of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 535–552. ProQuest Ebook Central. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=4054161 (accessed 22 July 2020)
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520962170-030
Dove, N.C., Safford, H.D., Bohlman, G.N., Estes, B.L. & Hart, S.C. (2020) High-severity wildfire leads to multi-decadal impacts on soil biogeochemistry in mixed-conifer forests. Ecological Applications, 30 (4), e02072.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2072
Fuller, R.A., Irvine, K.N., Devine-Wright, P., Warren, P.H. & Gaston, K.J. (2007) Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity. Biology Letters 3, 390–394.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149
Gertsch, W.J. (1936) Further diagnoses of new American spiders. American Museum Novitates, 852, 1–27.
Goddard, M.A., Dougill, A.J. & Benton, T.G. (2010) Scaling up from gardens: biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25 (2), 90–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.016
Halstead, B.J., Wylie, G.D., Amarello, M., Smith, J.J., Thompson, M.E., Routman, E.J. & Casazza, M.L. (2011) Demography of the San Francisco Gartersnake in Coastal San Mateo County, California. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2, 41–48.
https://doi.org/10.3996/012011-JFWM-009
Hessburg, P.F., Spies, T.A., Perry, D.A., Skinner, C.N., Taylor, A.H., Brown, P.M., Stephens, S.L., Larson, A.J., Churchill, D.J., Povak, N.A., Singleton, P.H., McComb, B., Zielinski, W.J., Collins, B.M., Salter, R.B., Keane, J.J., Franklin, J.F. & Riegel, G. (2016) Tamm Review: Management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and Northern California. Forest Ecology and Management, 366, 221–250.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.034
Houlden, V., Weich, S., Porto de Albuquerque, J., Jarvis, S. & Rees, K. (2018) The relationship between greenspace and the mental wellbeing of adults: A systematic review. Plos ONE, 13, e0203000.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203000
Jacobs, D.K., Haney, T.A. & Louie, K.D. (2004) Genes, diversity, and geologic process on the Pacific Coast. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 32, 601–652.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.092203.122436
Johnstone, J.A. & Dawson, T.E. (2010) Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107 (10), 4533–4538.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0915062107
Lapointe F.J. & Rissler, L.J. (2005) Congruence, consensus, and the comparative phylogeography of co-distributed species in California. American Naturalist, 166, 290–299.
https://doi.org/10.1086/431283
Launer, A.E. & Murphy, D.D. (1994) Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments: A case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystem. Biological Conservation, 69, 145–153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90054-X
Leavitt, D.H., Starrett, J., Westphal, M.F. & Hedin, M. (2015) Multilocus sequence data reveal dozens of putative cryptic species in a radiation of endemic Californian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 91, 56–67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.016
Koch, C.L. (1839) Die Arachniden. Sechster Band. Zeh’sche Buchhandlung, Nürnberg, pp. 1–156.
Koch, L. (1868) Die Arachnidengattungen Amaurobius, Coelotes und Cybaeus. Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg, 4, 1–52.
MacKerron, G. & Mourato, S. (2013) Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global Environmental Change, 23, 992–1000.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.010
Marcot, B.G., Woo, I., Thorne, K.M., Freeman, C.M. & Guntenspergen, G.R. (2020) Habitat of the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) in San Francisco Bay. Ecology and Evolution, 10 (2), 662–677.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5860
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403 (6772), 853–858.
https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Pavlik, B.M. (2003) Plants that protect ecosystems: a survey from California. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12 (4), 717–729.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022420911839
Platnick, N.I. (1989) Advances in Spider Taxonomy, 1981–1987: A Supplement to Brignoli’s A Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 673 pp.
Ramage, B.S. & O’Hara, K.L. (2010) Sudden oak death-induced tanoak mortality in coast redwood forests: current and predicted impacts to stand structure. Forests, 1 (3), 114–130.
https://doi.org/10.3390/f1030114
Reeder, N., Byrnes, R., Stoelting, R. & Swaim, K. (2015) An endangered snake thrives in a highly urbanized environment. Endangered Species Research, 28, 77–86.
https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00677
Regan, H.M., Hierl, L.A., Franklin, J., Deutschman, D.H., Schmalbach, H.L., Winchell, C.S. & Johnson, B.S. (2008) Species prioritization for monitoring and management in regional multiple species conservation plans. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 462–471.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00447.x
Roewer, C.F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae 2a. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 923 pp.
Roth, V.D. (1952) The genus Cybaeus (Arachnida: Agelenidae) in Oregon. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45, 205–219.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/45.2.205
Roth, V.D. & Brame, P.L. (1972) Nearctic genera of the spider family Agelenidae (Arachnida, Araneida). American Museum Novitates, 2505, 1–52.
Roth, V.D. & Brown, W.L. (1986) Catalog of Nearctic Agelenidae. The Museum Texas Tech University Occasional Papers, 99, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142809
Schwartz, M.W., Smith, L.M. & Steel, Z.L. (2013) Conservation investment for rare plants in urban environments. PLOS ONE, 8, e83809.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083809
Skinner, C.N. & Chang, C.R. (1996) Fire Regimes, Past and Present. In: Erman, D.C. (Ed.), Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress. Vol. II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis, California, pp. 1041–1069.
Ubick, D. & Briggs, T.S. (2008) The harvestman family Phalangodidae 6. Revision of the Sitalcina complex (Opiliones, Laniatores). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 59, 1–108.
U.S. Census Bureau (2020) QuickFacts. Available from: https://www.census.gov/ (accessed 5 January 2021)
White, M.P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B.W., Hartig, T., Warber, S.L., Bone, A., Depledge, M.H. & Fleming L.E. (2019) Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9 (7730), 1–11. [https://www-nature-com.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/articles/s41598-019-44097-3]
Wood, D.A., Bui, T.-V.D., Overton, C.T., Vandergast, A.G., Casazza, M.L., Hull, J.M. & Takekawa, J.Y. (2017) A century of landscape disturbance and urbanization of the San Francisco Bay region affects the present-day genetic diversity of the California Ridgway’s rail (Rallus obsoletus obsoletus). Conservation Genetics, 18, 131–146.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0888-4
Wood, D.A., Rose, J.P., Halstead, B.J., Stoelting, R.E., Swaim, K.E. & Vandergast, A.G. (2020) Combining genetic and demographic monitoring better informs conservation of an endangered urban snake. PLOS ONE, 15, e0231744.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231744
World Spider Catalog (2021) World Spider Catalog. Version 22.0. Natural History Museum, Bern. Available from: http://wsc.nmbe.ch, (accessed 29 January 2021)