Abstract
Six species of harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) are documented from the Eocene Rovno amber in Ukraine. From the suborder Eupnoi we record Caddo dentipalpus (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854) (Caddidae), Amilenus deltshevi Dunlop & Mitov, 2009 (Phalangiidae) and Dicranopalpus ramiger (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854) (family incertae sedis). To these we add a new phalangiid, Metaphalangium martensi sp. n., which is the oldest representative of the Recent genus Metaphalangium Roewer, 1911 and new genus for the amber fauna. From Dyspnoi we record Sabacon claviger (Menge, 1854) (Sabaconidae) and propose Parahistricostoma gen. n. (Nemastomatidae), to accommodate Nemastoma tuberculatum C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854, yielding Parahistricostoma tuberculatum (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854) comb. n. The Rovno harvestman fauna is briefly compared to both Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. The fossil species, C. dentipalpus, A. deltshevi, D. ramiger and P. tuberculatum occur in all three ambers, and S. claviger is found in Baltic and Rovno amber. The only genus and species unique to Rovno amber is thus our new taxon M. martensi. The composition of the Rovno opilionid fauna is discussed in the context of late Eocene palaeoenvironment and ecological preferences and the fossils are compared to the distribution of extant harvestman taxa. The oribatid mite Platyliodes ensigerus Sellnick, 1919 (Acari: Neoliodidae) is reported from Rovno amber for the first time.
References
Archibald, S.B. & Farrell, B.D. (2003) Wheeler’s dilemma. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (Supplement – Fossil Insects), 17–23.
Bachofen-Echt, A. (1949) Der Bernstein und seine Einschlüsse. Springer-Verlag, Straubenhardt. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2303-4
Baranov, V.A., Kvifte, G.M. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2016) Two new species of fossil Corethrella Coquillett from Late Eocene Rovno amber, with a species-level phylogeny for the family based on morphological traits (Diptera: Corethrellidae). Systematic Entomology, 41 (3), 531–540.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12172
Barbosa, B.C., Maciel, T.T., Abegg, A.D., Borges, L.M., Rosa, C.M. & Vargas-Peixoto, D. (2016) Arachnids infected by arthropod-pathogenic Fungi in an urban fragment of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Natureza Online, 14 (2), 11–14.
Barrientos, J.A., Moya, J., García-Sarrión, R., Uribarri, I., Melic, A., Prieto, C.E., Moraza, Z.M.L. & Zaragoza, J.A. (2017) Arácnidos del Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Almería, España). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 30, 107–138.
Bartel, C. & Dunlop, J.A. (2019) Two laniatorid harvestmen (Opiliones: Cladonychiidae) from Eocene Baltic amber. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 58 (1), 9–12.
https://doi.org/10.30963/aramit5804
Barthel, M. & Hetzer, H. (1982) Bernstein-Inklusen aus dem Miozän des Bitterfelder Raumes. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 28, 314–336.
Boev, Z. (2010) Pliocene and Quaternary paleoenvironment in Bulgaria – a brief review. In: Petkov, P. (Ed.), Bulgaria and the Bulgarians in Europe. Union of the Scientists in Bulgaria. Veliko Tarnovo Branch. Faber Publ. House, Veliko Tarnovo, pp. 366–384. [in Bulgarian, English summary]
Bogdasarov, M.A. (2007) Mineralogy of fossil resins in Northern Eurasia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 49, 630–637.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075701507070215
Bukejs, A., Háva, J. & Alekseev, V.I. (2020) A new fossil species of Attagenus Latreille (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in Rovno and Baltic ambers, with a brief review of known fossil beetles from the Rovno amber Lagerstätte. Fossil Record, 23, 95–104.
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-95-2020
Cokendolpher, J.C. & Mitov, P.G. (2007) Chapter 9. Natural Enemies.In: Pinto da Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (Eds.), Harvestmen. The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, pp. 339–373.
Colombo, W.D., Gobbi, F.T., Perkovsky, E.E. & Azevedo, C.O. (2020) Synopsis of the fossil Pristocerinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with description of two new genera and species from Burmese, Taimyr, Baltic and Rovno ambers. Historical Biology, 2020, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1733551
Colombo, W.D., Perkovsky, E.E., Waichert, C. & Azevedo, C.O. (2021) Synopsis of the fossil flat wasps Epyrinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with description of three new genera and 10 new species. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 19 (1), 39–89.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1882593
Crawford, R.L. (1992) Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History, 8, 1–60.
Dietrich, C.H. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2020) A new genus and species representing the first leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Eocene Rovno amber. Palaeoentomology, 3 (2), 180–187.
https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.2.7
Dlussky, G.M. & Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2009) Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene amber of Central and Eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal, 43 (9), 1024–1042.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030109090056
Drohojowska, J., Perkovsky, E.E. & Szwedo, J. (2015) New genus and species of Aleyrodidae from Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodomorpha). Polish Journal of Entomology, 84, 259–269.
https://doi.org/10.1515/pjen-2015-0022
Dubovikoff, D.A., Dlussky, G.M., Perkovsky, E.E., Abakumov, E.V. (2020) A new species of the genus Protaneuretus Wheeler (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Bitterfeld amber (late Eocene), with a key to the species of the genus. Paleontological Journal, 54 (4), 389–391.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103012004005X
Duinen, van J.J. (2020) Overview of the harvestmen of the family Phalangiidae in The Netherlands. Available from: http://www.janvanduinen.nl/opiliones_phalangiidae_en.php/ (accessed 8 February 2021)
Dunlop, J.A. (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record, 9, 167–182.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmng.200600006
Dunlop, J.A. & Giribet, G. (2003) The first fossil cyphophthalmid (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber, Germany. The Journal of Arachnology, 31, 371–378.
https://doi.org/10.1636/H03-03
Dunlop, J.A. & Mammitzsch, L. (2010) A new genus and species of harvestman from Baltic amber. Palaeodiversity, 3, 23–32.
Dunlop, J.A. & Mitov, P.G. (2009) Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber. ZooKeys, 16, 347–375.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.16.224
Dunlop, J.A. & Mitov, P.G. (2011) The first fossil cyphophthalmid harvestman from Baltic amber. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 40, 47–54.
https://doi.org/10.5431/aramit4006
Dunlop, J.A., Anderson, L.I., Kerp, H. & Hass, H. (2003) Preserved organs of Devonian harvestmen. Nature, 425, 916.
https://doi.org/10.1038/425916a
Dunlop, J.A., Bartel, C. & Mitov, P.G. (2012) An enigmatic spiny harvestman from Baltic amber. Fossil Record, 15, 91–101.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmng.201200007
Dunlop, J.A., Kotthoff, U., Hammel, J.U., Ahrens, J. & Harms, D. (2018) Arachnids in Bitterfeld amber: a unique fauna of fossils from the heart of Europe or simply old friends? Evolutionary Systematics, 2, 31–44.
https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22581
Dunlop, J.A., Marusik, Y. & Vlaskin, A.P. (2019) Comparing arachnids in Rovno Amber with the Baltic and Bitterfeld deposits. Paleontological Journal, 53 (10), 1074–1083.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030119100034
Dunlop, J.A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. (2020) A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In: World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 20.5 (accessed 15 May 2021)
https://doi: 10.24436/2
Elsaka, M., Mitov, P.G. & Dunlop, J.A. (2019) New fossil harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) in the Hoffeins amber collection. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 292 (2), 155–169.
https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2019/0815
Fedotova, Z.A. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2017) New genus and species of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae, Holoneurini) from the Late Eocene amber of Olevsk (Zhitomir Region, Ukraine). Vestnik Zoologii, 51 (1), 23–30.
https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0004
Gruber, J. (1974) Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Caddo, Acropsopilio und verwandter Formen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 78, 237–259.
Gruev, B. (1990) Mountain leaf beetles of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae and Alticinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Bulgaria. Fauna and zoogeography. Travaux Scientifiques Universite de Plovdiv, Biologie, 28 (6), 27–61. [in Bulgarian, English summary]
Henderickx, H. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2012) The first geogarypid (Pseodoscorpiones, Geogarypidae) in Rovno amber (Ukraine). Vestnik zoologii, 46 (3), 239–243.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10058-012-0022-0
Henderickx, H., Perkovsky, E.E., Van Hoorebeke, L. & Boone, M. (2013) The first pseudogarypid in Rovno amber (Ukraine) (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae). Phegea, 41 (4), 90–92.
Holderegger, R. & Thiel-Egenter, C. (2009) A discussion of different types of glacial refugia used in mountain biogeography and phylogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 476–480.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02027.x
Iakovleva, A.I. (2017) Detalization of Eocene dinocyst zonation for Eastern Peritethys. Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists. Geological Series, 92 (2), 32–48. [in Russian, English summary]
Iakovleva, A.I., Mychko, E.V. & Aleksandrova, G.N. (2021) New dinocyct data from amber quarry “Primorsky” (Kaliningrqad region): clarification of the deposits age as base for the revision of paleogeographic reconstructions of Danish-Polish strait in late Paleogene. In: Golubev, V.K. & Nazarov, V.N. (Eds.), Paleostrat-2021. Annual meeting of paleontological section of Moscow Society of Naturalists and Moscow Branch of Russian Paleontological Society, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 25–26 January 2021, Program and theses of reports. Paleontological Institute “A.A. Borisyak”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 77–78. [in Russian]
Ignatov, M.S., Lamkowski, P., Ignatova, E.A., Kulikovskiy, M.S., Mamontov, Y.S. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2019) Mosses from Rovno amber (Ukraine). 5. New findings and comparison of mosses from Rovno and Baltic Amber. Paleontological Journal, 53, 1084–1094.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030119100071
Immel, V. (1954) Zur Biologie und Physiologie von Nemastoma quadripunctatum (Opiliones, Dyspnoi). Zoologisches Jahrbuch, Abteilung für Systematik, 83, 129–184.
Iorio, E. & Delfoss, E. (2015) Découverte d’un opilion remarquable dans l’Ouest de la France: Histricostoma argenteolunulatum (Canestrini, 1875) (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Invertébrés Armoricains, 12, 33–40.
Jałoszyński, P. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2016) Diversity of Scydmaeninae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Upper Eocene Rovno amber. Zootaxa, 4157 (1), 1–85.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4157.1.1
Kaplin, V.G. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2018) On the fauna of bristletails (Zygentoma, Microcoryphia) of the Rovno Amber. Paleontological Journal, 52 (5), 541–545.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030118050052
Khaustov, A.A., Vorontsov, D.D., Perkovsky, E.E. & Lindquist, E.E. (2021a) Review of fossil heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Heterostigmata) from late Eocene Rovno Amber. I. Families Tarsocheylidae, Dolichocybidae and Acarophenacidae. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 26 (1), 33–61.
https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.1.3
Khaustov, A.A., Vorontsov, D.D., Perkovsky, E.E. & Klimov, P.B. (2021b) First fossil record of mite family Barbutiidae (Acari: Raphignathoidea) from late Eocene Rovno Amber, with a replacement name Hoplocheylus neosimilis nomen novum (Tarsocheylidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 26 (5), 973–980.
https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.5.12
Klimeš, L. (1997) Harvestman (Phalangida) assemblages in the Czech Republic. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 61, 297–309.
Klimov, P.B., Khaustov, A.A., Vorontsov, D.D., Perkovsky, E.E., Pepato, A.R. & Sidorchuk, E.A. (2020) Two new species of fossil Paratydeidae (Acari: Trombidiformes) from the late Eocene amber highlight ultraslow morphological evolution in a soil-inhabiting arthropod lineage. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 18, 607–629.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1655496
Kratochvíl, J. (1958) Höhlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Palpatores—Nemastomatidae) [Jeskynní sekáči Bulharska (Palpatores—Nemastomatidae)]. Práce Brněnské základny Československé akademie věd (Acta Academiae Scientiarum Čechoslovenicae Basis Brunensis), 30 (12), 523–576.
Koch, C.L. & Berendt, G.C. (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. In: Berendt, G.C. (Ed.), Die in Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt gesammelt in Verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitetet und herausgegeben 1. Berlin, Nicolai, 124 pp.
Kupryjanowicz, J., Lyubarsky, G.Y. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2021) Heterhelus buzina sp. n. (Coleoptera: Kateretidae) from Rovno amber: the first proxy for Sambucus in the Eocene of Eastern Europe. Invertebrate Zoology, 18 (1), 16–24.
https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.18.1.02
Kury, A.B. (2021) Classification of Opiliones. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Available from: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/opiliones.html/ (accessed 08 February 2021)
Kury, A.B., Mendes, A.C., Cardoso, L., Kury, M.S. & Granado, A. de A. (2020) WCO-Lite: online world catalogue of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Version 1.0—Checklist of all valid nomina in Opiliones with authors and dates of publication up to 2018. Self published, Rio de Janeiro, ii + 237 pp.
Lattin, G. de (1949) Beiträge zur Zoogeographie des Mittelmeergebietes. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologen vom 24. bis 28. August 1948 in Kiel (1948), 13 (Supplementband), 143–151.
Lattin, G. de (1967) Grundriss der Zoogeographie. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 602 pp.
Lawrence, R.F. (1951) A further collection of opiliones from Angola made by Dr. A. de Barros Machado in 1948–1949. Publicações culturais Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang), Serviços Culturais, Dundo-Luanda-Angola-Lisboa, 13, 29–44.
Legalov, A.A., Nazarenko, V.Y. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2018) A new genus of fungus weevils (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) in Rovno amber. Fossil Record, 21, 207–212.
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-207-2018
Legalov, A.A., Nazarenko, V.Y. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2021) A new species of the genus Glaesotropis Gratshev et Zherikhin, 1995 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae) from Rovno amber. Fossil Record, 24, 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-1-2021
Lourenço, W.R. & Weitschat, W. (2009) A new species of Palaeoananteris Lourenço & Weitschat, 2001, fossil scorpion from Ukranian amber (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 45, 231–235.
Lyubarsky, G.Yu. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2011) Third contribution on Rovno amber silken fungus beetles: a new Eocene species of Cryptophagus (Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Cryptophagidae). In: Shcherbakov, D.E., Engel, M.S. & Sharkey, M.J. (Eds.), Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys, 130, 255–261.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1321
Lyubarsky, G.Yu. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2012) The first Eocene species of the genus Cryptophagus (Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Cryptophagidae). Vestnik zoologii, 46 (1), 36–40.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10058-012-0007-z
Lyubarsky, G.Yu. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2020) First Rovno amber species of the genus Telmatophilus (Coleoptera: Clavicornia: Cryptophagidae) from Veselukha floodplain. Invertebrate Zoology, 17 (1), 25–35.
https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.17.1.03
Malicky, H. (2006) Mitteleuropäische (extra-mediterrane) Arealkerne des Dinodal am Beispiel von Köcherfliegen. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 56, 347–359.
https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.56.2.347-359
Malicky, H. (2020) Expected and unexpected areas of distribution of caddisflies (Trichoptera). Zoosymposia, 18, 135–142.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.18.1.17
Malicky, H., Ant, H., Aspöck, H., De Jong, R., Thaler, K. & Varga, Z. (1983) Argumente zur Existenz und Chorologie mitteleuropäischer (extramediterran-europäischer) Faunen-Elemente. Entomologia Generalis, 9, 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/9/1983/101
Martens, J. (1978) Spinnentiere, Arachnida: Weberknechte, Opiliones. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 64. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena. 464 pp.
Martens, J. (1983) Europäische Arten der Gattung Sabacon Simon 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 63, 265–296.
Martens, J. (2006) Weberknechte aus dem Kaukasus (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 86, 145–210.
Martens, J. (2015) Sabacon Simon, 1879 in the Palaearctic: A survey of new and known species from France, Nepal, India, China, Russia and Japan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae). In: Hartmann M. & Weipert J. (Eds), Biodiversität und Naturausstattung im Himalaya. Band V. Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt e.V., Erfurt, pp. 167–210.
Mänd, K., Muehlenbachs, K., McKellar, R.C., Wolfe, A.P. & Konhauser, K.O. (2018) Distinct origins for Rovno and Baltic ambers: Evidence from carbon and hydrogen stable isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 505, 265−273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.004
Menge, A. (1854) Footnotes. In: Koch, C.L. & Berendt, G.C., Die im Bernstein befindlichen Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. In: Berendt, G.C. (Ed.), Die in Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt gesammelt in Verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitetet und herausgegeben 1. Berlin, Nicolai, pp. 1–124.
Mitov, P.G. & Stoyanov, I.L. (2005) Ecological profiles of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Vitosha Mountain (Bulgaria): A mixed modeling approach using GAMS. The Journal of Arachnology, 33 (2), 256–268.
https://doi.org/10.1636/05-21.1
Mitov, P.G., Dunlop, J.A. & Penney, D. (2015) A new species of Lacinius in amber (Arachnida: Opiliones). Fossil Record, 18, 37–42.
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-37-2015
Mitov, P.G., Dunlop J.A. & Bartel, C. (2021) A case of palpal regeneration in a fossil harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 61, 65–69.
https://doi.org/10.30963/aramit6110
Mkheidze, T.S. (1952) New species of harvestmen—Opiliones—from Georgia. Soobshchenija Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoj SSR [Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR], 13 (9), 545–548. [in Russian]
Noordijk, J., Wijnhoven, H. & Cuppen, J.G.M. (2007) The distribution of the invasive harvestman Dicranopalpus ramosus in the Netherlands (Arachnida: Opiliones). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 26, 65–68.
Norton, R.A. & Behan-Pelletier, V.M. (2009) Suborder Oribatida. In: Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology. 3rd Edition. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 430–564.
Özdikmen, H., Kurt, K. & Demir H. (2010) A new name for a preoccupied specific epithet in the genus Metaphalangium Roewer, 1911 (Opiliones: Phalangiidae). Serket, 12 (2), 45–46.
Perkovsky, E.E. (2009) Differences in ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) species composition between weight fractions of Rovno Amber. Paleontological Journal, 43 (9), 1087–1091.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103010909007X
Perkovsky, E.E. (2016) Tropical and Holarctic ants in Late Eocene ambers. Vestnik zoologii, 50 (2), 111–122.
https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0014
Perkovsky, E.E. (2017a) Rovno amber caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) from different localities, with information about three new sites. Vestnik zoologii, 51 (1), 15–22.
https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0003
Perkovsky, E.E. (2017b) Comparison of biting midges of the Early Eocene Cambay amber (India) and Late Eocene European ambers supports the independent origin of European ambers. Vestnik Zoologii, 51 (4), 275–284.
https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0033
Perkovsky, E.E. (2018) Only a half of species of Hymenoptera in Rovno amber is common with Baltic amber. Vestnik Zoologii, 52 (5), 353–360.
https://doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0037
Perkovsky, E.E. & Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2013) First records of Scolebythidae and Chrysididae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) in Rovno Amber. Vestnik Zoologii, 47 (2), 14–19.
https://doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2013-0010
Perkovsky, E.E. & Wegierek, P. (2018) Aphid–Buchnera–Ant symbiosis; or why are aphids rare in the tropics and very rare further south? Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 107 (2/3), 297–310.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691017000147
Perkovsky, E.E., Zosimovich, V.Y. & Vlaskin, A.P. (2003) Rovno amber fauna: a preliminary report. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (Supplement Fossil Insects), 423–430.
Perkovsky, E.E., Rasnitsyn, A.P., Vlaskin, A.P. & Taraschuk, M.V. (2007) A comparative analysis of the Baltic and Rovno amber arthropod faunas: representative samples. African Invertebrates, 48 (1), 229–245.
Perkovsky, E.E., Zosimovich, V.Y. & Vlaskin, A.P. (2010a) Rovno amber. In: Penney, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, pp. 116–136.
Perkovsky, E.E., Rasnitsyn, A.P., Vlaskin, A.P. & Rasnitsyn, S.P. (2010b) Community structure in the amber forest: Study of the arthropod syninclusia in the Rovno Amber (Late Eocene of Ukraine). Acta Geologica Sinica, 84 (4), 954–958.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00256.x
Perkovsky, E.E., Rasnitsyn, A.P., Vlaskin, A.P. & Rasnitsyn, S.P. (2012) Contribution to the study of the structure of amber forest communities based on analysis of syninclusions in the Rovno Amber (Late Eocene of Ukraine). Paleontological Journal, 46, 293–301.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030112030136
Perkovsky, E.E., Olmi, M., Vasilenko, D.V., Capradossi, L. & Guglielmino, A. (2020) The first species of Bocchus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) from Upper Eocene Rovno amber: B. schmalhauseni sp. nov. Zootaxa, 4819 (3), 544–556.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.6
Pimenova, N.V. (1937) The flora of the Tertiary sandstones of the western bank-region of the Dnieper in the Ukr.S.S.R. Transaction of the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 12, 1–135. [in Ukrainian with expanded English summary]
Popov, S.V., Akhmetiev, M.A., Lopatin, A.V., Bugrova, E.M., Sytchevskaya E.K., Scherba I.G., Andreyeva-Grigorovich, A.S., Zaporozhec, N.I., Nikolaeva, I.A., & Kopp, M.L. (2009) Paleogeography and biogeography of Paratethys basins. Part 1. Late Eocene-Early Miocene. Nauchnyi Mir [Scientific World], Moscow, 200 pp. [in Russian]
Presl, J.S. (1822) Additamenta ad Faunam protogaeam, sistens descriptiones aliquot animalium in succino inclusorum. In: Presl, J.S. & Presl, C.B. (Eds.), Deliciae Pragenses Historiam Naturalem Spectantes. Tome I. Calvae, Pragae [Prague], pp. 191–207.
Previšić, A., Walton, C., Kučinić, M., Mitrikeski, P.T. & Kerovec, M. (2009) Pleistocene divergence of Dinaric Drusus endemics (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) in multiple microrefugia within the Balkan Peninsula. Molecular Ecology, 18, 634–647.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04046.x
Prieto, C.E. (2003) Primera actualización de la Check-list de los Opiliones de la Peninsula Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 8, 125–141.
Prieto, C.E. (2008) Updating the checklist of the Iberian opiliofauna: corrections, suppressions and additions. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 16, 49–65. [2007]
Radchenko, A.G. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2018) First record of fossil ant species Eocenomyrma rugosostriata (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Rovno amber. Russian Entomological Journal, 27 (3), 285–288.
https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.27.3.08
Radchenko, A.G.& Perkovsky, E.E. (2021) Wheeler’s dilemma revisited: first Oecophylla-Lasius syninclusion and other ants syninclusions in the Bitterfeld amber (late Eocene). Invertebrate Zoology, 18 (1), 47–65.
https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.18.1.02
Roewer, C.-F. (1911) Übersicht der Genera der Subfamilie der Phalangiini der Opiliones Palpatores nebst Beschreibung einiger neuer Gattungen und Arten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten, 77 (Supplementheft 2), 1–106.
Roewer, C.-F. (1939) Opilioniden im Bernstein. Palaeobiologica, 7 (1), 1–4.
Royer, D.L., Berner, R.A., Montañez, I.P., Tabor, N.J. & Beerling, D.J. (2004) CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. GSA Today, 14, 4–10.
https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2
Schönhofer, A.L. (2013) A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa, 3679 (1), 1–68.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3679.1.1
Schönhofer, A.L., McCormack, M., Tsurusaki, N., Martens, J. & Hedin, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of the harvestmen genus Sabacon (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi) reveals multiple Eocene-Oligocene intercontinental dispersal events in the Holarctic. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 303–315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.001
Schumann, H. & Wendt, H. (1989) Zur Kenntnis der tierischen Inklusen des Sachsischen Bernsteins. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, 36, 33–44.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19890360105
Sergeenko, A.L., Khaustov, A.A., & Perkovsky, E.E. (2013) The first finds of the cunaxid-mites subfamily Cunaxinae (Acari: Acariformes: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) from Rovno amber. Proceedings VIII Congress of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, Kyiv, 26–30 August 2013, Kyiv, pp. 152–153.
Seyfullah, L.J., Beimforde, C., Corso, J.D., Perrichot, V., Rikkinen, J. & Schmidt, A.R. (2018) Production and preservation of resins—past and present. Biological Reviews, 93, 1684–1714.
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12414
Shear, W.A. (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). The Journal of Arachnology, 2, 65–88.
Shmakov, A.S. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2009) Thrips (Thysanoptera, Insecta) from the Rovno Amber, Eocene of Ukraine. Paleontological Journal, 43 (6), 669–674.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030109060112
Shultz, J.W. & Regier, J.C. (2009) Caddo agilis and C. pepperella (Opiliones, Caddidae) diverged phylogenetically before acquiring their disjunct, sympatric distributions in Japan and North America. The Journal of Arachnology, 37, 238–240.
https://doi.org/10.1636/H08-66.1
Simutnik, S.A., Perkovsky, E.E. & Vasilenko, D.V. (2020) First record of Leptoomus janzeni Gibson (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from Rovno amber. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 80, 137–145.
https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.58882
Šilhavý, V. (1956) Sekáči—Opilionidea. Fauna ČSR. No. 7. Nakladatelství Československé Akademie Věd, Praha, 272 pp. [in Czech]
Snegovaya, N.Y. & Marusik, Y.M. (2012) New species and collections of Opiliones (Arachnida) from Turkey. Acta Arachnologica, 61 (2), 59–70.
https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.61.59
Sokoloff, D.D., Ignatov, M.S., Remizowa, M.V., Nuraliev, M. S., Blagoderov, V., Garbout, A. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2018) Staminate flower of Prunus s. l. (Rosaceae) from Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine). Journal of Plant Research, 131, 925–943.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-018-1057-2
Sokolov, A.V.& Perkovsky, E.E. (2020). The first Eocene species of Bacanius (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Dendrophilinae) from Rovno amber. Russian Entomological Journal, 29 (2), 157–160.
https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.29.2.06
Sontag, E. & Szadziewski, R. (2011) Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rovno region (Ukraine). Polish Journal of Entomology, 80, 779−800.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10200-011-0058-4
Standke, G. (2008) Bitterfelder Bernstein gleich Baltischer Bernstein?—Eine geologische Raum-Zeit-Betrachtung und genetische Schlussfolgerungen. Exkursionsführer und Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 236, 11–33.
Staręga, W. (1972) Revision der Phalangiidae (Opiliones), I. Gattung Bunochelis Roewer, 1923. Annales Zoologici [Polska Akademia Nauk], Warszawa, 29, 461–471.
Staręga, W. (1976a) Opiliones Kosarze (Arachnoidea). Fauna Polski, Tom 5. Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Zoologii, Warszawa, 196 pp.
Staręga, W. (1976b) Die Weberknechte (Opiliones, excl. Sironidae) Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici [Polska Akademia Nauk], 33 (18), 287–433.
Staręga, W. (1984) Revision der Phalangiidae (Opiliones), III. Die afrikanischen Gattungen der Phalangiinae, nebst Katalog aller afrikanischen Arten der Familie. Annales Zoologici [Polska Akademia Nauk], 38, 1–79.
Staręga, W. (2002) Baltic amber harvestmen (Opiliones) from Polish collections. Annales Zoologici [Polska Akademia Nauk], 52, 601–604.
Staręga, W. (2004) On some species of Metaphalangium Roewer from the Mediterranean Region (Opiliones, Phalangiidae). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 9, 235–240.
Suzuki, S. (1976) The harvestmen of the family Caddidae in Japan (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Science, Hiroshima University, B1, 26, 261–273.
Vaičiulytë, L. (2001) The study of amber pieces with several inclusions inside. In: Butrimas, A. (Ed.), Baltic Amber: Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference: Baltic Amber in Natural Sciences, Archaeology and Applied Arts, 13–18 September 2001, Vilnius, Palanga, Nida. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, 22, pp. 41–42.
Wijnhoven, H. (2009) De Nederlandse hooiwagens (Opiliones). Entomologische Tabellen 3. Supplement bij Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 1–118.
Wijnhoven, H. & Martens, J. (2019) An enigmatic European harvestman (Opiliones): new record and redescription of Dicranopalpus larvatus (Canestrini, 1874). Arachnology, 18, 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2018.18.1.1
Wijnhoven, H. & Prieto, C.E. (2015) Dicranopalpus caudatus Dresco, 1948: not a synonym of Dicranopalpus ramosus (Simon, 1909) but a valid species after all (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 26, 25–34.
Wijnhoven, H., Canu, S. & Martens, J. (2020) Redescription of the rare European harvestman Dicranopalpus brevipes Marcellino, 1970, based on first records from Sardinia (Arachnida: Opiliones). Arachnology, 18, 363–367.
https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2020.18.4.363
Wolfe, A.P., McKellar, R.C., Tappert, R., Sodhi, R.N.S. & Muehlenbachs, K. (2016) Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinite. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 225, 21–32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.11.002
Wolff, J.O., Schönhofer, A.L., Martens, J., Wijnhoven, H., Taylor, C.K. & Gorb, S.N. (2016) The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177, 558–601.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12375
Wunderlich, J. (2004) Fossil spiders (Araneae) in Early Tertiary amber from the Ukraine. In: Wunderlich, J. (Ed.), Fossil Spiders in Amber and Copal. Conclusions, revisions, new taxa and family diagnoses of fossil and extant taxa. Beiträge zur Araneologie. Vol. 3B. Publishing House Joerg Wunderlich, Hirschberg, pp. 1821–1829.
Wunderlich, J. (2012) Fossil spiders (Araneae) in Eocene amber from the Ukraine. In: Wunderlich, J. (Ed.), Fifteen papers on extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). Beiträge zur Araneologie. Vol. 7. Publishing House Joerg Wunderlich, Hirschberg, pp. 89–93.
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. & Billups, K. (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 29, 686–693.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412