Abstract
The coccidia are protists (phylum Apicomplexa) that, likely, are both the most abundant (numbers of individual zoites) and most speciose of all the kinds of parasites found in, or on vertebrate animals. They also are among the least studied and understood, with the exception of those species that cause pathology in domesticated hosts. Here we review and evaluate all published descriptions of coccidians within the largest family of the phylum, Eimeriidae Minchin 1903, because there has never been a detailed taxonomic summation for those species that infect amphibians. About 35 of the named species are invalid, either because rules concerning the naming of new species (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) were not followed and/or the original description was so incomplete as to be of little use; such names have been relegated to species inquirendae, incertae sedis, or nomen nuda. The class Amphibia has three orders, 56 families, 464 genera and 6009 species (Frost et al. 2006). There are no coccidia known from 41 of the 56 (73%) families, 436 of the 464 (94%) genera and 5964 of the 6009 (>99%) species. In the Anura (frogs), only 14 of the 44 (32%) families (Bombinatoridae, Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Hylidae, Hyperoliidae, Leptodactyllidae, Limnodynastidae, Megophyridae, Microhylidae, Pipidae, Ptychadenidae, Pyxicephalidae, Ranidae, Rhacophoridae), 30 of the 388 (8.8%) genera, and 67 of the 5283 (1.2%) species have been examined for coccidia and 30 coccidia are known (18 Eimeria, 9 Isospora, 2 Goussia, and 1 Hyaloklossia species). In the Urodela (salamanders), 7 of the 9 (78%) families (Ambystomatidae, Amphiumidae, Cryptobranchidae, Plethodontidae, Proteidae, Salamandridae, Sirenidae), 18 of the 64 (28%) genera and 45 of the 553 (8%) species have been examined and 21 coccidia are known (19 Eimeria and 2 Isospora species). In the Gymnophiona (caecilians), only 1 of 3 (33%) families, 1 of 12 (8%) genera, and only 1 of the 173 (0.6%) species, Dermophis mexicanus (family Caeciliidae), have been examined and 1 Eimeria species is known. Also in the Amphibia, there are 10 species inquirendae (a species of doubtful identity), 22 incertae sedis (uncertain taxonomic position), and 5 names are considered nomen nuda. In general, herpetologists are encouraged to be more receptive to working with parasitologists to use comparative parasite data that might provide insights into amphibian evolution and habitat use. The eimeriid coccidia are ideal parasites for such cooperative efforts because they can be collected easily by noninvasive fecal collections.References
Asmundsson, I.M. (2003) Eimeriid parasites of Guatemalan reptiles and amphibians, and their phylogenetic relationship to other eimeriid parasites. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 172 pp.
Asmundsson, I.M. Campbell, J.A. & Duszynski, D.W. (2000) A new Eimeria sp. from the plumbeous Central American caecilian, Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) from Volcán Tajumulco, Department of San Marcos, Guatemala. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 340–342.
Barrow, J.H. & Hoy, J.B. (1960) Two new species of Eimeria from the common newt, Notopthalmus viridescens. Journal of Protozoology, 7, 217–221.
Bishop, S.C. (1943) Handbook of Salamanders. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 545 pp.
Bolek, M.G. (2000) Ambystoma tigrinium (Tiger Salamander) Coccidia. Herpetological Review, 31, 97.
Bolek, M.G. & Janovy, J. Jr. (2004) Rana blairi (Plains Leopard Frog). Prey. Herpetological Review, 35, 262–263.
Bolek, M.G. Janovy, J. Jr. & Irizarry-Rovira, A.R. (2003) Observations on the life history and descriptions of coccidia (Apicomplexa) from the western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata triseriata, from eastern Nebraska. Journal of Parasitology, 89, 522–528.
Boulard, Y. (1975) Redescription d' Eimeria prevoti (Laveran et Mesnil, 1902) (Eimeriidae) parasite de la grenouille verte en Normandie. Protistologica, 11, 245–249.
Carini, A. (1931a) Eimeria leptodactyli n. sp. rencontree das l'intestin du Leptodactylus ocellatus. Comptes Rendues de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Series 3, 106, 1019.
Carini, A. (1931b) Eimeria leptodactyli n. sp. encontrada no intestino do Leptodactylus ocollatus. Revista de Biologia e Hygiene, São Paulo, 2, 206.
Carini, A. (1931c) Eimeria leptodactyli n. sp. encontrada no intestino do Leptodactylus ocellatus. Arquivos de Biologia, São Paulo, 15, 256.
Carini, A. (1936) Isospora cruzi, parasita dell’ intestine di alcune ile del Brasile. Archivio Italiano Di Scienze Mediche Coloniali e Di Parassitologia, 17, 610–613.
Chakravarty, M. & Kar, A.B. (1944) Studies on coccidia from frogs and toads. Proceedings of the 31st Indian Science Congress (Delhi). Abstract, 31, 104.
Chakravarty, M. & Kar, A.B. (1952) The life history and affinities of two salientian coccidia, Isospora stomaticae and Eimeria cyanophlyctis, with a note on Isospora wenyoni. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Bengal, 5, 11–18.
Chen, G.J.& Desser, S.S. (1989) The coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of frogs from Algonquin Park, with descriptions of two new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 1686–1689.
Conant, R. & Collins, J.T. (1991) A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 616 pp.
Delvinquier, B.L.J. & Freeland, W.J. (1988) Protozoan parasites of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 36, 301–316.
Desser, S.S. and Li, L. (1984) Ultrastructural observations on the sexual stages and oocyst formation in Eimeria laureleus (Protozoa, Coccidia) of perch, Perca flavescens, from Lake Sasajewan, Ontario. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 70, 153–164.
Dobell, C.C. (1908) Research on the intestinal protozoa of frogs and toads. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 14, 428–433.
Dobell, C.C. (1909) Research on the intestinal protozoa of frogs and toads. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 53, 201–277.
Doflein, F. (1909) Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde. Eine Dartstellung der Naturgeschichte der Protozoen mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der Parasitischen und Pathogenen Formen. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena. 914 pp.
Doflein, F. & Reichenow, E. (1953) Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde. 6th ed. Verlag von Gustae Fischer, Jena, 1213 pp.
Doran, D.J. (1953) Isospora jeffersonianum n. sp. from the blue‑spotted salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green), and Eimeria grobbeni Rudovsky, 1925 from the California newt, Triturus torosus (Rathke). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 20, 60–61.
Druner, L. (1894) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Kern‑ und Zellendegeneration und ihrer Ursache. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Medizin und Naturwissenschaft, 28, 294–327.
Duszynski, D.W. Riddle, W.A. Anderson, D.R. & Mead, R.W. (1972) Coccidia from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, in northeastern Colorado and in northern New Mexico. Journal of Protozoology, 19, 252–256.
Duszynski, D.W. & Upton, S.J. (2000) Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the Mammalian order Insectivora. Special Publication the Museum of Southwestern Biology, 4, 67 pp.
Duszynski, D.W. Wilson, W.D. Upton, S.J. & Levine, N.D. (1999) Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Primates and the Scandentia. International Journal of Primatology, 20, 761–797.
Eimer, T. (1870) Psorospermien der Wirbelthiere. Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gregarine und zur Kenntniss diesser Parasiten als Krankheitsursache. A. Stuber's Verlagshandlung, Wurzburg, pp. 1–58.
Fantham, H.B. & Porter, A.P. (1947) The parasitic fauna of vertebrates in certain Canadian fresh waters, with some remarks on their ecology, structure and importance. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 117, 609–649.
Frey, J.K. Yates, T.L. Duszynski, D.W. Gannon, W.L. & Gardner S.L. (1992) Designation and curatorial management of type host specimens (symbiotypes) for new parasite species. Journal of Parasitology, 78, 930–932.
Frost, D.R. Grant, T. Faivovich, J. Bain, R.H. Hass, A. Haddad, C.F.B. de Sa, R.O. Channing, A. Wilkinson, M. Donnellan, S.C. Raxworthy, C.J. Campbell, J.A. Blotto, B.L. Moler, P. Drewes, R.C. Nussbaum, R.A. Lynch, J.D. Green, D.M. & Wheller, W.C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1–370.
Fulk, J.D. & Whitaker, J.O. (1969) The food of Rana catesbeiana in three habitats in Owen County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 78, 491–496.
Gebhardt, W. (1897) Über zwei von Protozoen erzeugten Pylorustumoren beim Frosch. Virchows Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie, Physiologie und fur Klinische Medizin, 147, 536–559.
Golemansky, V. & Bitseva V. (1975) Studies upon the protozoan parasitic fauna of amphibia in Bulgaria. I. Bombina variegata (L.) (In Russian). Acta Zoologica Bulgaria, 1, 23–32.
Grassi, G.B. (1882) Intorno ad alcuni protisi endoparassitici ed appartenenti alle classi dei flagellati, lobosi, sporozoi e ciliati. Atti della Societa Italiana di Science Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturali di Milano, 24, 135–224.
Grassi, G.B. & Feletti R. (1892) Contribuzione allo studio dei parassiti malariei. Atti della Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 5, 1–85.
Griner, L.A. (1982) Renal sporozoa observed at San Diego Zoo. In: Ippen, R. & Schroder, H.-D. (Eds), Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Verhandlungsbericht des XXIV. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere, May 19–23, 1982, Veszprem. Akademie‑Verlag, Berlin. pp. 319–320.
Hardcastle, A.B. (1943) A check list and host‑index of the species of the protozoan genus Eimeria. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 10, 35–69.
Hegner, R.W. & Chu H.J. (1930) A survey of Protozoa parasitic in plants and animals of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Journal of Science, 43, 451–482.
Heidenhain, R. (1888) Beitrage zur histologie und physiologie der Dunndarmschleimhaut. Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 43, 1–103.
Jirků, M. & Modrý, D. (2005) Eimeria fragilis sp. n. and E. wambaensis sp. n. two new species of Eimeria Schneider (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from African anurans. Acta Protozoologica, 44, 167–173
Jirků, M. & Modrý, D. (2006a) Eimeria terraepokotorum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Anura: Ranidae) from Kenya. Acta Protozoologica, 45, 443–447.
Jirků, M. & Modrý, D. (2006b) Extra-intestinal localization of Goussia sp. (Apicomplexa) oocysts in Rana dalmatina (Anura: Ranidae), and the fate of infection after metamorphosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 70, 273–241.
Kazabuski, S.L. & Grabda‑Kazubska, B. (1973) Isospora lieberkuehni (Labbe, 1896) and I. neos Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936 (Eimeriidae) in frogs in Poland. Acta Parasitologica Polonica, 21, 3–8.
Kazabuski, S.L. & Grabda‑Kazubska, B. (1974) Coccidian parasites of frogs in Poland. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Parasitology, Vol. 3, Munich, August 25–31, 1974. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Parasitologie, Verlag H. Egermann, Vienna, Abstract G3(14):1665
Korschgen, L.J. & Baskett, T.S. (1963) Foods of impoundment and stream-dwelling bullfrogs in Missouri. Herpetologica, 19, 89–99.
Labbé, A. (1894a) Sur la coexistence, chez le meme hote, d'une coccidie monosporee et d'une coccidie polysporee. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 119, 537–539.
Labbé, A. (1894b) Recherches zoologiques cytologiques et biologiques sur les parasites endoglobulaires du sang des vertebres. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale 2 (Series 3), 55–258.
Labbé, A. (1896) Recherches zoologiques, cytologiques et biologiques sur les coccidies. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 4 (Series 3), 517–654.
Labbé, A. (1899) Sporozoa.. In: Schulze, F.E. & Bůtschli, O. (Eds), Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der Rezenten Tierformen, Vol. 5, Protozoa, Verlag von R. Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin, pp. 1–180.
Lannoo, M. (2005) Amphibian declines. The conservation status of United States species. University of Califronia Press, Berkely, 1094 pp.
Laveran, M.A. & Mesnil F. (1902a) Sur deux coccidies intestinales de la Rana esculenta. Comptes Rendus des Sciences de la Societe de Biologie, 54, 857–860.
Laveran, M.A. & Mesnil F. (1902b) Sur la coccidie trouvee dans le rein de la Rana esculenta et sur l'infection generale qu'elle produit. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Series 3, 135, 82–87.
Lavier, G. (1936) Recherches sur les coccidies intestinales des tritons. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et Comparee, 14, 150–163.
Lavier, G. (1937) Sur less coccidies intestinales des tritons. (Note preliminaire). In: Jorge, A.A. (Ed), Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Zoology, Section VI, Volume 2, Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Lisboa. pp. 1383–1390.
Lavier, G. (1941) Une nouvelle coccidie intestinale du genere Isospora. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 18, 1–8.
Levine, N.D. (1980) Some corrections of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature. Journal of Parasitology, 66, 830–834.
Levine, N.D. (1985) Enhardorina n. g. Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp. Eimeria golemanskii n. sp. Isospora tamariscini n. sp. Gregarina kazumii n. nom. new combinations and emendations in the names of apicomplexan protozoa. Journal of Protozoology, 32, 359–363.
Levine, N.D. & Becker, E.R. (1933) A catalog and host‑index of the species of the coccidian genus Eimeria. Iowa State College Journal of Science, 8, 83–106.
Levine, N.D. & Nye, R.R. (1977) A survey of blood and other tissue parasites of leopard frogs, Rana pipens, in the United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 13, 17–23.
Lieberkühn, N. (1854) Über die Psorospermien. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medizin, Berlin, 1854, 349–368.
Lom, J. Steinhagen, D. Korting, W. & Dykova I. (1991) Oocyst formation in the coccidian parasite Goussia carpelli. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 10, 203–209.
Lowcock, L.A. Light, L.E. & Bogart, J.P. (1987) Nomenclature in hybrid crosses of Ambystoma: no case for the erection of hybrid species. Systematic Zoology, 36, 328–336.
Matubayasi, H. (1937) Studies on parasitic protozoa in Japan. III. On protozoa parasitic in the newt, Triturus pyrrhogaster. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 16, 277–291.
McAllister, C.T. (1989) Systematics of coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa) from amphibians and reptiles in northcentral Texas. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 152 pp.
McAllister, C.T. & Upton, S.J. (1987a) Endoparasites of the smallmouth salamander, Ambystoma texanum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from Dallas County, Texas. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 54, 258–261.
McAllister, C.T. & Upton, S.J. (1987b) Parasites of the Great Plains narrowmouth toad (Gastrophryne olivacea) (Anura: Microhylidae) from northcentral Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23, 686–688.
McAllister, C.T. Upton, S.J. & Trauth, S. E. (1993) Endoparasites of western slimy salamanders, Plethodon albagula (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from Arkansas. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 60, 124–126.
McAllister, C.T. Upton, S.J. Trauth, S.E. & Bursey, C.R. (1995) Parasites of wood frogs, Rana sylvatica (Ranidae), from Arkansas, with a description of a new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 62, 143–149.
McAllister, C.T. Trauth, S.E. & Bursey, C.R. (2002) Parasites of four species of endemic Plethodon (Amphibia: Caudata) from Arkansas and Oklahoma. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 56, 239–242.
Mandal, A.K. (1976) Coccidia of Indian Vertebrates. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 70, 39–120.
Mesnil, M.F. (1907) Sur une coccidie de la rainetts. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Francaise Avancement des Sciences, 36, 253.
Minchin, E.A. (1903) The Sporozoa. In: Lankester, E.R. (Ed), Treatise on Zoology. Introduction and Protozoa, Adam & Charles Black, London, 231 pp.
Modrý, D. Šlapeta, J.R. Jirků, M. Obornik, M. Lukeš, J. & Koudela, B. (2001) Phylogenetic position of a renal coccidium of the European green frogs, ‘Isospora’ liberkuehni Labbé, 1894 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) and its taxonomic implications. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 51, 767–772.
Molnár, K. (1995) Redescription of Goussia neglecta n. comb. (Nöller, 1920) (Apicomplexa: Coccidia) and notes on its occurrence in the gut of tadpoles. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 43, 269–275.
Molnár, K. Ostoros, G. & Baska, F. (2005) Cross-infection experiments confirm the host specificity of Goussia spp. (Eimeriidae: Apicomplexa) parasitizing cyprinid fish. Acta Protozoologica, 44, 43–49.
Nöller, W. (1913) Die Blutprotozoen des Wasserfrosches und ihre Übertragung. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 31, 169–240.
Nöller, W. (1920) Zur Kenntnis der Coccidien des Wasserfrosches (Eimeria neglecta nov. spec.) (Befruchtung und Sporogonie von Lankesterella). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 41, 176–180.
Nöller, W. (1923) Zur Kenntnis eines Nierencoccids. Der Entwicklungskreis des Coccides der Wasserfroschniere Isospora lieberkühni (Labbe, 1894)]. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 47, 101–108.
Oldfield, B. & Moriarty, J.J. (1994) Amphibians and Reptiles Native to Minnesota. University of Minnestoa Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 273 pp.
Ovezmukhammedov, A. & Annakuliyeva, A.A. (1973) Materials on coccidia investigation derived from amphibia of Turkmenistan. Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Turkmenia SSR Series Biologie Nauk, 0(3), 87–88.
Pachinger, A. (1886) Mitteilung über Sporozoen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 9, 471–472.
Paperna, I. (1991) Fine structure of Eimeria vanasi merogony stages in the intestinal mucosa of cichlid fishes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 10, 195–201.
Paperna, I. & Cross, R.H.M. (1985) Scanning electron microscopy of gamogony and sporogony stages of Goussia cichlidarum Landsberg and Paperna, 1985, a coccidian parasite in the swimbladder of cichlid fishes. Protistologica, 21, 473–479.
Paperna, I. & Lainson, R. (1995) Life history and ultrastructure of Eimeria bufomarini n.sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the giant toad, Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Anura) from Amazon Brazil. Parasite, 2, 141–148.
Paperna, I. Ogara, W. & Schein, M. (1997) Goussia hyperolisi n. sp.: a coccidian infection in reed frog Hyperolis viridiflavus tadpoles which expires towards metamorphosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 31, 79–88.
Pellérdy, L.P. (1974) Coccidia and Coccidiosis. (2nd Ed). Verlang Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, and Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 959 pp.
Phisalix, M. (1927) Coccidiose intestinale de la Salamandre noire (Salamandra atra Laur.). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exoique, 20, 964–966.
Phisalix, M. (1933) Development schizogonique et sporogonique d'une Coccidie, parasite de l'intestin du Triton alpestre. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exoique, 26, 814–819.
Pinto, C. & Vallim, A.R. (1926) Estudos sobre coccideas. Boletim do Instituto Brasileriro de Sciencias, 2, 216–219.
Rankin, J.S. (1937) An ecological study of parasites of some North Carolina salamanders. Ecological Monographs, 7, 169–269.
Ray, H. (1935a) On a new coccidian, Eimeria laminata n. sp. from the intestine of an Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneid. Parasitology, 27, 369–373.
Ray, H. (1935b) On a species of Eimeria (Sporozoa‑Coccidia) from the intestine of toad, Bufo melanostictus. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, 22, (Abstract 30), 315.
Ray, H. & Das Gupta, M. (1935) On a new coccidian, Isospora wenyoni n. sp. from the intestine of Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 86, 219–224.
Ray, H.N. & Misra, P.L. (1941) Observations on a new coccidium Eimeria himalayanum n. sp. from the intestine of a Himalayan toad, Bufo sp. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, 28, (Abstract 3), 169.
Ray, H.N. & Misra, P.L. (1943) On a new coccidian, Eimeria himalayanum n. sp. from the intestine of a Himalyan toad, Bufo himalayanum Boulenger. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science, India, Part B, 9, 265–269.
Ride, W.D.L. Cogger, H.G. Dupis, C. Kraus, O. Minellie, A. Thompson, F.C. & Tubbs, P.K. (Eds) (2000) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.). Published by The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London United Kingdom, 306 pp.
Ride, W.D.L. Sabrosky, C.W. Bernardi, G. & Melville, R.V. (Eds) (1985) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (3rd ed.). University of California Press, Berkely, California, 338 pp.
Rivolta, S. (1878) Della gregarinozi dei polli e dell'orginamento delle gregarine e dei psorospermi degli animali domestici. Gioruale di Anatomia Fisiologia e Patologia degli Animali (Pisa), 4, 220–235.
Rudovsky, F. (1925) Über eine Eimeria (n. sp. Eimeria grobbeni) bei Salamandra atra Laur. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 125, 364–373.
Rzepczyk, C.M. 1976. Studies on Sarcocystis with particular reference to the life history. Ph.D.Dissertation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 247 pp.
Saxe, L.H. (1955) Observations on Eimeria from Ambystoma tigrinum, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences, 62, 663–673.
Schneider, A. (1881) Sur les psorospermies oviformes ou coccidies. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 9, 387–404.
Schneider, A. (1887) Coccidies nouvelles ou peu connues. Tablettes Zoologiques. Poitiers, 2, 5–18.
Siedlecki, M.M. (1898) Reproduction sexuée et début de la sporulation chez la coccidie des tritons (Coccidium proprium Schn.). Comptes Rendus des Sciences de la Societe de Biologie (Paris), 50, 663–665.
Simond, P.L. (1897) L'evolution des sporozoaires du genre coccidium. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (Paris), 11, 545–581.
Steingagen, D. (1991) Ultrastructural observations on merogonic and gamogonic stages of Goussia carpelli (Apicomplexa, Coccidia) in experimentally infected common carp Cyprinus carpio. European Journal of Protistology, 27, 71–78.
Steingagen, D. & Körting, W. (1990) The role of tubificid oligochaetes in the transmission of Goussia carpelli. Journal of Parasitology, 76, 104–107.
Steinhaus, J. (1889) Karyophagus salamandrae. Eine in den Darmepithelzellkernen parasitisch lebende Coccidie. Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und für Klinische Medizin, 115, 176–185.
Steinhaus, J. (1891) Cytophagus tritonis. Eine in den Darmepithelzellen parasitisch lebende Coccidie. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, 9, 50–52.
Upton, S.J. & McAllister, C.T. (1988) The coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Anura, with descriptions of four new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 1822–1830.
Upton, S.J. McAllister, C.T. & Trauth, S.E. (1993) The coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Caudata (Amphibia), with descriptions of two new species from North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 2410–2418.
Vojtková, L. (1976) Prvoci (Protozoa) obojzivelniku ČSSR. Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis, Biologia 5, 6, 177–210.
von Wasielewski, T. (1896) Sporozoenkunde. Ein Leitfaden für Ärzte, Tierärzte und Zoologen. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena, 162 pp.
Walton, A.C. (1940) The protozoa as parasites of Amphibia. Bibliography. Biological Laboratories, Knox College (Galesburg, Illinois). Contribution No. 75. 38 pp.
Walton, A.C. (1941) The protozoa as parasites of Amphibia. List of Parasites (2 parts). Biological Laboratories, Knox College (Galesburg, Illinois). Contribution No. 76. 77 pp.
Walton, A.C. (1942) The parasites of the Ambystomoidea (Amphibia: Caudata). Journal of Parasitology, 28 (Suppl. 29), 62.
Walton, A.C. (1945) Parasites of Amphibia. Bufonidae: Procoela: Salientia. I. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, 38, 113–116.
Walton, A.C. (1947) Parasites of the Hylidae (Amphibia‑Hylinae). VI. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, 40, 205–214.
Walton, A.C. (1948) Parasites of the Ranidae (Amphibia). VIII. Anatomical Record, 101 (Supplement 198), 744.
Walton, A. C. (1949a) Parasites of the Ranidae (Amphibia). VII. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 68, 49–54.
Walton, A.C. (1949b) Parasites of the Ranidae (Amphibia). XIX. Journal of Parasitology, 35 (Supplement, Abstract #101), 39.
Walton, A.C. (1949c) Parasites of the Ranidae (Amphibia). XX. Journal of Parasitology, 35 (Supplement 102), 39.
Walton, A.C. (1961a) The protozoa as parasites of Amphibia. I. Journal of Parasitology, 47 (Supplement 62), 32.
Walton, A.C. (1961b) The protozoa as parasites of Amphibia. II. Journal of Parasitology, 47 (Suppl. 63), 32.
Walton, A.C. (1961c) The protozoa as parasites of Amphibia. III. Journal of Parasitology, 47 (Suppl. 64), 32.
Walton, A.C. (1964a) The parasites of Amphibia. Wildlife Diseases, No. 39, (WD–63–4, microcard).
Walton, A.C. (1964b) The parasites of Amphibia, continued. Wildlife Diseases, No. 40, (WD–64–5 through WD–64–14, microcard).
Walton, A.C. (1966) Supplemental catalog of the parasites of Amphibia. Wildlife Diseases, No. 48 (WD–66–3, microfiche).
Walton, A.C. (1967) Supplemental catalog of the parasites of Amphibia. Wildlife Diseases, No. 50 (WD–67–1, microfiche).
Wenyon, C.M. (1926) Protozoology. A Manual for Medical Men, Veterinarians and Zoologists. Vol. 2. William Wood and Co. New York, pp. 779–1152.
Wilber, P.G. Duszynski, D.W. Upton, S.J. Seville, R.S. & Corliss, J.O. (1998) A revision of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from rodents in the tribe Marmotinei (Sciuridae). Systematic Parasitology, 39, 113–135
Yakimoff, W.L. (1930a) New coccidia from frogs in North Karkaze. Tropicheskaya Meditsina I Veterinariia (Tropical Medicine and Veterinary), 8, 58–60.
Yakimoff, W.L. (1930b) Neue coccidien der Frosche im Nordkaukasus. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 70, 639–642.
Yakimoff, W. L. and Gousseff, W. F. (1934) Zur Frage der Amphibiencoccidien. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 19, 294.
Yakimoff, W.L. & Gousseff, W.F. (1936a) A description of a coccidium from Amphibia. Transactions of the Tropical Institute Narkomzdrava Azerbaidzhan SSR Baku, 2, 165–166.
Yakimoff, W.L. & Gousseff, W.F. (1936b) Eine neuse Kokzidie des Frosches. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. Abteilung I. Originale, 138, 43–44.
Yakimoff, W.L. & Matikaschwili I.L. (1933) Die coccidiose der russischem Waschbaren. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 81,166–178.