Abstract
A checklist of the flying fishes found in the waters off Socotra Archipelago, northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, is provided based on published and original data. Thirteen species from five genera occur in the study area, and four more species found nearby. Keys for the species identification are provided. The type specimen of Exocoetus socotranus Steindachner, 1902 was examined and is determined to be a junior synonym of Cypselurus naresii (Günther, 1889).
References
Bleeker, P. (1853) Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, 3 (5), 739–782.
Bleeker, P. (1865) Sur les especes d’exocet de l’Inde Archipélagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 3, 105–129.
Bogorodsky, S.V., Saeed, F.N. & Zajonz, U. (2020) Twenty-three new records of commercial fish species (Actinopterygii) from the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 50 (4), 511–538. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIEP/03068
Chen, C.-H. (1987) Studies of the early life history of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in the northwestern Pacific. Monograph of Taiwan Province Museum, 7, 1–202. [in Chinese with English abstract]
Dor, M. (1984) Checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea. CLOFRES, Jerusalem, 437 pp.
Eagderi, S., Fricke, R., Esmaeili, H.R. & Jalili, P. (2019) Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: diversity and conservation status. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 6 (Supplement 1), 1–171. https://ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/6-S1-1/271
Fowler, H.W. & Steinitz, H. (1956) Fishes from Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Oman. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel. Section B. Biology and Geology, 5B (3/4), 260–292.
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. & Van der Laan, R. (Eds.) (2021) Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references. Electronic version. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (accessed 27 January 2021)
Fricke, R., Mahafina, J., Behivoke, F., Jaonalison, H., Léopold, M. & Ponton, D. (2018) Annotated checklist of the fishes of Madagascar, southwestern Indian Ocean, with 158 new records. FishTaxa, 3 (1), 1–432.
Golani, D. & Bogorodsky, S.V. (2010) The Fishes of the Red Sea—Reappraisal and Updated Checklist. Zootaxa, 2463 (1), 1–135. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2463.1.1
Golani, D. & Fricke, R. (2018) Checklist of the Red Sea Fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants. Zootaxa, 4509 (1), 1–215. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4509.1.1
Gordeeva, N.V. & Shakhovkoy, I.B. (2017) Efficiency of DNA barcoding for phylogenetic analysis and species identification in Flying Fish (Exocoetidae). Voprosy Ikhthiologii, 57 (2), 212–221. [In Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 57 (2), 287–296 (second author misspelled as Shakhovskoi)].
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945217020096
Goren, M. & Dor, M. (1994) An updated checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea. CLOFRES II. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, xii + 120 pp.
Günther, A. (1889) Report on the pelagic fishes collected by “Challenger” during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 31 (Pt. 78), 1–47, pls. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14713
Hornell, J. (1923) The flying-fish fishery of the Coromandel Coast and the spawning habits of Cypsilurus. Madras Fisheries Bulletin, 15 (4), 99–108, pls. 1–2. [for 1922]
Imai, S. (1955) On the life history of Cypselurus naresii Günther obtained in Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4, 97–104.
Jayakumar, T.T.K., Shakhovskoy, I.B., Prasoon, N.P.K., Kathirvelpandian, A., Ajith Kumar, T.T. & Lal, K.K. (2019) The first record of the rearfin flying fish, Cypselurus opisthopus (Exocoetidae), from the waters of South India, with the assessment of flying fish species occurring in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone. Journal of Ichthyology, 59 (5), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945219050059
Jenkins, O.P. (1903) Report on collections of fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 22 [1902], 415–511, pls. 1–4.
Kemp, J.M. (1998) Zoogeography of the coral reef fishes of the Socotra Archipelago. Journal of Biogeography, 25, 919–933. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.00249.x
Kovalevskaya, N.V. (1977) Larvae and fry of flyingfishes of the family Exocoetidae, Cheilopogon cyanopterus, Ch. spilonotopterus, and Ch. longibarbus. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 17 (2), 291–300. [In Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 17 (2), 259–267]
Kovalevskaya, N.V. (1980) The reproduction, development and peculiarities of distribution of the larvae and fry of flying fishes in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 97, 212–275. [In Russian with English abstract]
Kovalevskaya, N.V. (1982) Materials on development of flying-fishes (Exocoetidae, Cypselurus s.str.). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 118, 107–119. [In Russian with English abstract]
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata). Vol. 1. Ed. X. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Manilo, L.G. & Bogorodsky, S.V. (2003) Taxonomic composition, diversity and distribution of coastal fishes of the Arabian Sea. Journal of Ichthyology, 43 (Suppl. 1), S75–S149.
Mitchill, S.L. (1815) The fishes of New-York, described and arranged. Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, 1 (art. 5), 355–492.
Parin, N.V. (1960) Flying fishes (Exocoetidae) of North-West Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 31, 205–285. [in Russian]
Parin, N.V. (1961a) To the knowledge of the fauna of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 40–91. [in Russian]
Parin, N.V. (1961b) Principles of classification of the flying fishes (families Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 92–183. [in Russian; English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory Translation 67]
Parin, N.V. (1963) Results of studying pelagic ichthyofauna of the Pacific and Indian oceans by use of electric light for attracting fishes. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 62, 128–144 [in Russian with English summary].
Parin, N.V. (1984) Exocoetidae. In: Fischer, W. & Bianchi, G. (eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean. Fishing area 51. Volume II. FAO. Rome, no pagination. http://www.fao.org/3/ad468e/ad468e00.htm
Parin, N.V. (1996) On the species composition of flying fishes (Exocoetidae) in the west-central part of the tropical Pacific. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 36 (3), 300–307. [In Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 36 (5), 357–364].
Parin, N.V. (1999) Exocoetidae. Flyingfishes. In: Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (eds.), FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the WCP. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO, Rome, pp. 2162–2179. http://www.fao.org/3/x2400e/x2400e00.htm
Parin, N.V. & Belyanina, T.N. (1998) Age and geographic variation and distribution of the flying fish Cheilopogon furcatus (Exocoetidae, Beloniformes), with description of two new subspecies. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 38 (5), 581–597. [In Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 38 (8), 557–573]
Parin, N.V. & Lakshminaraina, D. (1993) Flying fishes (Exocoetidae) in coastal waters of southeastern India. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 33 (1), 53–60. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 33 (5), 12–25]
Parin, N.V. & Shakhovskoy, I.B. (2000) A review of the flying fish genus Exocoetus (Exocoetidae) with descriptions of two new species from the southern Pacific Ocean. Journal of Ichthyology, 40 (Suppl. 1), S31–S63.
Randall, J.E. (1995) Coastal fishes of Oman. Crawford House Publishing Pty Ltd, Bathurst, Australia, xvi + 439 pp.
Richardson, J. (1846) Report on the ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting, 1845, 187–320. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59530
Shakhovskoy, I.B. (2018) Specific features of distribution in the World Ocean of some flying fishes of the genera Exocoetus, Hirundichthys and Cypselurus (Exocoetidae). FishTaxa, 3 (4), 40–80. https://www.biotaxa.org/ft/article/view/46623/40241
Shakhovskoy, I.B. & Collette, B.B. (in press) Family Exocoetidae, Flyingfishes. In: Heemstra, P., Heemstra, E., Ebert, D., Holleman, W. & Randall, J. (eds.) Coastal fishes of Western Indian Ocean. Vol. 2. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, pp. 338–355, pls. 57–61.
Shakhovskoy, I.B. & Parin, N.V. (2010) A comparative description and distribution of the flying fishes - Cypselurus poecilopterus, C. simus, and C. callopterus, sorted out into the species group of spotwing species of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 50 (5), 581–602. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (8), 559–579] https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945210080011
Shakhovskoy, I.B. & Parin, N.V. (2013) A review of flying fishes of the subgenus Hirundichthys (genus Hirundichthys, Exocoetidae). 1. Oceanic species: H. speculiger, H. indicus sp. nova. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 53 (2), 133–162. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 53 (2), 117–145] https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521301013X
Shakhovskoy, I.B. & Parin, N.V. (2019) A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 1. Revision of the subgenus Zonocypselurus Parin and Bogorodsky, 2011 with descriptions of one new subgenus, four new species and two new subspecies and reinstatement of one species as valid. Zootaxa, 4589 (1), 1–71. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4589.1.1
Sommer, C., Schneider, W. & Poutiers, J.-M. (1996) FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Rome, 376 pp. [http://www.fao.org/3/v8730e/v8730e00.htm]
Steindachner, F. (1902) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der südarabischen Expedition in den Jahren 1898 bis 1899. Fische von Südarabien und Socotra. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 39 (24), Art. 76, 316–318.
Steindachner, F. (1903) Fische aus Südarabien und Sokotra. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 71, 123–168, 2 pls.
Valenciennes, A. (1847) Chapitre X. Des Exocets (Exocoetus, Linn.). In: Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A., Histoire naturelle des poissons 19. Bertrand, Strasbourg, pp. 64–144.
Whitley, G.P. & Colefax, A.N. (1938) Fishes from Nauru, Gilbert Islands, Oceania. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 63 (Parts 3–4), 282–304, pl. 14.
Zajonz, U. & Khalaf, M. (2002) Inshore fishes of the Socotra Archipelago: diversity and community structure. In: Apel, M., Hariri, K. & Krupp, F. (eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management, Final Report of Phase III, pp. 237–296.
Zajonz, U., Khalaf, M.A. & Krupp, F. (2000) Coastal fish assemblages of the Socotra Archipelago. In: Apel, M. & Hariri, K.I. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Progress Report of Phase III. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M, pp. 127–170.
Zajonz, U., Lavergne, E., Bogorodsky, S.V., Saeed, F.N., Aideed, M.S. & Krupp, F. (2019) Coastal fish diversity of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen. Zootaxa, 4636 (1), 1–108. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4