Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5004 No. 3: 21 Jul. 2021
Type: Article
Published: 2021-07-21
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5004.3.2
Page range: 430-446
Abstract views: 585
PDF downloaded: 22

A fresh look at Cosmetus Perty, 1833 (Opiliones: Cosmetidae), with new synonymies and description of two new species from Colombia

Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brazil
Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brazil
Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad del Caribe Colombiano, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
Chocó Colombia megadiverse New taxa Nomenclatural changes Opiliones

Abstract

Cosmetus Perty, 1833 is the type genus of the most diverse subfamily of Laniatores, Cosmetinae. The genus currently includes 22 valid species with a disconnected distribution, including coastal forests of NE Brazil, dry forests of the Ecuadorian Pacific, Chocó-Darien moist forests and the Venezuelan Andes. The morphology among species in the genus is quite variable, but they share almost exclusively the fused spine in area III. The type species Cosmetus varius is little known due to few, poor quality illustrations, a vague type locality, and lost type material, and was misidentified by Koch in 1840, making it difficult to define or even taxonomically revise the genus. Herein we: (1) provide distribution maps for nominal Cosmetus species; (2) recognize the poorly defined type species C. varius as a species occurring in central-eastern Bahia, agreeing with the itinerary of Spix and von Martius; (3) synonymize three other species from central-eastern Bahia with C. varius; (4) provide images of the external morphology of three Brazilian species of the genus; and (5) describe two new sympatric species from the Colombian Pacific region (Chocó-Darien moist forest), thus representing the first report of the genus for the country. Both Colombian species, Cosmetus acanti sp. nov. and Cosmetus villarreali sp. nov., have similar external morphology but are remarkably different in genital morphology. Morphological evidence indicates that Cosmetus may be an artificial group. However, given the chaotic taxonomy of the family Cosmetidae, and the deep intertwining of nomenclature, we do not know at the moment where each of those species should be classified.

References

  1. Bragagnolo, C., Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Antunes, M. Jr & Clouse, R.M. (2015) Phylogenetics and phylogeography of a long-legged harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest reveals poor dispersal, low diversity and extensive mitochondrial introgression. Invertebrate Systematics, 29, 386–404.  https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15009

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15009

  2. Caetano, D.S. & Machado, G. (2013) The ecological tale of Gonyleptidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) evolution: phylogeny of a Neo-tropical lineage of armoured harvestmen using ecological, behavioural and chemical characters. Cladistics, 29, 589–609.  https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12009

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12009

  3. Colmenares, P.A., Porto, W. & Tourinho, A.L. (2016) Taxonomic notes on the genus Auranus (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 117–129.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.2

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.2

  4. Coronato-Ribeiro, A. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2015) Four new species of Cosmetus from Panama, with comments on the systematics of the genus (Opiliones: Cosmetidae). Zoologia, 32 (5), 409–422.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702015000500010

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702015000500010

  5. Curtis, D.J. & Machado, G. (2007) Ecology. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (Eds.), Harvestmen: the biology of the Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, pp. 280–308.

  6. García, A.F. & Kury, A.B. (2017) Taxonomic revision of the Andean harvestman genus Rhaucus Simon, 1879 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cosmetidae). Zootaxa, 4338 (3), 401–440.  https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4338.3.1

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4338.3.1

  7. García, A.F. & Villarreal, O. (2020) Description of a new species of Leptostygnus Mello–Leitão, 1940 and notes on the male genitalia in the subfamily Leiosteninae (Opiliones: Agoristenidae), Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 55 (3), 165–179.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2020.1724496

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2020.1724496

  8. Gervais, P. (1842) Arachnides. Description et figures de quatre espèces nouvelles de Phalangiens. Magasin de Zoológie, Série 2, 4, 1–5, pls. 2–5.

  9. Gervais, P. (1844) Acères Phrynéides, Scorpionides, Solpugides, Phalangides et Acarides; Dicères Épizoïques, Aphaniptères et Thysanoures. In: Walckenaer, C.A. (Org.), Histoire naturelle des Insectes Aptères. Vol. 3. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, pp. 94–131, pls. 28–30.

  10. González-Sponga, M.A. (1992) Aracnidos de Venezuela. Opiliones Laniatores II. Familia Cosmetidae. Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales, Caracas, 432 pp.

  11. González-Sponga, M.A. (1998) Aracnidos de Venezuela. Un nuevo genero y cinco nuevas especies de Opiliones Laniatores (Cosmetidae). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (4), 1–16. [issued December 1998; nominal date is the same]

  12. Koch, C.L. (1839a) Die Arachniden getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Band 7. Parts 1–5. C. H. Zeh’schen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg, 106 pp., 30 pls. [issued from July 1839]

  13. Koch, C.L. (1839b) Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Zweites Heft (of 5). Nürnberg: C. H. Zeh, Nürnberg, 38 pp., 6 pls.

  14. Koch, C.L. (1840) s.n. In: Die Arachniden getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Vol. 7. Part 6. C. H. Zeh’schen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg, pp. 107–158, 6 pls.

  15. Kury, A.B. (1992) The false Cranainae of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Tropical Zoology, 5 (2), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1992.10539199

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1992.10539199

  16. Kury, A.B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, Volumen especial monográfco, 1, 1–337.

  17. Kury, A.B. (2013) Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.), Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-Level Classifcation and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703 (1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.7

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.7

  18. Kury, A.B., Giupponi, A.P.L. & Mendes, A.C. (2018) Immolation of Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro—unforgettable fire and irreplaceable loss. Journal of Arachnology, 46 (3), 556–558.  https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-18-094.1

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-18-094.1

  19. Kury, A.B. & Medrano, M. (2016) Review of terminology for the outline of dorsal scutum in Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones). Zootaxa, 4097 (1), 130–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.9

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.9

  20. Kury, A.B. & Villarreal, O. (2015) The prickly blade mapped: establishing homologies and a chaetotaxy for macrosetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12225

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12225

  21. Kury, A.B., Mendes, A.C., Cardoso, L., Kury, M.S. & Granado, A. de A. (2020) World Catalogue of Opiliones. WCO-Lite. Version 1.1. Available from: Online at: https://wcolite.com/ (accessed 6 October 2020)

  22. Lucas, P.H. (1840) Huitième famille. Phalangiens, Latreille. In: Lucas, P.H. (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Myriapodes. P. Duménil, Paris, pp. 453–467.

  23. Medrano, M. & Kury, A.B. (2017) Taxonomic revision of the Andean genus Eulibitia Roewer, 1912 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cosmetidae), with the description of five new species. European Journal of Taxonomy, 357, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.357

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.357

  24. Medrano, M., Ázara, L.N. de & Kury, A.B. (2020) The short-legged Andean cosmetids revisited: the genus Libitia Simon, 1879 with description of two new species (Opiliones, Cosmetidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 634, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.634

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.634

  25. Medrano, M., Kury, A.B. & Mendes, A.C. (In press) Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.

  26. Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., D’Amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51, 933–938.  https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2

  27. Papavero, N. (1971) Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology: with special São to collectors: 1750–1905. Vol. I. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sâo Paulo, São Paulo, vii + 216 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101715

  28. Peres, E.A., Benedetti, A.R., Hiruma, S.T., Sobral-Souza, T. & Pinto-Da-Rocha, R. (2019) Phylogeography of Sodreaninae harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): insights into the biogeography of the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 138, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.028

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.028

  29. Perty, J.A.M. (1833) Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX [1817–1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. [Opiliones, pp 201–209]. [“1830–1834”]. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii [München], 224 pp., pls. 25–40. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102991

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102991

  30. Pickard-Cambridge, F.O. (1905) Order Opiliones [2nd part]. In: Godman, F.D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia centrali-Americana. Vol. 2. Arachnida. Araneidea and Opiliones, 54 pls. R. H. Porter/Dulau & Co., London, pp. 561–610, pls. 53 + 54.

  31. Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1997) Systematic review of the neotropical family Stygnidae (Opiliones: Laniatores, Gonyleptoidea). Arquivos de Zoologia, 33 (4), 163–342. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v33i4p163-342

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v33i4p163-342

  32. Roewer, C.F. (1912) Die Familie der Cosmetiden Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 78 (10), 1–122.

  33. Simon, E. (1879) Essai d’une classification des Opiliones Mecostethi. Remarques synonymiques et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Première partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 183–241.

  34. Simon, E. (1880) Premier supplément au travail intitulé essai d’une classification des Opiliones Mecostethi, etc (première Partie). Comptes rendus des séances de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 1880, 100–103.

  35. Solano-Brenes, D., García-Hernández, S. & Machado, G. (2018) All the better to bite you with! Striking intrasexual differences in cheliceral size define two male morphs in an Amazonian arachnid. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125 (3), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly120

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly120

  36. Sørensen, W.E. (1879) Om Bygnigen af Gonyleptiderne, en Type af Arachnidernes Classe. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 12, 97–222, pls. 1–2. [in Danish]

  37. Sørensen, W.E. (1884) Opiliones Laniatores (Gonyleptides W. S. Olim) Musei Hauniensis. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 14 (3), 555–646.

  38. Sørensen, W.E. (1932) Descriptiones Laniatorum (Arachnidorum Opilionum Subordinis). Opus posthumum recognovit et edidit Kai L. Henriksen. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs skrifter, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling [ection des sciences Naturelles et mathematiques], Series 9, 3 (4), 197–422.