Abstract
A newly identified tardigrade species from China, Pilatobius nuominensis sp. nov., belongs to the group of species with cuticle of the dorsal and lateral caudal region with evident irregular polygonal sculpture. Nucleotide sequences of two nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA) and one mitochondrial (COI) DNA fragments of the new species are provided, which allows an independent verification of the taxonomic status of the new species. This is the first record of the genus Pilatobius in the Great Hinggan Mountains.
References
Bartoš, E. (1935) Vier neue Hypsibius-arten aus der Tschecho-slowakei. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 110, 257–260.
Baxter, W.H. (1979) Some Notes on the Tardigrada of North Down, including One Addition to the Irish Fauna. The Irish Naturalists’ Journal, 19 (11), 389–391.
Beasley, C.W., Kaczmarek, Ł. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2008) Doryphoribius mexicanus, a new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) from Mexico (North America). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 121 (1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.2988/07-30.1
Bertolani, R., Guidetti, R., Marchioro, T., Altiero, T., Rebecchi, L. & Cesari, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Eutardigrada: new molecular data and their morphological support lead to the identification of new evolutionary lineages. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 76, 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.006
Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1971) Nuove osservazioni sui Tardigradi delle Isole Eolie. Bolletino delle Sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 10(9): 766–774.
Buda, J., Olszanowski, Z., Wierzgoń, M. & Zawierucha, K. (2018) Tardigrades and oribatid mites in bryophytes from geothermally active lava fields (Krafla, Iceland) and the description of Pilatobius islandicus sp. nov. (Eutardigrada). Polish Polar Research, 39 (3), 425–453. https://doi.org/10.24425/118755
Cesari, M., Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L. & Guidetti, R. (2009) DNA barcoding in Tardigrada: the first case study on Macrobiotus macrocalix Bertolani & Rebecchi 1993 (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Molecular Ecology Resources, 9 (3), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02538.x
Degma, P., Bertolani, R. & Guidetti, R. (2020) Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009–2020, 39th Edition. 17 December 2020. Internet. 16 May 2021. https://doi.org/10.25431/11380_1178608
Doyère, M. (1840) Mémoire sur les Tardigrades. Annales des sciences naturelles, Paris, Supplement 2 (14), 269–361.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299.
Gao, X.Y., Li, X.C. & Wang, L.Z. (2012) Taxonomic composition of the Chinese terrestrial-freshwater tardigrades. Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences, 40 (18), 9721–9725.
Gąsiorek, P., Zawierucha, K., Stec, D. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2017) Integrative redescription of a common Arctic water bear Pilatobius recamieri (Richters, 1911). Polar Biology, 40 (11), 2239–2252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2137-9
Gąsiorek, P., Stec, D., Morek, W. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2018) An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada). Zootaxa, 4415 (1), 45–75. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.2
Gąsiorek, P. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020) Phylogeny of Itaquasconinae in the light of the evolution of the flexible pharyngeal tube in Tardigrada. Zoologica Scripta, 49 (4), 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12424
Guidetti, R., Schill, R.O., Bertolani, R., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, M. (2009) New molecular data for tardigrade phylogeny, with the erection of Paramacrobiotus gen. nov. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 47 (4), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00526.x
Guidetti, R., Peluffo, J.R., Rocha, A.M., Cesari, M. & Moly de Peluffo, M.C. (2013) The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae). Journal of Natural History, 47 (37–38), 2409–2426. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.800610
Guil, N. (2002) Diversity and distribution of tardigrades (Bilateria, Tardigrada) from the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and Chafarinas Islands. Graellsia, 58 (2), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2002.v58.i2.279
Hou, X.C. & An, G.X. (1998) Transformation of oak forest in Jiwen Forestry Bureau. Inner Mongolia Forestry Investigation and Design, 3, 96–99.
Kaczmarek, Ł., Cytan, J., Zawierucha, K., Diduszko, D. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2014) Tardigrades from Peru (South America), with descriptions of three new species of Parachela. Zootaxa, 3790, 357–379. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3790.2.5
Kathman, R.D. (1990) Eutardigrada from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, including a description of Platicrista cheleusis n.sp. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68 (9), 1880–1895. https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-268
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33 (7), 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Lisi, O., Sabella, G. & Pilato, G. (2014) Mixibius parvus sp. nov. and Diphascon (Diphascon) ziliense sp. nov., two new species of Eutardigrada from Sicily. Zootaxa, 3802 (4), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.4.3
Maucci, W. (1987) A contribution to the knowledge of the North American Tardigrada with emphasis on the fauna of Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming). In: Bertolani, R. (Ed.), Biology of Tardigrada. Selected Symposia and Monographs. U.Z.I., Mucci Modena, pp. 187–210.
Medlin, L., Elwood, H.J., Stickel, S. & Sogin, M.L. (1988) The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene, 71 (2), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(88)90066-2
Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2013) The Tardigrada Register: a comprehensive online data repository for tardigrade taxonomy. Journal of Limnology, 72 (S1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s1.e22
Mironov, S.V., Dabert, J. & Dabert, M. (2012) A new feather mite species of the genus Proctophyllodes Robin, 1877 (Astigmata: Proctophyllodidae) from the Long-tailed Tit Aegithaloscaudatus (Passeriformes: Aegithalidae): Morphological description with DNA barcode data. Zootaxa, 3253 (1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3253.1.2
Murray, J. (1906) The Tardigrada of the Forth Valley (II). The Annals of Scottish Natural History, 60, 214–217.
Nelson, D.R. (1991) A new species of Diphascon from New Brunswick, Canada (Tardigrada). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69 (7), 1911–1915. https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-264
Pilato, G. (1969) Evoluzione e nuova sistemazione degli Eutardigrada. Bollettino di Zoologia, 36 (3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250006909436925
Pilato, G. (1981) Analisi di nuovi caratteri nello studio degli Eutardigradi. Animalia, 8, 51–57.
Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1999) Three new species of Diphascon of the pingue group (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 21 (5), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000050370
Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Claxton, S. (2002) Itaquascon unguiculum and Itaquascon cambewarrense: two new species of eutardigrades from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29, 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9518293
Ramazzotti, G. (1957) Due nuove specie di tardigradi extra-europei. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 96, 3–4 + 188–191.
Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) II Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell’ Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1–1012.
Richters, F. (1911) Faune des mousses. Tardigrades. In: Duc d’Orleans. Campagne arctique de 1907. Imprimerie scientifique Charles Bulens, Bruxelles, pp. 1–20, pls. I–III.
Richters, F. (1926) Tardigrada. In: Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (Eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig, pp. 58–61.
Robotti, C. (1970) Hypsibius (Diphascon) ramazzottii sp. nov. e Macrobiotus aviglianae sp. nov. Primo contributo alla conoscenza dei Tardigradi del Piemonte. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 110, 251–255.
Rodríguez-Roda, J. (1952) Tardígrados de la fauna Española. Trabajos del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona, 1, 1–112.
Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4(4), 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
Sands, C.J., McInnes, S.J., Marley, N.J., Goodall-Copestake, W.P., Convey, P. & Linse, K. (2008) Phylum Tardigrada an “individual’’ approach. Cladistics, 24, 861–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00219.x
Schuster, R. & Greven, H. (2007) A long-term study of population dynamics of tardigrades in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst[J]. Journal of limnology, 66 (Supplement 1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2007.s1.141
Schuster, R.O., Nelson, D.R., Grigarick, A.A. & Christenberry, D. (1980) Systematic criteria of the Eutardigrada. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 99, 284–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226004
Sun, X.Z. (2014) Relationship between species diversity and environment of Tardigrada in China. Shanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 157 pp.
Sun, X.L., Zhang, J.Y., Wang, N., Zhao, M. & Luo, X.G. (2020) A new species of Diphascon (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae) from Northern China supported by integrated taxonomy. Zootaxa, 4722(2), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.2.5
Zawierucha, K., Buda, J., Jaromerska, T.N., Janko, K. & Gąsiorek, P. (2020) Integrative approach reveals new species of water bears (Pilatobius, Grevenius, and Acutuncus) from Arctic cryoconite holes, with the discovery of hidden lineages of Hypsibius. Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 289, 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.09.004
Zawierucha, K., Dziamięcki, J., Jakubowska, N., Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2014) New tardigrade records for the Baltic states with a description of Minibiotus formosus sp. n. (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zookeys, 408, 81–105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.408.6612