Abstract
A total of 45 adult and larval specimens of 6 Chinese Hydromanicus species are included in this molecular association analysis. Of these, the larvae of Hydromanicus melli Complex, H. canaliculatus, and H. umbonatus were associated with their adults using independent DNA sequences (the nuclear 28S-D2 fragment and the mitochondrial COI barcode gene) and were compared to metamorphotypes where available. Phylograms based on both genes revealed deep intraspecific divergences in several species, suggesting that cryptic diversity is likely common within the genus. Illustrated larval descriptions are provided for the three associated species. However, the larvae of species in the H. melli Complex cannot be morphologically differentiated from each other.
References
Albarda, H.M. (1881) Neuroptera. In: Veth, J.P. (Ed.), Midden-Sumatra: Reizen en onderzoekingen der Sumatra-expeditie, uitgerust door het Aardrijkskundig genootschap, 1877–1879, beschreven door de leden der expeditie, onder toezicht van Prof. P.J. Veth., Vol. 4.2. Naturlijke Historie, 5, 1–22, pls. I–IV.
Banks, N. (1931) Some neuropteroid insects from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 16, 377–409.
Banks, N. (1939) New genera and species of neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 85, 439–504.
Barcode of Life Data Systems (2021) Available from: http://www.boldsystems.org/ (BOLD is accessible only to those who have been granted access to a registered account and who can then log into the system and look for the project name “Chinese Hydropsychidae Larvae III”; accessed 15 May 2021)
Brauer, F. (1865) Zweiter Bericht über die auf der Weltfahrt der kais. Fregatte Novara gesammelten Neuropteren. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 415–422.
Chantaramongkol, P. & Malicky, H. (1995) Drei neue asiatische Hydromanicus (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) (Arbeiten über thailandische Köcherfliegen, nr. 17). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 105, 92–95.
Dudgeon, D. (1997) Life histories, secondary production and microdistribution of hydropsychid caddisflies (Trichoptera) in a tropical forest stream. Journal of Zoology, 243, 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05763.x
GENBANK (2021) Genbank Overview. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ (accessed 25 May 2021)
Genco, M.S., Morse, J.C., Caterino, M.S., Murray-Stoker, K.M. & Pham, T.H. (2020) Larvae and adults of Vietnamese species of Drepanocentron and Hydromanicus (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae, Hydropsychidae). Zoosymposia, 18, 072–092. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.18.1.11
Hoang, D.T., Chernomor, O., Von Haeseler, A., Minh, B.Q. & Vinh, L.S. (2017) UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (2), 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1101/153916 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K., Von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
Kjer, K.M. (1995) Use of ribosomal-RNA secondary structure in phylogenetic studies to identify homologous positions - an example of alignment and data presentation from the frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 4, 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1995.1028
Li, Y-w. & Tian, L-x. (1990) Four new caddisflies from China (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Trichoptera Newsletter, 17, 15–18.
Li, Y-w., Tian, L-x. & Dudgeon, D. (1990) Notes on six new species of Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera). Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 13, 37–42.
Malicky, H. (2013) Trichoptera. In: Gerlach, J. (Ed.), Odonata, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and other insects of the Seychelles Islands. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, pp. 214–226, figs. 2–10.
Malicky, H. & Chantaramongkol, P. (1993) Neue Trichopteren aus Thailand. Teil 1: Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Ecnomidae, Psychomyidae, Arctopsychidae, Hydropsychidae (Arbeiten über thailändische Köcherfliegen Nr. 12). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 25, 433–487.
Malicky, H. & Chantaramongkol, P. (1996) Neue Köcherfliegen aus Thailand (Trichoptera). Entomologische Berichte Luzern, 36, 119–128.
Marlier, G. (1978) Les larves et nymphes des Trichoptères des Seychelles. In: Crichton, M.I. (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Trichoptera, University of Reading, England, 25–29 July 1977. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 359 pp.
Milne, M.J. (1938) The “metamorphotype method” in Trichoptera. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 46, 435–437.
Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., Von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37, 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
Morse, J.C. (ed.) 2020. Trichoptera World Checklist. Available from: http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/index.htm (accessed 24 September 2020)
Oláh, J. & Johanson, K.A. (2008) Generic review of Hydropsychinae, with description of Schmidopsyche, new genus, 3 new genus clusters, 8 new species groups, 4 new species clades, 12 new species clusters and 62 new species from the Oriental and Afrotropical regions (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Zootaxa, 1802 (1), 1–248. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1802.1.1
Prommi, T.O. & Permkam, S. (2015) Larvae of Hydromanicus (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from Thailand. Zootaxa, 3914 (4), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3914.4.6
Prommi, T.O., Permkam, S. & Malicky, H. (2006) Description of larvae and pupae of Hydatomanicus klanklini Malicky & Chantaramongkol and H. adonis Malicky & Chantaramongkol (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southern Thailand. Braueria, 33, 31–36.
Ruiter, D.E., Boyle, E.E. & Zhou, X. (2013) DNA barcoding facilitates associations and diagnoses for Trichoptera larvae of the Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) area. BMC Ecology, 13, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-13-5
Schefter, P.W. (2005) Re-evaluation of genera in the subfamiy Hydropsychinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychinae). Aquatic Insects, 27, 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650420500062758
Schefter, P.W. & Wiggins, G.B. (1986) A systematic study of the Nearctic larvae of the Hydropsyche morosa group (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications, 100 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60680
Schuster, G.A. & Etnier, D.A. (1978) A Manual for the Identification of the Larvae of the Caddisfly Genera Hydropsyche Pictet and Symphitopsyche Ulmer in Eastern and Central North America (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, Report Number 600/4-78-060, 129 pp.
Scott, K.M.F. (1983) On the Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) of Southern Africa with keys to African genera of imagos, larvae and pupae and species lists. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History), 14, 299–422.
Tian, L-x., Li, Y-w., Yang, L-f. & Sun, C-h. (1993) Trichoptera. In: Chen, S. (Ed.), Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region, 2 (“1992”), pp. 867–892. [in Chinese]
Tian, L., Yang, L. & Li, Y. (1996) Economic insect fauna of China fasc. 49, Trichoptera (1): Hydroptilidae, Stenopsychidae, Hydropsychidae, Leptoceridae. Science Press, Beijing, 196 pp.
Ulmer, G. (1905) Zur Kenntniss aussereuropäischer Trichopteren. (Neue Trichoptern des Hamburger und Stettiner Museums und des Zoologischen Instituts in Halle, nebst Beschreibungen einiger Typen Kolenati‘s und Burmeister‘s.). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 66, 1–119.
Ulmer, G. (1910) Trichoptera. In: The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr J. Stanley Gardiner, vol. III. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series, Zoology, 14 (1), 41–54.
Ulmer, G. (1926) Beitrage zur fauna Sinica III. Trichopteren und Ephemeropteren. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 5, 19–110.
Ulmer, G. (1951) Köcherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln. Teil I. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 19, 1–528.
Wiggins, G.B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo, 457 pp. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442623606
Williams, N.E. & Wiggins, G.B. (1981) A proposed setal nomenclature and homology for larval Trichoptera. In: Moretti, G.P. (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Trichoptera. W. Junk, Publishers, The Hague, pp. 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8641-1_52
Yang, L., Sun, C. & Morse, J.C. (2016) An amended checklist of the caddisflies of China (Insecta, Trichoptera). In: Vshivkova, T.S., & J.C. Morse (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Zoosymposia, 10, 451–479. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.10.1.42
Zhang, A. & Zhou, X. (2021) The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), Part II: Potamyia chinensis and Cheumatopsyche trifascia. Zootaxa, 4926 (4), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.4.5
Zhou, X. (2009) The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), Part I: Arctopsyche shimianensis, Parapsyche sp. A, and Diplectrona obscura. Zootaxa, 2174 (1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2174.1.1
Zhou, X., Kjer, K.M. & Morse, J.C. (2007) Associating larvae and adults of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Hydropsychidae) using DNA sequences. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 26, 718–741. https://doi.org/10.1899/06-089.1