Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2022-03-08
Page range: 1-119
Abstract views: 598
PDF downloaded: 35

Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part V: Australasia

Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth 6009 WA, Australia.
Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
Tardigrada Australia biogeography New Zealand Papua New Guinea species list tardigrades water bears

Abstract

This paper is the fifth monograph of the series that describes the global records of limno-terrestrial water bears (Tardigrada). Here, we provide a comprehensive list of non-marine tardigrades recorded from Australasia, providing an updated and revised taxonomy accompanied by geographic co-ordinates, habitat, and biogeographic comments. It is hoped this work will serve as a reference point and background for further zoogeographical and taxonomical studies.

 

References

  1. Arakawa, K. (2018) The complete mitochondrial genome of Echiniscus testudo (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 3 (2), 810–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1495118
    Archer, M., Hand, S.J. & Godthelp, H. (1994) Patterns in the history of Australia's mammals and inferences about palaeohabitats. In: Hill, R.S. (Ed.), History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 80–103.
    Baas-Becking, L.G.M. (1934) Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde. W.P. Van Stockum & Zoon, Den Haag, 263 pp.
    Bartoš, E. (1934) Příspěvek k poznání Tardigrad Č. S. R. Časopis Československé Společnosti Entomologické, 31, 50–58 + 99–107.
    Beasley, C.W. (1995) The phylum Tardigrada. Third Edition by G. Ramazzotti and W. Maucci, English Translation. Published by the translator Clark Beasley, Abilene, 1014 pp.
    Beijerinck, M.W. (1913) De infusies en de ontdekking der backteriën. Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Akademie v. Wetenschappen. Müller, Amsterdam. [unknown pagination]
    Bertolani, R. (2003) Thulinius, new generic name substituting for Thulinia Bertolani, 1981 (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada). Zootaxa, 314 (1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootraxa.314.1.1
    Bertolani, R. & Biserov, V.I. (1996) Leg and claw adaptations in soil tardigrades, with erection of two new genera of Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae: Pseudohexapodibius and Xerobiotus. Invertebrate Biology, 115, 299–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/3227019
    Bertolani, R. & Rebecchi, L. (1993) A revision of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae), with some observations on the taxonomic characters of eutardigrades. Zoologica Scripta, 22, 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1993.tb00347.x
    Bertolani, R., Marley, N.J. & Nelson, D.R. (1999) Re-description of the genus Thulinia (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) and of Thulinia augusti (Murray, 1907) comb. n. Zoolgischer Anzeiger, 238, 139–145.
    Bertolani, R., Pilato, G. & Sabatini, M.A. (1983) Macrobiotus joannae, primo Macrobiotidae ermafrodito (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 10, 327–333.
    Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L., Giovannini, I. & Cesari, M. (2011) DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species. Zootaxa, 2997 (1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2997.1.2
    Bertolani, R., Bartels, P.J., Guidetti, R., Cesari, M. & Nelson, D.R. (2014a) Aquatic tardigrades in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, U.S.A., with the description of a new species of Thulinius (Tardigrada, Isohypsibiidae). Zootaxa, 3764(5), 524–536.
    Bertolani, R., Guidetti, R., Marchioro, T., Altiero, T., Rebecchi, L. & Cesari, M. (2014b) Phylogeny of Eutardigrada: New molecular data and their morphological support lead to the identification of new evolutionary lineages. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 76, 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.006
    Binda, M.G. (1969) Nuovi dati su tardigradi di Sicilia con descrizione di due nuove specie. Bollettino delle Sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 9, 623–633.
    Binda, M.G. (1971) Su alcuni Tardigradi muscicoli del Nord-Africa. Bollettino delle Sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 10, 759–765.
    Binda, M.G. (1984) Notizie sui Tardigradi dell'Africa Meridionale con descrizione di una nuove specie di Apodibius (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 11, 5–15.
    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1969) Tardigradi muscicoli dell'Isola di Ustica (Sicilia), con descrizione di due specie nuove. Bollettino delle Sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 10, 171–180.
    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1971) Nuovo contributo alla conoscenza dei Tardigradi di Sicilia. Bollettino delle Sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 10, 896–909.
    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1972) Tardigradi muscicoli di Sicilia (IV Nota). Bollettino delle Sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 11, 47–60.
    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1986) Ramazzottius, nuova genere di Eutardigrado (Hypsibiidae). Animalia, 13, 159–166.
    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1987) Tardigrada dell'Africa. V. Notizie sui Tardigradi del Nord-Africa e descrizione della nuove specie Macrobiotus diffusus. Animalia, 14, 177–191.
    Binda, M.G., Pilato, G. & Dastych, H. (1980) Descrizione di una nuova specie di Eutardigrado, Doryphoribius macrodon. Animalia, 7, 23–27.
    Binda, M.G., Pilato, G. & Lisi, O. (2005) Remarks on Macrobiotus furciger Murray, 1906 and description of three new species of the furciger group (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zootaxa, 1075, 55–68.
    Bird, A.F. (1996) Studies on the soil-inhabiting tardigrade, Macrobiotus cf. pseudohufelandi, from South Australia. Transaction of the Royal Society of South Australia, 120, 147–154.
    Bird, A.F. (1999) A comparison of some soil microinvertebrate assemblages in southern Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 123, 69–75.
    Bird, A.F. & McClure, S.G. (1997a) Studies of the eggs of Macrobiotus cf. pseudohufelandi (Tardigrada) from wheat fields in South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 121, 51–57.
    Bird, A.F. & McClure, S.G. (1997b) Composition of the stylets of the tardigrade, Macrobiotus cf. pseudohufelandi. Transaction of the Royal Society of South Australia, 121, 43–50.
    Cesari, M., Montanari, M., Kristensen, R.M., Bertolani, R., Guidetti, R. & Rebecchi, L. (2020) An integrated study of the biodiversity within the Pseudechiniscus suillus-facettalis group (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 188 (3), 717–732. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz045
    Cesari, M., Vecchi, M., Palmer, A., Bertolani, R., Pilato, G., Rebecchi, L. & Guidetti, R. (2016) What if the claws are reduced? Morphological and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the genus Haplomacrobiotus May, 1948 (Eutardigrada, Parachela). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 178(4), 819–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12424
    Claxton, S.K. (1996) Sexual dimorphism in Australian Echiniscus (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae) with description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116, 13–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02330.x
    Claxton, S.K. (1998) A revision of the genus Minibiotus (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) with descriptions of eleven new species from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 50, 125–160. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1276
    Claxton, S.K. (1999) Milnesioides exsertum gen. n sp. n, a new tardigrade from Australia (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 238, 183–190.
    Claxton, S.K. (2001) Antechiniscus in Australia: description of Antechiniscus moscali sp. n. and redescription of Antechiniscus parvisentus (Horning & Schuster, 1983) (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 240, 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00035
    Claxton, S.K. (2004) The taxonomy and distribution of Australian terrestrial tardigrades. Vols. I & II. PhD Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, xxvi + 618 leaves & 182 leaves.
    Claxton, S.K. & Dastych, H. (2017) A new bisexual species of Echiniscus C.A.S. Schultze, 1840 (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Tasmania, Australia. Entomologie heute, 29, 105–119.
    Claxton, S.K., Beasley, C.W., Kaczmarek, Ł. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2010) Redescription of Doryphoribius zyxiglobus (Horning, Schuster & Grigarick 1978) (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) and extension of its geographic range. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37, 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2010.508820
    Coughlan, K. & Stec, D. (2019) Two new species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from Australia and India, with notes on their phylogenetic position. European Journal of Taxonomy, 573, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.573
    Czechowski, P., Sands, C.J., Adams, B.J., D’Haese, C.A., Gibson, J.A.E., McInnes, S.J. & Stevens, M.I. (2012) Antarctic Tardigrada: a first step in understanding molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and biogeography of cryptic meiofauna. Invertebrate Systematics, 26(6), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS12034
    Cuénot, L. (1932) Tardigrades. In: P. Lechevalier, Ed. Faune de France, 24, 1–96.
    Dabert, M., Dastych, H., Hohberg, K. & Dabert, J. (2014) Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic clawless eutardigrade genus Apodibius Dastych, 1983 (Tardigrada), based on 18S and 28S rRNA sequence data from its type species A. confusus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.012
    Dastych, H. (1983) Apodibius confusus gen. n. sp. n. a new water-bear from Poland (Tardigrada). Bulletin de L'Academie Polonaise des Sciences, 31, 41–46.
    Dastych, H. (1990) Isohypsibius sattleri (Richters 1902), a valid species (Tardigrada). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71, 181–189.
    Dastych, H. (1991) Redescription of Hypsibius antarcticus (Richters, 1904), with some notes on Hypsibius arcticus (Murray, 1907) (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 88, 141–159.
    Dastych, H. (1992) Paradiphascon manningi gen. n. sp. n., a new water-bear from South Africa, with the erecting of a new subfamily Diphasconinae (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 89, 125–139.
    Dastych, H. (1997a) A new species of the genus Echiniscus (Tardigrada) from New Zealand. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 12 (156), 209–215.
    Dastych, H. (1997b) Some notes on morphology of Echiniscus tessellatus Murray, 1910 (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 94, 73–79.
    Dastych, H. (2001) Notes on the revision of the genus Mopsechiniscus (Tardigrada). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 240(3–4): 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00037
    Dastych, H. & Moscal, A.M. (1992) Mopsechiniscus tasmanicus sp. n., a new semiterrestrial tardigrade. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 10, 221–228.
    Dastych, H., McInnes, S. & Claxton, S.K. (1998) Oreella mollis Murray, 1910 (Tardigrada): a redescription and revision of Oreella. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 95, 89–113.
    De Barros, R. (1939) Itaquascon umbellinae gen. nov. spec. nov (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zoolgischer Anzeiger, 128, 106–109.
    De Barros, R. (1942a) Tardígrados do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. I. Introdução. Gêneros “Echiniscus” e “Pseudechiniscus”. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2, 257–269.
    De Barros, R. (1942b) Tardigrados do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. II. Gênero Macrobiotus. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2, 373–386.
    Degma, P. & Guidettii, R. (2007) Notes to the current checklist of Tardigrada. Zootaxa, 1579 (1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1579.1.2
    Degma, P., Bertolani, R. & Guidetti, R. (2009–2021) Actual checklist of Tardigrada species. 40th Edition. Available from: https://doi.org/10.25431/11380_1178608 (accessed 5 August 2021)
    Dettmann, M.E. (1994) Cretaceous vegetation: the microfossil record. In: Hill, R.S. (Ed.), History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 143–170.
    Doyère, P.L.N. (1840) Mémoire sur les Tardigrades. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris, Serie, 2, 14, 269–362.
    Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, E., 1944. Sobre tardigrados brasileiros. Comunicaciones Zoológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 1, 1–19.
    Ehrenberg, C.G. (1848) Fortgesetzte Beobachtungen über jetzt herrschende atmospharische mikroscopische, etc. mit Nachtrag und Novarum Specierum Diagnosis. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 13, 370–381.
    Ehrenberg, C.G. (1853) Diagnoses novarum formarum. Verhandlungen der Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 8, 526–533.
    Fleming, J.F. & Arakawa, K. (2021) Systematics of tardigrada: A reanalysis of tardigrade taxonomy with specific reference to Guil et al. (2019). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (3), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12476
    Fleming, J.F., Pisani, D. & Arakawa, K. (2021) New tardigrade opsins and differential expression analyses show ontogenic variation in light perception. Genome Biology and Evolution, 13(8), evab164. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab164
    Fontoura, P. & Morais, P. (2011) Assessment of traditional and geometric morphometrics for discriminating cryptic species of the Pseudechiniscus suillus complex (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 49 (S1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00594.x
    Fontuora, P. & Pilato, G. (2007) Diphascon (Diphascon) faialense sp. nov. a new species of tardigrada (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Azores and a key to the species of the D. pingue group. Zootaxa, 1589 (1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1589.1.4
    Gąsiorek, P. (2018) New Bryodelphax species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Western Borneo (Sarawak), with new molecular data for the genus. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 66, 371–381.
    Gąsiorek, P. & Degma, P. (2018) Three Echiniscidae species (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada) new to the Polish fauna, with the description of a new gonochoristic Bryodelphax Thulin, 1928. Zootaxa, 4410 (1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4410.1.4
    Gąsiorek, P. & Kristensen, R.M. (2018) Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) of Tanzania and Uganda. Tropical Zoology, 31 (3), 131–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2018.1477350
    Gąsiorek, P. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020a) Echiniscus siticulosus (Echiniscidae: spinulosus group), a new tardigrade from Western Australian scrub. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 47 (2), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2019.1603166
    Gąsiorek, P. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020b) Phylogeny of Itaquasconinae in light of the evolution of the flexible pharyngeal tube in Tardigrada. Zoologica Scripta, 49 (4), 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/ZSC.12424
    Gąsiorek, P. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020c) Revised Cornechiniscus (Heterotardigrada) and new phylogenetic analyses negate echiniscid subfamilies and tribes. Royal Society Open Science, 7, 200581. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200581
    Gąsiorek, P., Stec, D., Morek, W., Marnissi, J. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2017a) The tardigrade fauna of Tunisia, with an integrative description of Bryodelphax maculatus sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). African Zoology, 52 (2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2017.1297688
    Gąsiorek, P., Stec, D., Morek, W. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2017b) An integrative redescription of Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for the class Heterotardigrada (Ecdysozoa: Panarthropoda: Tardigrada). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 270, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2017.09.006
    Gąsiorek, P., Stec, D., Morek, W. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2018) An integrative redescription of Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for Hypsibioidea (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada). Zootaxa, 4415 (1), 45–75. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.2
    Gąsiorek, P., Jackson, K.J., Meyer, H.A., Zając, K., Nelson, D.R., Kristensen, R.M. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019a) Echiniscus virginicus complex: the first case of pseudocryptic allopatry and pantropical distribution in tardigrades. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 128 (4), 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz147
    Gąsiorek, P., Morek, W., Stec, D., Blagden, B. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019b) Revisiting Calohypsibiidae and Microhypsibiidae: Fractonotus Pilato, 1998 and its phylogenetic position within Isohypsibiidae (Eutardigrada: Parachela). Zoosystema, 41 (6), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a6
    Gąsiorek, P., Morek, W., Stec, D. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019c) Untangling the Echiniscus Gordian knot: paraphyly of the “arctomys group” (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Cladistics, 35 (6), 633–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12377
    Gąsiorek, P., Stec, D., Morek, W. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019d) Deceptive conservatism of claws: distinct phyletic lineages concealed within Isohypsibioidea (Eutardigrada) revealed by molecular and morphological evidence. Contributions to Zoology, 88 (1), 78–132. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191350
    Gąsiorek, P., Vončina, K. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019e) Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840) in New Zealand: anthropogenic dispersal or evidence for the "Everything is Everywhere" hypothesis? New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 46 (2), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2018.1503607
    Gąsiorek, P., Vončina, K., Degma, P. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020) Small is beautiful: the first phylogenetic analysis of Bryodelphax Thulin, 1928 (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 96 (1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.50821
    Gąsiorek, P., Bochnak, M., Vončina, K. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021a) Phenotypically exceptional Echiniscus species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from the Neotropics (Argentina). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 294, 210–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2021.08.003
    Gąsiorek, P., Oczkowski, A., Blagden, B., Kristensen, R.M., Bartels, P.J., Nelson, D.R., Suzuki, A.C. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021b) New Asian and Nearctic Hypechiniscus species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) signalize a pseudocryptic horn of plenty. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 192, 794–852. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa110
    Gąsiorek, P., Vončina, K., Nelson, D.R. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021c) The importance of being integrative: a remarkable case of synonymy in the genus Viridiscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zoological Letters, 7, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-021-00181-z
    Gąsiorek, P., Vončina, K., Zając, K. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021d) Phylogeography and morphological evolution of Pseudechiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Scientific Reports, 11, 7606. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84910-6
    Gąsiorek, P., Wilamowski, A., Vončina, K. & Michalczyk, Ł. (in press) Neotropical jewels in the moss: biodiversity, distribution and evolution of the genus Barbaria (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab087
    Grobys, D., Roszkowska, M., Gawlak, M., Kmita, H., Kepel, A., Kepel, M., Parnikoza, I., Bartylak, T. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2020) High diversity in the Pseudechiniscus suillus-facettalis complex (Heterotardigrada; Echiniscidae) with remarks on the morphology of the genus Pseudechiniscus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 188 (3), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz171
    Guidetti, R. & Bertolani, R. (2005) Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification. Zootaxa, 845 (1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.845.1.1
    Guidetti, R., Rebecchi, L. & Bertolani, R. (2000) Cuticule structure and systematics of Macrobiotidae (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada). Acta Zoologica, 81, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6395.2000.00034.x
    Guidetti, R., Gandolfi, A., Rossi, V. & Bertolani, R. (2005) Phylogenetic analysis of Macrobiotidae (Eutardigrada, Parachela): a combined morphological and molecular approach. Zoologica Scripta, 34, 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00193.x
    Guidetti, R., Schill, R.O., Bertolani, R., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, M. (2009) New molecular data for tardigrade phylogeny, with erection of Paramacrobiotus gen. n. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 47, 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00526.x
    Guidetti, R., Rebecchi, L., Bertolani, R., Jönsson, K.I., Kristensen, R.M. & Cesari, M. (2016) Morphological and molecular analyses on Richtersius (Eutardigrada) diversity reveal its new systematic position and lead to the establishment of a new genus and a new family within Macrobiotoidea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 178 (4), 834–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12428
    Guidetti, R., Cesari, M., Bertolani, R., Altiero T. & Rebecchi, L. (2019) High diversity in species, reproductive modes and distribution within the Paramacrobiotus richtersi complex (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zoological Letters, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0113-z
    Guidetti, R., Schill, R.O., Giovannini, I., Massa, E., Goldoni, S.E., Ebel, C., Förschler, M.I., Rebecchi, L. & Cesari, M. (2021) When DNA sequence data and morphological results fit together: Phylogenetic position of Crenubiotus within Macrobiotoidea (Eutardigrada) with description of Crenubiotus ruhesteini sp. nov. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 59 (3), 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12449
    Guil, N., Jørgensen, A. & Kristensen, R.M. (2019) An upgraded comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Tardigrada tree of life. Zoologica Scripta, 48 (1), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12321
    Guil, N. & Giribet, G. (2012) A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tardigrades - adding genes and taxa to a poorly resolved phylum-level phylogeny. Cladistics, 28(1), 21–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00364.x
    Guil, N., Jørgensen, A., Giribet FLS, G. & Kristensen, R.M. (2013) Congruence between molecular phylogeny and cuticular design in Echiniscoidea (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169 (4), 713–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12090
    Horning, D. & Schuster, R.O. (1983) Three new species of New Zealand tardigrades (Tardigrada: Echiniscidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 59, 108–112.
    Horning D., Schuster R.O. & Grigarick A. (1978) Tardigrada of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 5, 185–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1978.10428316
    Iharos, G. (1964) Neuere Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tardigraden- Fauna Ungarns. V. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 5, 57–67.
    Iharos, G. (1966) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tardigraden-Fauna Österreichs. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 12, 123–127.
    Iharos, G. (1967) Beitrãge zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna von Neuguinea. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 7, 113–116.
    Iharos, G. (1969) Tardigraden aus Mittelwestafrika. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 9, 115–120.
    Iharos, G. (1973) Neuere Daten zur Kenntnis der Tardigraden-Fauna von Neuguinea. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 11, 65–73.
    Ito, M. (1995) Taxonomic study on the Eutardigrada from the northern slope of Mt. Fuji, Central Japan. II. Family Hypsibiidae. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 53, 18–39.
    Jennings, P.G. (1976) The Tardigrada of Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, with a note on the Rotifera. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, 44, 1–25.
    Jørgensen, A., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. (2007) A molecular study of the tardigrade Echiniscus testudo (Echiniscidae) reveals low DNA sequence diversity over a large geographical area. Journal of Limnology, 66 (S1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2007.s1.77
    Jørgensen, A., Møbjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. (2011) Phylogeny and evolution of the Echiniscidae (Echiniscoidea, Tardigrada)—an investigation of congruence between molecules and morphology. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 49 (Supplement 1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00592.x
    Jørgensen, A., Faurby, S., Persson, D.K., Halberg, K.A., Kristensen, R.M. & Møbjerg, N. (2013) Genetic diversity in the parthenogenetic reproducing tardigrade Echiniscus testudo (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea). Journal of Limnology, 72 (S1), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s1.e17
    Kaczmarek, Ł. (2021) Clarification of the presence of Barbaria bigranulata (Richters, 1907) (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscidae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Europe). Zootaxa, 5005 (2), 249–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.12
    Kaczmarek, Ł. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2009) Redescription of Hypsibius microps Thulin, 1928 and H. pallidus Thulin, 1911 (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) based on the type material from the Thulin collection. Zootaxa, 2275 (1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2275.1.4
    Kaczmarek, Ł. & Michalczyk Ł. (2017a) A description of Macrobiotus horningi sp. nov. and redescriptions of M. maculatus comb. nov. Iharos, 1973 and M. rawsoni Horning et al. 1978 (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae: hufelandi group). Zootaxa, 4363 (1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4363.1.3
    Kaczmarek, Ł. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2017b) The Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada) revisited. Zootaxa, 4363 (1), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4363.1.4
    Kaczmarek, Ł. & Roszkowska M. (2021) Zealandiscus gen. nov., a new genus erected in the family Echiniscidae Thulin, 1928 (Heterotardigrada). Annales Zoologici, 71, 651–659. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.004
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Zawierucha, K., Smykla, J. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2012) Tardigrada of the Revdalen (Spitsbergen) with the descriptions of two new species: Bryodelphax parvuspolaris (Heterotardigrada) and Isohypsibius coulsoni (Eutardigrada). Polar Biology, 35 (7), 1013–1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1149-0
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Michalczyk, Ł. & McInnes, S.J. (2014) Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part I: Central America. Zootaxa, 3763 (1), 1–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3763.1.1
    Kaczmarek, Ł, Michalczyk, Ł. & McInnes, S.J. (2015) Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part II: South America. Zootaxa, 3923 (1), 1–107. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3923.1.1
    Kaczmarek, Ł, Michalczyk, Ł. & McInnes, S.J. (2016) Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part III: North America and Greenland. Zootaxa, 4203 (1), 1–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4203.1.1
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Gawlak, M., Bartels, P.J., Nelson, D.R. & Roszkowska, M. (2017) Revision of the genus Paramacrobiotus Guidetti et al., 2009 with the description of a new species, re-descriptions and a key. Annales Zoologici, 67 (4), 627–656. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2017.67.4.001
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Parnikoza, I., Gawlak, M., Esefeld, J., Peter, H.-U., Kozeretska, I. & Roszkowska, M. (2018a) Tardigrades from Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 nests on the Argentine Islands (maritime Antarctic). Polar Biology, 41 (2), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2190-4
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Zawierucha, K., Buda, J., Stec, D., Gawlak, M., Michalczyk, Ł. & Roszkowska, M. (2018b) An integrative redescription of the nominal taxon for the Mesobiotus harmsworthi group (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) leads to descriptions of two new Mesobiotus species from Arctic. PLoS ONE, 13 (10), e0204756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204756
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Roszkowska, M., Fontaneto, D., Jezierska, M., Pietrzak, B., Wieczorek, R., Poprawa, I., Kosicki, J.Z., Karachitos, A. & Kmita, H. (2019) Staying young and fit? Ontogenetic and phylogenetic consequences of animal anhydrobiosis. Journal of Zoology, 309 (1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12677
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Bartylak, T., Stec, D., Kulpa, A., Kepel, M., Kepel, A. & Roszkowska, M. (2020a) Revisiting the genus Mesobiotus Vecchi et al., 2016 (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae) – remarks, updated dichotomous key and an integrative description of new species from Madagascar. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 287, 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.05.003
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Mioduchowska, M., Kačarević, U., Kubska, K., Parnikoza, I., Gołdyn, B. & Roszkowska, M. (2020b) New records of Antarctic Tardigrada with comments on interpopulation variability of the Paramacrobiotus fairbanksi Schill, Förster, Dandekar and Wolf, 2010. Diversity, 12, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12030108
    Kaczmarek, Ł., Kayastha, P., Gawlak, M., Mioduchowska, M. & Roszkowska, M. (2021) An integrative description of a Diploechiniscus oihonnae (Richters, 1903) population from near the original type locality in Merok (Norway). Zootaxa, 4964 (1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.4
    Kayastha, P., Bartylak, T., Gawlak, M. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2020) Integrative description of Pseudechiniscus lalitae sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from the Azores archipelago (Portugal). Annales Zoologici, 70 (4), 487–505. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2020.70.4.002
    Kosztyła, P., Stec, D., Morek, W., Gąsiorek, P., Zawierucha, K., Michno, K., Ufir, K., Małek, D., Hlebowicz, K., Laska, A., Dudziak, M., Frohme, M., Prokop, Z.M., Kaczmarek, Ł. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2016) Experimental taxonomy confirms the environmental stability of morphometric traits in a taxonomically challenging group of microinvertebrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 178 (4), 765–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12409
    Kristensen, R.M. (1987) Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. In: Bertolani, R. (Ed.), Biology of Tardigrada. Selected Symposia and Monographs. U.Z.I., Mucci Modena, pp. 261–335.
    Kristensen, R.M., Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2010) The first record of the genus Bryodelphax (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Easter Island, Rapa Nui (Pacific Ocean, Chile) with the description of a new species, Bryodelphax aaseae. Zootaxa, 2343 (1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2343.1.4
    Lisi, O., Londoño, R. & Quiroga, S. (2014) Tardigrada from a sub-Andean forest in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with the description of Itaquascon pilatoi sp. nov. Zootaxa, 3841 (4), 551–562. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3841.4.5
    Lisi, O., Daza, A., Londoño, R. & Quiroga, S. (2017) Echiniscidae from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, new records and a new species of Bryodelphax Thulin, 1928 (Tardigrada). ZooKeys, 703 (2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.703.12537
    Mackness, B.S. (2003) A review of nematophagy by terrestrial tardigrades with new observations on some Australian species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 115, 1–5.
    Marcus, E. (1927) Zur Anatomie und Ökologie mariner Tardigraden. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, 53, 487–558.
    Marcus, E. (1928) Spinnentiere oder Arachoides. IV Bärtierchen (Tardigrada). Tierwelt Deutschlands und der Angrenzenden Meeresteile Jena, 12, 1–230.
    Marcus, E. (1936) Tardigrada. Das Tierreich, 66, 1–340.
    Marley, N.J., McInnes, S.J. & Sands, C.J. (2011) Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela. Zootaxa, 2819 (1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2819.1.2
    Martin, H.A. (2006) Cenozoic climatic change and the development of the arid vegetation in Australia. Journal of Arid Environments, 66, 533–563.
    Massa, E., Guidetti, R., Cesari, M., Rebecchi, L. & Jönsson, K.I. (2021) Tardigrades of Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve with description of four new species from Sweden. Scientific Reports, 11, 4861. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83627-w
    McInnes, S.J. (1994) Zoogeographic distribution of terrestrial/freshwater tardigrades from current literature. Journal of Natural History, 28, 257–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939400770131
    McInnes, S.J, Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2017) Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part IV: Africa. Zootaxa, 4284 (1), 1–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4284.1.1
    Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2003) Minibiotus constellatus, a new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae) from Peru. Genus, 14 (2), 295–305.
    Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2006a) Revision of the Echiniscus bigranulatus group with a description of a new species Echiniscus madonnae (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 1154 (1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1154.1.1
    Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2007) Echiniscus ganczareki, a new species of Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae, bigranulatus group) from Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 1471, 15–25.
    Michalczyk, Ł. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2013) Tardigrada Register: a comprehensive online data repository for tardigrade taxonomy. Journal of Limnology, 72 (S1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s1.e22
    Michalczyk, Ł., Wełnicz, W., Frohme, M. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2012a) Redescriptions of three Milnesium Doyère, 1840 taxa (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae), including the nominal species for the genus. Zootaxa, 3154 (1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3154.1.1
    Michalczyk, Ł., Wełnicz, W., Frohme, M. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2012b) Corrigenda of Zootaxa, 3154: 1–20 Redescriptions of three Milnesium Doyere, 1840 taxa (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae), including the nominal species for the genus. Zootaxa, 3393 (1), 66–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3393.1.6
    Miller, W.R., McInnes, S.J. & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005) Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Hypsibius heardensis (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae: dujardini group) a new species from sub-Antarctic Heard Island. Zootaxa, 1022 (1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1022.1.3
    Morek, W. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020) First extensive multilocus phylogeny of the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840 (Tardigrada) reveals no congruence between genetic markers and morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 188 (3), 681–693. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz040
    Morek, W., Gąsiorek, P., Stec, D., Blagden, B. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2016) Experimental taxonomy exposes ontogenetic variability and elucidates the taxonomic value of claw configuration in Milnesium Doyère, 1840 (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Apochela). Contributions to Zoology, 85 (2), 173–200. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08502003
    Morek, W., Stec, D., Gąsiorek, P., Surmacz, B. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019a) Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840: the first integrative study of inter-population variability in a tardigrade species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 57 (1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12233
    Morek, W., Suzuki, A., Schill, R.O., Georgiev, D., Yankova, M., Marley, N. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2019b) Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model. Zootaxa, 4586 (1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4586.1.2
    Morek, W., Ciosek, J. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020) Description of Milnesium pentapapillatum sp. nov., with an amendment of the diagnosis of the order Apochela and abolition of the class Apotardigrada (Tardigrada). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 288, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.07.002
    Morek, W., Surmacz, B., López-López, A. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021) "Everything is not everywhere": time-calibrated phylogeography of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada). Molecular Ecology, 30, 3590–3609. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15951
    Morgan, C.I. &Nicholls, C.A. (1986) Apodibius serventyi sp. nov., a new clawless water-bear (Invertebrata: Tardigrada) from Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 69, 1–4.
    Murray, J. (1905a) The Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 41, 677–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800035547
    Murray, J. (1905b) The Tardigrada of the Forth Valley. Annals of Scottish Natural History, 55, 160–164.
    Murray, J. (1906a) Scottish Alpine Tardigrada. The Annals of Scottish Natural History, 57, 25–30.
    Murray, J. (1906b) Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Tardigrada of the South Orkneys. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800022754
    Murray, J. (1907a) Scottish Tardigrada collected by the Lake Survey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 641–668. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800011777
    Murray, J. (1907b) Arctic Tardigrada, collected by Wm. S. Bruce. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 669–681. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800011789
    Murray, J. (1907c) Some South African Tardigrada. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, London, 5, 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1907.tb01665.x
    Murray, J. (1907d) Some Tardigrada of the Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 27 (3), 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1907.tb01654.x
    Murray, J. (1907e) The encystment of Macrobiotus. The Zoologist, 11, 4–11.
    Murray, J. (1910) Tardigrada. British Antarctic Expedition 1907–1909. Reports on the Scientific Investigations, 1 (Biology), Part V, 83–187.
    Murray, J. (1911) Arctiscoida. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 31, 1–16.
    Murray, J. (1913) IV. African Tardigrada. Journal Royal Microscopical Society, 1913, II, 136–144.
    Nelson, D.R. & Horning, D.S. (1979) Tardigrada of the Kowhai Bush, Kaikoura, New Zealand. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 25, 125–142.
    Nelson, D.R., Guidetti, R. & Rebecchi, L. (2010) Chapter 14: Tardigrada. In: Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (Eds.), Ecology and classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 3rd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 455–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374855-3.00014-5
    Nelson, D.R., Guidetti, R. & Rebecchi, L. (2015) Phylum Tardigrada. In: Thorp, J. & Rogers, D.C. (Eds.), Ecology and General Biology: Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, London, pp. 347–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00017-6
    Nelson, D.R., Adkins Fletcher, R., Guidetti, R., Roszkowska, M., Grobys, D. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2020) Two new species of Tardigrada from moss cushions (Grimmia sp.) in a xerothermic habitat in northeast Tennessee (USA, North America), with the first identification of males in the genus Viridiscus. PeerJ, 8, e10251. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10251
    Nelson, D.R., Marley, N.J. & Bertolani, R. (1999) Re-description of the genus Pseudobiotus (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) and of the new type species Pseudobiotus kathmanae sp. n. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 238, 311–317.
    Nowak, B. & Stec, D. (2018) An integrative description of Macrobiotus hannae sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae: hufelandi group) from Poland. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 42, 269–286. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1712-31
    Olson, D.M. & Dinerstein, E. (1998) The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology, 12, 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.012003502.x
    Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L. & McMahon, T.A. (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1633‒1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
    Petersen, B. (1951) The Tardigrade fauna of Greenland. A faunistic study with some few ecological remarks. Meddelelser om Grønland, København, 150 (5), 5–94.
    Pilato, G. (1969) Schema per una nuova sistemazione delle famiglie e dei genri degli Eutardigrada. Bollettino delle Sedute dell′Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale Catania, 10, 181–193.
    Pilato, G. (1987) Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigra, Hypsibiidae). In Biology of Tardigrades, R. Bertolani (ed), Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I., 1, Mucchi, Modena, 337–357.
    Pilato, G. (1996) Redescription of Isohypsibius wilsoni and description of two new species of Isohypsibius (Eutardigrada) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 23, 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1996.9518066
    Pilato, G. (1998) Microhypsiibiidae, new family of eutardigrades, and description of the new genus Fractonotus. Spixiana, 21, 129–134.
    Pilato, G. & Bertolani, R. (2005) Diphascon (Diphascon) dolomiticum, a new species of Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada) from Italy. Zootaxa, 914 (1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.914.1.1
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1977) Preciazioni e rettifiche alla descrizione di alcune specie di Tardigradi (Seconda nota). Animalia, 4, 35–51.
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1983) Descrizione du una nuova specie di Eutardigrado d`Australia Macrobiotus joannae n. sp. Animalia, 10, 262–272.
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1987) Parascon schusteri n. gen. n. sp. (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae, Itaquasconinae). Animalia, 14, 91–97.
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1996) Two new species and new records of Macrobiotus (Eutardigrada) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 23, 375–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1996.9518097
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1997) Remarks on some tardigrades of New Zealand with the description of Hypsibius novaezeelandiae n. sp. (Eutardigrada). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 24, 65–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1997.9518106
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1998a) A comparison of Diphascon (D.) alpinum Murray, 1906, D. (D.) chilenense Plate, 1889 and D. (D.) pingue Marcus, 1936 (Tardigrada), and description of a new species. Zoolgisher Anzeiger, 236, 181–185.
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1998b) Two new species of Diphascon (Eutardigrada) from New South Wales (Australia). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 25, 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1998.9518147
    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1999) Three new species of Diphascon of the pingue group (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 21, 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000050370
    Pilato, G. & D`Urso, V. (1976) Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tardigradi d`Australia. Animalia, 3, 135–45.
    Pilato, G. & Lisi, O. (2004) Doryphoribius neglectus sp. n. and Parascon nichollsae sp. n., a new species of eutardigrades from Australia. Zootaxa, 545 (1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.545.1.1
    Pilato, G. & Lisi, O. (2006) Macrobiotus rigidus sp. nov., new species of eutardigrade from New Zealand. Zootaxa, 1109, 49–55.
    Pilato, G., Bertolani, R. & Binda, M.G. (1982) Studio degli Isohypsibius del gruppo elegans (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) con descrizione di due nuove specie. Animalia, 9, 185–198.
    Pilato, G. & Claxton, S.K. (1988) Tardigrades from Australia. I. Macrobiotus hieronimi and Minibiotus maculartus, two new species of eutardigrades. Animalia, 15, 83–89.
    Pilato, G., Claxton, S. & Binda, M.G. (1989a) Tardigrades from Australia. III. Echiniscus marcusi and Macrobiotus peteri, new species of Tardigrades from New South Wales. Animalia, 16, 43–48.
    Pilato, G., Claxton, S. & Binda, M.G. (1989b) Tardigrades from Australia. II. The evaluation of Calohypsibius ornatus (Richters, 1990) caelatus (Marcus, 1928) as a valid species and description of Minibiotus fallax n. sp. (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 16, 21–27.
    Pilato, G., Claxton, S. & Horning, D.S. (1991) Tardigrades from Australia. IV. Diphascon (Adropion) gordonense, a new species from new South Wales (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae). Animalia, 18, 157–161.
    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G., Napolitano, A. & Moncada, E. (2000) The specific value of Macrobiotus coronatus DeBarros 1942, and description of two new species of the harmsworthi group (Eutardigrada). Bollettino delle sedute della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, 33, 103–120.
    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Claxton, S. (2002) Itaquascon unguiculum and Itaquascon cambewarrense: two new species of eutardigrades from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29, 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9518293
    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G., Bertolani, R. & Lisi, O. (2005a) Four new species of the Diphascon nobilei group (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). Journal of Natural History, 39 (14), 1029–1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930400001590
    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Lisi, O. (2005b) Remarks on some Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) from New Zealand with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 1027 (1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1027.1.2
    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Lisi, O. (2006) Eutardigrada from New Zealand, with descriptions of two new species. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 33, 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2006.9518430
    Pilato, G., Fontoura, P., Lisi, O. & Beasley, C. (2008) New description of Echiniscus scabrospinosus Fontoura, 1982, and description of a new species of Echiniscus (Heterotardigrada) from China. Zootaxa, 1856 (1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1856.1.4
    Pilato, G., Lisi, O. & Binda, M.G. (2010) Tardigrades of Israel with description of four new species. Zootaxa, 2665, 1–28.
    Pilato, G., McInnes, S.J. & Lisi, O. (2012) Hebesuncus mollispinus (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae), a new species from maritime Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3446, 60–68.
    Plate, L. (1888) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden. Zoologische Jahrbücher, 3, 487–550.
    Puglia, C.R. (1959) Some aspects of the taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the tardigrades, with emphasis on the tardigrades of East Central Colorado. Unpublished Pd. D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Zoology, Urbana, 125 pp.
    Ramazzotti, G. (1957) Due nuove specie di Tardigradi extra-europei. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 96, 188–191.
    Ramazzotti, G. (1962a) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 16, 1–595.
    Ramazzotti, G. (1962b) Tardigradi del Cile, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie e di una varietá. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 101, 275–287.
    Ramazzotti, G. (1964) Tardigradi del Cile, III, con descrizione delle nuove specie Oreella minor e Pseudechiniscus lateromamillatus. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 103, 347–355.
    Ramazzotti, G. (1972) Il phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 28, 1–732.
    Ramazzotti, G. (1974) Il phylum Tardigrada, Supplemento A. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 31, 69–179
    Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1–1012.
    Rebecchi, L. (2001) The spermatozoon in tardigrades: evolution and relationships with the environment. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 240, 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00063
    Rebecchi, L. & Nelson, D.R. (1998) Evaluation of a secondary sex character in eutardigrades. Invertebrate Biology, 117, 194–198. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226985
    Richters, F. (1900) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der fauna der Umgebung von Frankfurt a. M. Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden gesellschaft in Frankfort am Main, 1900, 21–44.
    Richters, F. (1902a) Neue Moosbewohner. Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfort am Main, 1902, 23–26.
    Richters, F. (1902b) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna der Umgebung von Frankfurt a. M. Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfort am Main, 3–21.
    Richters, F. (1903) Nordische Tardigraden. Zoologisher Anzeiger, 27, 168–172.
    Richters, F. (1904a) Vorläufiger Bericht über die Antarktische Moosfauna. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1904, 236–239.
    Richters, F. (1904b) Beitrag zur Verbreitungen der Tardigraden im südlichen Skandinavien und an der mecklenburgischen Küste. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 28, 347–352.
    Richters, F. (1904c) Isländische Tardigraden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 28, 373–377.
    Richters, F. (1908a) Moosbewohner. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Südpolar-Expedition (1901–1903), Stockholm, 6, 1–16.
    Richters, F. (1908b) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Moosfauna Australiens und der Inseln des Pazifischen Ozeans. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 26, 196–213.
    Richters, F. (1909) Tardigraden-Studien. Bericht iiber die Senckenbergischen Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 40, 28–48.
    Richters, F. (1926) Tardigrada. In: Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (Eds.), “Handbuch der Zoologie. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter & Co. Berlin and Leipzig, 58–61.
    Riggin, G.T. (1962) Tardigrada of southwest Virginia: with the addition of a description of a new marine species from Florida. Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, Technical Bulletin, 152, 1–145.
    Roszkowska, M., Stec, D., Ciobanu, D.A. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2016) Tardigrades from Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina, South America) with descriptions of two new Macrobiotidae species. Zootaxa, 4105 (3), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4105.3.2
    Roszkowska, M., Ostrowska, M., Stec, D., Janko, K. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2017) Macrobiotus polypiformis sp. nov., a new tardigrade (Macrobiotidae; hufelandi group) from the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, with remarks on the claw abnormalities in eutardigrades. European Journal of Taxonomy, 327, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.327
    Roszkowska, M., Grobys, D., Bartylak, T., Gawlak, M., Kmita, H., Kepel, A., Kepel, M., Parnikoza, I. & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2020) Integrative description of five Pseudechiniscus species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae: the suillus-facettalis complex). Zootaxa, 4763 (4), 451–484. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.1
    Rudescu, L. (1964) Tardigrada. Fauna Republicii Populare Romine. Bucuresti, 4, 1–398.
    Sands, C.J., McInnes, S.J., Marley, N.J., Goodall-Copestake, W., Convey, P. & Linse, K. (2008) Phylum Tardigarda: an “individual” approach. Cladistics, 24, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00219.x
    Schill, R.O., Forster, F., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, N. (2010) Using compensatory base change analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 secondary structures to identify three new species in Paramacrobiotus (Tardigrada). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 10 (4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0025-z
    Schultze, C.A.S. (1834) Macrobiotus Hufelandii animal e crustaceorum classe novum, reviviscendi post diuturnam asphixiam et aridiatem potens, etc. 8, 1 tab. C. Curths, Berlin.
    Schultze, C.A.S. (1840) Echiniscus Bellermanni; animal crustaceum. Berolini, Apud G. Reimer, 1–8.
    Schuster, R.O., Nelson D.R., Grigarick A.A. & Christenberry D. (1980) Systematic criteria of Eutardigrada. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 99, 284–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226004
    Stec, D., Krzywański, Ł. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2018a) Integrative description of Macrobiotus canaricus sp. nov. with notes on M. recens (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 452, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.452
    Stec, D., Morek, W., Gąsiorek, P. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2018b) Unmasking hidden species diversity within the Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri complex, with an integrative redescription of the nominal species for the family Ramazzottiidae (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Parachela). Systematics and Biodiversity, 16 (4), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2018.1424267
    Stec, D., Krzywański, Ł., Zawierucha, K. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2020) Untangling systematics of the Paramacrobiotus areolatus species complex by an integrative redescription of the nominal species for the group, with multilocus phylogeny and species delineation within the genus Paramacrobiotus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 188 (3), 694–716. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz163
    Stec, D., Vecchi, M., Calhim, S. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021a) New multilocus phylogeny reorganises the family Macrobiotidae (Eutardigrada) and unveils complex morphological evolution of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 160, 106987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106987
    Stec, D., Vecchi, M., Dudziak, M., Bartels, P.J., Calhim S. & Michalczyk, Ł. (2021b) Integrative taxonomy resolves species identities within the Macrobiotus pallarii complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae). Zoological Letters, 7, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-021-00176-w
    Stec, D., Vončina, K., Kristensen, R.M. & Michalczyk, Ł. (in press) The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of long claws in macrobiotid tardigrades. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab101
    Sudzuki, M., 1964. On the microfauna of the Antarctic Region. I. Moss-water community at Langhovde. JARE Scientific Reports, Serie E, 19, 1–41.
    Suzuki, A.C. (2003) Life history of Milnesium tardigradum Doyere (Tardigrada) under the rearing environment. Zoological Science, 20 (1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.20.49
    Sugiura, K., Minato, H., Matsumoto, M. & Suzuki, A.C. (2020) Milnesium (Tardigrada: Apochela) in Japan: the first confirmed record of Milnesium tardigradum s.s. and description of Milnesium pacificum sp. nov. Zoological Science, 37 (5), 476–495. https://doi.org/10.2108/zs190154
    Thulin, G. (1911) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv for Zoologi, 7, 1–60. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1270
    Thulin, G. (1928) Über die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Heriditas, 11, 207–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1928.tb02488.x
    Tumanov, D.V. (2004) Macrobiotus kovalevi, a new species of Tardigrada from New Zealand (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zootaxa, 406 (1), 1–8 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.406.1.1
    Tumanov, D.V. (2020a) Analysis of non-morphometric morphological characters used in the taxonomy of the genus Pseudechiniscus (Tardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 188 (3), 753–775. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz097
    Tumanov, D.V. (2020b) Integrative redescription of Hypsibius pallidoides Pilato et al., 2011 (Eutardigrada: Hypsibioidea) with the erection of a new genus and discussion on the phylogeny of Hypsibiidae. European Journal of Taxonomy, 681, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.681
    Tumanov, D.V. & Pilato, G. (2019) A new species of Eutardigrade (Macrobiotidae) from New Zealand. Zootaxa, 4603 (3), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4603.3.6
    Uda, K., Ishida, M., Matsui, T. & Suzuki, T. (2010) Arginine kinase from the tardigrade, Macrobiotus occidentalis: molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis and enzymatic properties. Zoological Science, 27 (10), 796–803. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.796
    Urbanowicz, C. (1925) Sur la variabilité de Macrobiotus oberhaeuseri. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique, Paris, 59, 124–142.
    Van Rompu, E.A., De Smet, W.H. & Coomans, A. (1995) Some terrestrial tardigrades from Zimbabwe. Biologisch Jaarboek, Dodonaea, 63, 48–55.
    Vecchi, M., Cesari, M., Bertolani, R., Jönsson, K.I., Rebecchi, L. & Guidetti, R. (2016) Integrative systematic studies on tardigrades from Antarctica identify new genera and new species within Macrobiotoidea and Echiniscoidea. Invertebrate Systematics, 30 (4), 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15033
    Velasco-Castrillón, A., McInnes, S.J., Schultz, M.B., Arróniz-Crespo, M., D’Haese, C.A, Gibson, J.A.E., Adams, B.J., Page, T.J., Austin, A.D., Cooper, S.J.B. & Stevens, M.I. (2015) Mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal widespread tardigrade diversity in Antarctica. Invertebrate Systematics, 29, 578–590. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS14019
    Vicente, F., Fontoura, P., Cesari, M., Rebecchi, L., Guidetti, R., Serrano, A. & Bertolani, R. (2013) Integrative taxonomy allows the identification of synonymous species and the erection of a new genus of Echiniscidae (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada). Zootaxa, 3613 (6), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.6.3
    Wełnicz, W., Grohme, M.A., Kaczmarek, Ł., Schill, R.O. & Frohme, M. (2011) Anhydrobiosis in tardigrades - the last decade. Journal of Insect Physiology, 57 (5), 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.03.019
    Wilford, G.E., Brown, P.J. (1994) Maps of late Mesozoic–Cenozoic Gondwana break-up: some palaeogeographical implications. In: Hill, R.S. (Ed.), History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 5–13.
    Williams W.D. (1968) Australian freshwater life. The invertebrates of Australian inland waters. Sun Books Melbourne, 262 pp.

  2.  

  3.