Abstract
In a study, 13 known species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 were collected during 2013–2017 mainly in the southern provinces of Iran, and the variability of their morphological and morphometric characteristics was investigated. The results showed that the number of lateral lines, V′ and V indices, stylet and spicule length, whose coefficient of variation was less than 10%, were more stable than the other characters. The effects of different temperatures and food sources, including several plants, fungi and carrot disc on the taxonomic characters of three populations of Ditylenchus destructor, two populations of D. dipsaci, and one population of D. myceliophagus were studied. The results showed that indices V, V′ and MB were more stable than the others. The indices were more affected by food source than by temperature. In addition, the calculation of the correlation between some morphometric indices showed that the distances between the anterior end and vulva, and the anterior end and anus were significantly correlated with body length in all species and populations studied.
References
Andrássy, I. (2007) Free-living Nematodes of Hungary, II (Nematoda Errantia). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 496 pp.
Bello, A. & Geraert, E. (1972) Redescription of eight species belonging to the superfamily Tylenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 18, 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529272X00430
Brzeski, M.W. (1967) The effect of host on morphology and population increase of Ditylenchus myceliophagus Goodey (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Bulletin de l’Academie polonaise des Sciences. Classe II. Serie des Sciences Biologiques, 15, 147–149.
Brzeski, M.W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nématologie, 14, 9–59.
Brzeski, M.W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk (MiIZ PAN), Warszawa, 396 pp.
Butler, E.J. (1913) Disease of rice: An eelworm disease of rice. Bulletin Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bulletin, 34, 1–37.
Das, D. & Bajaj, H.K. (2005) Intraspecific variations of Ditylenchus myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 in relation to hosts, temperature and age of nematode culture. Indian Journal of Nematology, 35, 1–10.
Duncan, l.W. & Moens, M. (2006) Migratory endoparasitic nematodes. In: Perry, R.N. & Moens, M. (Eds.), Plant Nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845930561.0123
Evans, A.A.F. & Fisher, J.M. (1970) The effect of environment on nematode morphometrics. Comparison of Ditylenchus myceliophagus and D. destructor. Nematologica, 16, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529270X00540
Filipjev, I.N. (1936) On the classification of the Tylenchinae. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 3, 80–82.
Fortuner, R. & Maggenti, A.R. (1987) A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 4. The family Anguinidae Nicoll, 1935 (1926). Revue de Nématologie, 10, 163–176.
Fortuner, R. (1982) On the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nématologie, 5, 17–38.
Goodey, J. (1952) The influence of the host on the dimensions of the plant parasitic nematode, Ditylenchus destructor. Annals of Applied Biology, 39, 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1952.tb01062.x
Goodey, J.B. (1958) Ditylenchus myceliophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 3, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529258X00166
Hashemi, K. & Karegar, A. (2019) Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa, 4651 (1), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
Hesling, J.J. (1974) Ditylenchus myceliophagus. CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set, 3 (36).
Heyns, J. (1964) Aphelenchoides helicus n. sp. and Ditylenchus equalis n. sp., two new soil inhabiting nematodes. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 7, 147–150.
Hirschmann, H. & Sasser, J.N. (1955) On the occurrence of an intersexual form in Ditylenchus triformis n. sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchida). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 22, 115–123.
Husain, S.I. & Khan, A.M. (1976) Four new tylenchid nematodes from North India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 5, 49–55.
Jones, J.T., Haegeman, A., Danchin, E.G.J, Gaur, H.S., Helder, J., Jones, M.G.K, Kikuchi, T., Manzanilla-López, R., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Wesemael, W.M.L. & Perry, R.N. (2013) Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14, 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12057
Kazachenko, I.P. (1980) New species of nematodes (Tylenchida) and a description of the male Teratocephalus sigillarius (Rhabditida) from forests in the Far East. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 59, 810–817.
Kheiri, A. (1973) Plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchidae) from Iran. Biologisch Jaarboek Dodonaea, 40 (1972), 224–239.
Kühn, J. (1857) Über Das Vorkommen von Anguillulen in erkrankten Blüthenköpfen von Dipsacus fullonum L. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 9, 129–137.
Paramonov, A.A. (1970) Principles of Phytonematology. Vol. III. Taxonomy of Nematodes of the Superfamily Tylenchoidea. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Moscow, 253 pp.
Siddiqi, M.R. (2000) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 833 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851992020.0000
Sturhan, D. & Brzeski, M.W. (1991) Stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus spp. In: Nickle, W.R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, pp. 423–464. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003066576-9
Tarjan, A.C. (1958) A new genus, Pseudhalenchus (Tylenchinae: Nematoda), with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 20–25.
Thorne, G. & Allen, M.W. (1959) Variation in nematodes. In: Plant Pathology. Problems and Progress 1908–1958. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 412–418.
Thorne, G. & Malek, R.B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1–111.
Thorne, G. (1945) Ditylenchus destructor n. sp. the potato rot nematode, and Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936, the teasel nematode (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 12, 27–34.
Wasilewska, L. (1965) Ditylenchus medicaginis n. sp., a new parasitic nematode from Poland (Nematoda, Tylenchidae). Bulletin de l′Academie polonaise des Sciences, Classe II, Serie des Sciences Biologiques, 13, 167–170.
Whitehead, A.G. & Hemming, J.R. (1965) A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07864.x
Wu, L.Y. (1960) Comparative study of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae), from potato, bulbous iris, and dahlia, with a discussion of De Man’s ratios. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38, 1175–1187. https://doi.org/10.1139/z60-122
Zeidan, A.B. & Geraert, E. (1991) The genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 in Sudan (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 1, 5–14.
Zell, H. (1988) Nematodes eines Buchenwaldbodens 11. Die Anguiniden (Nematoda, Anguinoidea). Carolinea, 46, 99–114.