Abstract
The taxonomy of the Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929 (Digenea) has been confounded historically by 2 main factors: difficulty in specimen preparation and varying opinion as to the consistency of morphological characters, such as the morphology of the oesophagus and the position of the ovary. Distinction between Flagellotrema Ozaki, 1936 and Gyliauchen Nicoll, 1915 has been blurred by overlap in the diagnoses of these genera. Here we provide a diagnosis for Flagellotrema, definitively separating it from Gyliauchen. We define Flagellotrema as possessing an oesophagus with at least 1 loop, an intertesticular ovary, and a cilia-like lining of the genital atrium, and also by the position of the genital pore definitely posterior to the intestinal bifurcation. We redescribe the type-species, Flagellotrema convolutum Ozaki, 1936 from Prionurus scalprum (Acanthuridae) from Japanese waters, based on our examination of type material and the literature, and describe 2 new cryptic species from acanthuroid fishes of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Flagellotrema amphitrite n. sp. is described from Prionurus maculatus from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia and Flagellotrema reburrus is described from Siganus punctatus (Siganidae) from the same location. We also record F. reburrus from 3 other species of Siganus, S. corallinus, S. doliatus and S. vulpinus from Heron and Lizard Islands, Australia. Distinction between F. amphitrite and F. reburrus is difficult, and is based on the combination of morphometric data and sequence data from ITS2 and 28S (D1–D3) rDNA and ND1 mtDNA genes. We provide a taxonomic key to species of Flagellotrema and discuss the taxonomy and biogeography of the group. The description of 2 new species from acan-thuroid fishes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, expands the geographic range of Flagellotrema from Japan to the greater western Pacific Ocean.References
Allen, G. (1997) Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-East Asia. 3rd Edition. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia, 292 pp.
Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. & Lipman, D.J. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 3389–3402.
Bowles, J., Hope M., Tiu, W.U., Liu, X. & McManus, D.P. (1993) Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers highly conserved between Chinese and Philippine Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Tropica, 55, 217–229.
Cribb, T.H., Anderson, G.R., Adlard, R.D. & Bray, R.A. (1998) A DNA-based demonstration of a three-host life-cycle for the Bivesiculidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea). International Journal for Parasitology, 28, 1791–1795.
Dyer, W.G., Williams, E.H., Jr & Williams, L.B. (1988) Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of Okinawa, Japan. Journal of Parasitology, 74, 638–645.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (Eds) (2006) FishBase. Version 06/2006. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http://www.fishbase.org/ (accessed on 12 August 2006).
GeneCodes (2000) Sequencher®. GeneCodes Corporation, Michigan, USA.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2000) The status of Petalocotyle Ozaki, 1934 (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae), including the description of two new species from acanthurid fishes in Queensland, Australia. Systematic Parasitology, 47, 145–156.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2004) Ptychogyliauchen, a new genus of Gyliauchenidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from siganid fishes of the Indo-West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 607–625.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2005a) Chapter 52. Family Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929. In: Jones, A, Bray, R.A. & Gibson, D.I. (Eds) Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 2. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 665-678.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2005b) Revision of Telotrema Ozaki, 1933 (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929), including the description of a new species from an acanthurid fish from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Zootaxa, 1071, 1–18.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2007) Rediagnosis of Ichthyotrema Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1952 (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929), including the redescription of I. vogelsangi Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1952. Zootaxa, 1549, 63–68.
Kostadinova, A., Herniou, E.A., Barrett, J. & Littlewood, D.T.J. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of Echinostoma Rudolphi, 1809 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) and related genera re-assessed via DNA and morphological analyses. Systematic Parasitology, 54, 159–176.
Littlewood, D.T.J., Curini-Galletti, M. & Herniou, E.A. (2000) The interrelationships of Proseriata (Platyhelminthes: Seriata) tested with molecules and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 16, 449–466.
Minitab (2007) Minitab®, version 15.1.1.0. Minitab Inc., USA.
Morgan, J.A.T. & Blair, D. (1998) Relative merits of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and mitochondrial CO1 and ND1 genes for distinguishing among Echinostoma species (Trematoda). Parasitology, 116, 289–297.
Nahhas, F.M. & Wetzel, J.A. (1995) Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Suva, Fiji: the family Gyliauchenidae Ozaki, 1933. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 62, 117–130.
Nolan, M.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2006a) Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes. Zootaxa, 1265, 1–80.
Nolan, M.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2006b) An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-west Pacific region. Zootaxa, 1218, 1–80.
Ozaki, Y. (1933) Telotrema caudatum n. g. n. sp., ein neuer Typus der Trematoden-familie Gyliauchenidae (Goto et Matsudaira). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 103, 329–336 (in German).
Ozaki, Y. (1936) Flagellotrema convolutum, n. g., n. sp., a new trematode of the family Gyliauchenidae. Zoological Magazine (Japan), 48, 951–953.
Ozaki, Y. (1937) Studies on the trematode families Gyliauchenidae and Opistholebetidae, with special reference to lymph system. II. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1, Zoology, 5, 43–120.
Rambaut, A. (2001) Sequence Alignment Editor (Se-Al), version 2.0a9. Oxford University, Oxford, UK. Program distributed by the author. Available from: http://www.evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/ (accessed on 8 September 2003).
Swofford, D.L. (1998) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Woodland, D.J. (2001) Siganidae: Rabbitfishes (spinefoots). In Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.E. (Eds) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes Part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammals. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 3627–3650.
Yamaguti, S. (1970) Digenetic trematodes of Hawaiian fishes. Keigaku Publishing Co., Tokyo, 436 pp.