Abstract
Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1865 is widely distributed, and easily distinguished from other polychaetes by their characteristic semi-circular operculum with two rows of stout golden paleae and “ice-cream cone”-shaped tubes made of sand or shell fragments. A total of 387 specimens of pectinariids from the coastal waters of China were examined. Eleven species belonging to three genera of pectinariids were identified and described, including four new species (Amphictene jianqingi n. sp., Pectinaria lizhei n. sp., Pectinaria dayaensis n. sp., Pectinaria xiukaii n. sp.) and one new record (Pectinaria plurihamus Choi, Jung & Yoon, 2017). A key to genera of Pectinariidae and recorded species from Chinese waters is given. Based on partial sequences of five genes (COI, 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and H3), the phylogenetic relationship of pectinariids is analyzed. The three new species Amphictene jianqingi n. sp., Pectinaria lizhei n. sp. and Pectinaria dayaensis n. sp. with molecular data are well supported. Three species of Lagis (L. koreni, L. bocki and L. plurihamus), five species of Pectinaria (P. dayaensis, P. dodeka, P. gouldii, P. lizhei and P. torquata), and three species of Amphictene (A. auricoma, A. alata and A. jianqingi) do not form a well supported clade, which requires more detailed analyses.
References
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215 (3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
Bartolomaeus, T. (1995) Structure and formation of the uncini in Pectinaria koreni, Pectinaria auricoma (Terebellida) and Spirorbis spirorbis (Sabellida): inplications for annelid phylogeny and the position of the pogonophora. Zoomorphology, 115 (3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403171
Brown, S., Rouse, G., Hutchings, P. & Colgan, D (1999) Assessing the usefulness of histone H3, U2 snRNA and 28S rDNA in analyses of polychaete relationships. Australian Journal of Zoology, 47, 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO99026
Carr, C.M., Hardy, S.M., Brown, T.M., Macdonald, T.A. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2011) A tri-Oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLoS ONE, 6 (7), e22232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022232
Caullery, M. (1944) Polychètes sédentaire de l’Expédition du Siboga: Ariciidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Chloraemidae, Opheliidae, Oweniidae, Sabellariidae, Sternaspidae, Amphictenidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae. Siboga Expeditie, Leiden, 24, 1–204.
Choi, H.K. Jung, T.W. & Yoon, S.M. (2017) A new species of Lagis (Annelida: Polychaeta: Pectinariidae) from Korean waters. Zootaxa, 4227 (2), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4227.2.8
Claparède, É. (1869) Les Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples. Seconde partie. Ordre IIme. Annélides Sédentaires (Aud. et Edw.). Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève, 20 (1), 1–225, pls. XVII–XXXI. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2142
Day, J.H. (1955) The Polychaeta of South Africa. Part 3. Sedentary species from Cape shores and estuaries. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 42 (287), 407–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb02216.xDay, J.H. (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 878 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8596
Fauchald, K. (1977) The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 28, 1–188.
Fauvel, P. (1927) Polychètes Sédentaires. Addenda aux Errantes, Archiannélides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France 16. Lechevalier, Paris, 494 pp.
Fauvel, P. (1932) Annelida Polychaeta of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 12(1), 1–262. http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/memoirs/012/01/index.pdf
Folmer, O., Black, M.B., Hoeh, W.R., Lutz, R.A. & Vrijenhoek, R.C. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular marine biology and biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
García-Garza, M.E. & León-González, J.A. (2014) A new species of Amphictene (Annelida, Pectinariidae) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a redescription of Amphictene guatemalensis (Nilsson, 1928). ZooKeys, 367, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.367.6038
Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Baguna, J., Riutort, M. & Ribera, C. (1996) First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada+Arthropoda clade. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025573
Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Riutort, M., Bagunña, J. & Ribera, C. (1999) Internal phylogeny of the Chilopoda (Myriapoda, Arthropoda) using complete 18S rDNA and partial 28S rDNA sequences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 354, 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0373
Grube, A.E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 16 (1), 249–364. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6958350]
Grube, A.E. (1870) Bemerkungen ueber die Amphicteneen und Amphareteen Mgn. Schles. gesellschaft fur vaterlandische cultur Breslau Jahresber, 48, 68–84.
Grube, A.E. (1878) Annulata Semperiana. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Annelidenfauna der Philippinen nach den on Herrn Prof. Semper mitgebrachten Sammlungen. Mémoires l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Petersbourg, Série 7, 25 (8), 1–300. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/162068#page/7/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.85345
Hartman, O. (1941) Polychaetous annelids. Part IV. Pectinariidae. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 7, 325–345.
Hartman, O. (1959) Catalogue of the Polychaetous Annelids of the World. Parts I & II. Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation, 23, 1–628.
Hessle, C. (1917) Zur Kenntnis der terebellomorphen Polychaeten. Zoologiska bidrag från Uppsala, 5, 39–258. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38891407]
Holthe, T. (1986a) Evolution, systematics, and distribution of the Polychaeta Terebellomorpha, with a catalogue of the taxa and a bibliography. Gunneria, 55, 1–236.
Holthe, T. (1986b) Polychaeta Terebellomorpha. Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia. Vol. 7. Norwegian University Press, Oslo, 194 pp.
Hutchings, P., Carrerette, O & Nogueira, J.M.N. (2020) Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1866. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.H.B., Rolf, G., Glaubrecht, M., Kristensen, N.P., Prendini, L., Purschke, G., Richter, S., Westheide, W. Leschen, R. & Zugang E. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110291704-004
Hutchings, P., Carrerette, O., Nogueira, J.M.M., Hourdez, S. & Lavesque, N. (2021) The Terebelliformia-Recent Developments and Future Directions. Diversity, 13 (2), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/D13020060
Hutchings, P. & Kupriyanova, E. (2018) Cosmopolitan polychaetes—fact or fiction? personal and historical perspectives. Invertebrate Systematics, 32 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17035
Hutchings, P. & Peart, R. (2002) A review of the genera of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) together with a description of the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum, 54, 99–127. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1356
Imajima, M. & Hartman, O. (1964) The polychaetous annelids of Japan, Part II. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications Occasional Paper, 26, 239–452.
Jolly, M.T., Viard, F., Gentil, F., Thiebaut, E. & Jollivet, D. (2006) Comparative phylogeography of two coastal polychaete tubeworms in the Northeast Atlantic supports shared history and vicariant events. Molecular Ecology, 15 (7), 1841–1855. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02910.x
Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment Software Version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30 (4), 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Lamarck, J.B. de (1818) Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent; précédés d'une Introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l`Animal, sa distinction du végétal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l’Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Deterville, Paris, 612 pp. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12886879]
Le, H.L., Lecointre, G. & Perasso, R.A. (1993) 28S rRNA-based phylogeny of the gnathostomes: first steps in the analysis of conflict and congruence with morphologically based cladograms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2, 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1993.1005
Lin, J. & Zheng, F. (2012) Class Polychaeta Grube, 1850. In: Huang, Z. & Lin, M. (Eds.), The living species of China’s seas. Part I. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp. 440–475.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Vol. 1. 10th Revised Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. 12th Edition. Impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1328 + 736 pp.
Long, C.D. (1973) Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) from Caribbean and associated waters. Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 857–874.
Malmgren, A.J. (1866) Nordiska Hafs-Annulater. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, Stockholm, 22(5), 355–410. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100715#page/369/mode/1up]
Müller, O.F. (1776) Zoologicae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium. Typis Hallageriis, Havniae, 282 pp. [https://archive.org/details/zoologiaedanicae00ml] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13268
Nilsson, D. (1928) Neue und alte Amphicteniden. Göteborgs Kunge. Vetenskaps—och Vitterhets Samhälles Handlingar, Series 4, 33, 1–96.
Nishi, E., Matsuo, K., Kazama-Wakabayashi, M., Mori, A., Tomioka, S., Kajihara, H., Hamaguchi, M., Kajihara, N. & Hutchings, P. (2014) Partial revision of Japanese Pectinariidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), including redescriptions of poorly known species. Zootaxa, 3895 (3), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3895.3.8
Nogueira, J.M.M., Ribeiro, W.M.G., Carrerette, O. & Hutchings, P. (2019) Pectinariidae (Annelida, Terebelliformia) from off southeastern Brazil, southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa, 4571 (4), 489–509. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4571.4.3
Novo, M., Almodovar, A., Fernandez, R., Giribet, G. & Diaz Cosin, D.J. (2011) Understanding the biogeography of a group of earthworms in the Mediterranean basin-The phylogenetic puzzle of Hormogastridae (Clitellata: Oligochaeta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61 (1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.05.018
Pallas, P.S. (1766) Miscellanea zoologica quibus novae imprimis atque obfurae animalium species describuntur et observationibus iconibusque illustrantur. Apud Petrum van Cleef, MDCCLXVI [1766], Hagae Comitum, 224 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69851
Parapar, J., Moreira, J. & O'Reilly, M. (2016) A new species of Terebellides (Polychaeta: Trichobranchidae) from Scottish waters with an insight into branchial morphology. Marine Biodiversity, 46 (1), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0353-5
Parapar, J., Palomanes, V., Helgason, G.V. & Moreira, J. (2020) Taxonomy and distribution of Pectinariidae (Annelida) from Iceland with a comparative analysis of uncinal morphology. European Journal of Taxonomy, 666, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.666
Palumbi, S.R. (1996) Nucleic acids II: the polymerase chain reaction. In: Hillis, D.M., Moritz, C. & Mable, B.K. (Eds.), Molecular Systematic. 2nd Edition. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 205–247.
Quatrefages, A. de (1865) Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d'eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. Volume 2. Première partie. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 794 pp. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=M_xNAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=en] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122818
Read, G. & Fauchald, K. (Eds.) (2021) World Polychaeta Database. Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1866. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=980 (accessed 10 October 2021)
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P.V., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M. & Huelsenbeck, J. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Savigny, J.-C. (1822) Système des annélides, principalement de celles des côtes de l'Égypte et de la Syrie, offrant les caractères tant distinctifs que naturels des Ordres, Familles et Genres, avec la Description des Espèces. Description de l'Égypte ou Recueil des Observations et des Recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'Expédition de l'Armée Française, publié par les Ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand, Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1 (3), 1–128. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41329897]
Schmarda, L.K. (1861) Neue Turbellarian, Rotatorien und Anneliden Beobachtet und Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 164 pp. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ia/neuewirbelloseth21861schm]
Sjölin, E., Erseus, C. & Källersjö, M. (2005) Phylogeny of Tubificidae (Annelida, Clitellata) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 35, 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.018
Stiller, J., Tilic, E., Rousset, V., Pleijel, F. & Rouse, G.W. (2020) Spaghetti to a tree: a robust phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) based on transcriptomes, molecular and morphological data. Biology, Basel, 9 (4), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040073
Sun, R., Lei, Y. & Zhou, J. (2008) Phylum Annelida Lamarck, 1802. In: Liu, R. (Ed.), Checklist of marine biota of China seas. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 405–452.
Sun, Y. & Qiu, J.W. (2012) A new species of Lagis (Polychaeta: Pectinariidae) from Hong Kong. Zootaxa, 3264 (1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3264.1.4
Verrill, A.E. (1874) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report on the condition of the sea fisheries of the south coast of New England in 1871 and 1872, 1, 295–772, pls. 1–38. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12087501
Wolf, P.S. (1984) Chapter 50. Family Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1865. In: Uebelacker, J.M. & Johnson, P.G. (Eds.), Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Vol. VII. Barry A Vittor and Associates, Mobile, Alabama, 227 pp.
Yang, D. & Sun, R. (1988) Polychaetous Annelids Commonly Seen from the Chinese Waters. China Agricultural Press, Beijing, 362 pp.
Zachs, I. (1933) Polychaeta of the North Japanese Sea. Explorations des Mers URSS Leningrad, 19, 125–137. [in Russian]
Zhang, D., Gao, F., Jakovlić, I., Zou, H., Zhang, J., Li, W. & Wang, G. (2020) PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Molecular Ecology Resources, 20 (1), 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13096
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. & Qiu, J.-W. (2015) A new species of Amphictene (Annelida, Pectinariidae) from the northern South China Sea. ZooKeys, 545, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.545.6454
Zhang, J. & Qiu, J.-W. (2017) A new species of Pectinaria (Annelida, Pectinariidae), with a key to pectinariids from the South China Sea. ZooKeys, 683, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12272
Zhang, J. & Hutchings, P. (2019) A revision of Australian Pectinariidae (Polychaeta), with new species and new records. Zootaxa, 4611 (1), 001–070. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4611.1.1
Zhang, J., Hutchings, P. & Kupriyanova, E. (2019) A revision of the genus Petta Malmgren, 1866 (Annelida: Pectinariidae), with two new species from deep waters of southeastern Australia, and comments on phylogeny of the family. Zootaxa, 4614 (2), 303–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4614.2.3
Zhong, M., Hansen, B., Nesnidal, M., Golombek, A., Halanych, K.M. & Struck, T.H. (2011) Detecting the symplesiomorphy trap: a multigene phylogenetic analysis of terebelliform annelids. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11 (1), 369. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-369