Abstract
A complete taxonomic catalogue of the Stick and Leaf-insects (Phasmatodea) recorded or described from the mainland China (excluding Taiwan) is presented. 241 valid species are listed, which are currently attributed to 50 genera, 5 families and 7 subfamilies. Genera and species are listed alphabetically. All available type-data is provided based mainly on literary sources for species described by Chinese workers from 1986 to 2006, including documented depository of typespecimens. The catalogue therefore also provides complete lists of the type-material of Phasmatodea housed in the following Chinese institutions: Administration of Baishuijiang Natural Reserve (ABNR), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (BFU), China Agricultural University, Beijing (CAU), Geological Museum of China, Beijing (GMC), Inca Science Ltd., Chongqing (INCA), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS), Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin (NKU), Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Shaanxi (NWAU), Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an (SNU), Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University (ICRI), Shanghai Institute of Entomology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai (SIES), Tianjin Natural History Museum, Tianjin (TMNH), Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou (ZMNH). The known distribution of each species, inmeans of provinces is provided as well. 14 species are shown to have been recorded from China in error, several of these based on misidentifications. The “Phasmatodea-like” fossil taxa described from the Late Jurassic Yixian Formation of North Hebei and West Liaoning are listed in a separate section. Two new generic synonyms are recognized: Arthminotus Bi, 1995 synonymised with Lopaphus Westwood, 1859 (n. syn.) and Dianphasma Chen & He, 1997 synonymised with Parasosibia Redtenbacher, 1908 (n. syn.). The genus Linocerus Gray, 1835 (Type-species: Linocerus gracilis Gray, 1835) was erroneously synonymised with the mediterranean Bacillus St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825 and is here re-established in Phasmatidae: Pachymorphinae: Gratidiini (rev. stat.). Relationship to Clonaria Stål, 1875 (= Gratidia Stål, 1875, = Paraclonaria Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893), Sceptrophasma Brock & Seow-Choen, 2000 and Macellina Uvarov, 1940 is obvious. 21 species are transferred to other genera (new combinations): Asceles dilatatus Chen & He, 2004 and Asceles quadriguttatus Chen & He, 1996 to Pachyscia Redtenbacher, 1908, Arthminotus sinensis Bi, 1995 to Lopaphus Westwood, 1859, Baculum dolichocercatum Bi & Wang, 1998 and Baculum politum Chen & He, 1997 to Medauroidea Zompro, 1999, Dixippus hainanensis Chen & He, 2002, Dixippus huapingensis Bi & Li, 1991, Dixippus nigroantennatus Chen & He, 2002, Dixippus parvus Chen & He, 2002 and Entoria bobaiensis Chen, 1986 to Lonchodes Gray, 1835, Sipyloidea obvius Chen & He, 1995 to Sinophasma Günther, 1940, Paramyronides biconiferus Bi, 1993, Paramyronides leishanensis Bi, 1992, Lonchodes chinensis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907, Lonchodes confucius Westwood, 1859 and Phasgania glabra Günther, 1940 to Phraortes Stål, 1875, Gratidia bituberculata Redtenbacher, 1889 and Leptynia xinganensis Chen & He, 1993 to Sceptrophasma Brock & Seow-Choen, 2002, Prosentoria bannaensis Chen & He, 1997 to Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997, and Mantis squeleton Olivier, 1792 to Phanocloidea Zompro, 2002. Acrophylla sichuanensis Chen & He, 2001 remains of unknown generic assignment, but is shown to be not a member of the Australian genus Acrophylla Gray, 1835. Furthermore, as Baculum Saussure, 1861 is a neotropical genus and most Old World species previously attributed to this genus are now listed in Ramulus Saussure, 1861, all Chinese species described in Baculum Saussure are consequently transferred to Ramulus Saussure. Other changes of specific placements are based on published literature and concern to the following three synonymies not recognized by Chinese workers: Abrosoma Redtenbacher, 1906 (= Prosceles Uvarov, 1940), Necroscia Audinet-Serville, 1838 (= Aruanoidea Redtenbacher, 1908), Lopaphus Westwood, 1859 (= Paramyronides Redtenbacher, 1908). Megalophasma Bi, 1995 is transferred from Necrosciinae to Lonchodinae. Four lectotypes are designated and three new specific synonyms revealed. A lectotype is designated for Rhamphophasma modestus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893, the type-species of Rhamphophasma Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893, in order to fix this genus and species. The male paralectotype is shown to be a male of Parapachymorpha nigra Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893, the type-species of Parapachymorpha Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. Clitumnus porrectus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 is synonymised with Bacillus ? artemis Westwood, 1859 and a lectotype designated for the former (n. syn.). A lectotype is designated for Oxyartes lamellatus Kirby, 1904 in order to fix this taxon and confirm the synonymy established by Dohrn, 1910 (= Oxyartes honestus Redtenbacher, 1908, = Oxyartes spinosissimus Carl, 1913). Paracentema stephanus Redtenbacher, 1908 is shown to have been erroneously synonymised with Neohirasea japonica (de Haan, 1842) and here synonymised with Neohirasea maerens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) (n. syn.). In order to fix this new synonymy a lectotype is designated for Paracentema stephanus Redtenbacher, 1908. Finally, a biogeographic analysis of the Chinese phasmid fauna is presented. This includes brief background information on the topography and biogeography of China along with maps showing the seven zoogeographical subregions currently recognized as well as the 4 municipalities, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions of China. A summary of the taxonomic compilation of the fauna is provided and its relationships with neighbouring regions, of both the Palaearctic and Oriental realms, are discussed. A study is presented on the distribution of the taxa and species densities of each province / autonomous region. Recent ecological studies are summarized and list of the host plants of 42 different species attached. The pest status of certain species which have become of serious importance for agriculture in China is briefly summarized based on literary sources.References
The following list does not only mention the publications cited in the catalogue or biogeographic analysis above but also all Chinese publications, which deal with the biology and ecology of Phasmatodea in China. It is therefore a complete bibliography of publications that deal with Chinese Phasmatodea. If not differently mentioned for Chinese publications these are in Chinese language with an English summary.
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Chen, S.C. (1986 a) Notes on Chinese Sinophasma Günther with descriptions of a new species. (Phasmida: Heteronemiidae: Necrosciinae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 29(1), 85–88.
Chen, S.C. (1986 b) A new species of the genus Entoria Stål (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 29(4), 401–404.
Chen, S.C. (1986 c) Sinophasma brevipenne, a kind of forest pest should be pay much attention. Forest Pest and Disease 1986(2), 37.
Chen, S.C. (1990) Entoria bobaiensis: description of male. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 12(2), 129–130.
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Chen, S.C. & Chen, Z.Y. (2000 a) Two new species of the genus Sosibia from Guangdong Province, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 39(1), 121–122.
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Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1987) Neohirasea japonica, New Record of China Phasmatodea. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 9(2), 57.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1989 a) A new species of the genus Phraortes from Guangxi (Phasmida: Bacteriidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 14(3), 340–342.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1989 b) The eggs of stick insects in China. Entomology Knowledge (Kunchong Zhishi), 26(3), 164–165.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1990 a) Baculum album — a new Walking Stick injurious to forests in Sichuan. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 12(4), 54–56.
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Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1991a) Four new species of Phraortes Stål from China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 13(1), 18–23.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1991b) Three new species of Baculum attacking forest from China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 27(3), 229–233.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1992 a) Micadina yingdensis new species: a new walking stick injurious forest pest from Guangdong Province. Forest Research, 5(2), 207–209.
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Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1993 a) A new species of the genus Baculum from Shaanxi, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 36(3), 357–358.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1993 b) A new species of the genus Phobaeticus from Anhui, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 15(4), 54–55.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1993 c) Seven New Species of Phasmida in Mao’er Mountain of Guangxi. Journal of the Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 9(1), 34–45.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994 a) Two new species of stick insects from Xizang Autonomous Region (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae, Heteronemiidae). Entomologia Sinica, 1(4), 311–313.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994 b) Newly recorded genus and a new species of Heteronemiidae (Phasmatodea). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 16(4), 121–123.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994 c) Descriptions of two new species of Phasmida from Yunnan and Guangxi, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Heteronemiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 19(1), 104–107.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994 d) A new species of the genus Sinophasma from Sichuan, China (Phasmida: Heteronemiidae). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 30(2), 124–125.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994 e) Two new species of the genus Baculum from China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 37(2), 196–198.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994 f) A new species of the genus Baculum from Sichuan, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Forest Research, 7(3), 311–312.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 a) A new species of the genus Paramyronides from Yunnan, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Forest Research, 8(6), 658–659.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 b) A new species of the genus Baculum Saussure from Guangxi Province (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 38(4), 458–459.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 c) A new species of Trachythorax from Hainan, China (Phasmida: Heteronemiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 20(2), 197–199.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 d) Two new species of the genus Baculum found from Mt. Tianmu, Zhejiang, China (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 31(3), 220–222.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 e) A new species of Sinophasma from Hainan, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Scienta Silvae Sinicae, 31(4), 328–329.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 f) A new species of the genus Paramyronides from China (Phasmida: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 17(3), 73–74.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995 g) Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae. In: Wu, H. [Ed.]: Insects of Baishanzu Mountain, Eastern China. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. pp. 63–68.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996 a) Description of two species of males of Parasipyloidea and Trachythorax (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae) unknown before. Forest Research, 9(6), 664–665.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996 b) A new species of Cnipsus from Yunnan, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 39(3), 286–288.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996 c) Description of the previously unknown male of Paramyronides unidentatus (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry University (English Ed.), 5(1), 98–100.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996 d) New species of the genus Asceles from Yunnan, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 18(4), 41–42.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997 a) A new genus and new species of Heteronemiidae from Guangxi, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 40(3), 297–299.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997 b) Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae. In: Yang, X. K. [Ed.]: Insects of the Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River. Chongqing: Chongqing Publishing House. pp. 113–121.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997 c) A new genus and new species of Phasmatodea from Yunnan, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 22(2), 159–161.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997 d) Two new species of Baculum from Sichuan, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 22(1), 54–56.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997 e) A new species of Prosentoria from Yunnan (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 40(2), 183–184.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1998) Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae. In: Wu, H. [Ed.]: Insects of Longwangshan. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, p. 47.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1999) Three new species of Phasmatodea from Guangxi, China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae). Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 15(2), 84–86.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2000 a) Two new species of Phasmatodea (Phasmatodea: Anareolatae) from South China. Entotaxonomia, 22(1), 17–19.
Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2000 b) Three new species of Phasmatodea from Shiwan Dashan, Guangxi (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae, Phasmatidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 25(4), 395–397.
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