Abstract
The Brachymeria tibialis species group is newly recognized and diagnosed together with the Brachymeria annulata, femorata, kassiliensis and lasus species groups also newly defined. In these diagnoses a few morphological characters of the ventral part of the mesosoma, discovered in this study, are proposed to help differentiate the groups. The B. tibialis species group itself includes solely B. tibialis (Walker) and B. zygaenae Delvare & Shaw n. sp., which was until now mixed with it. The biology and hosts of both species are summarized.
References
Abai, M. (1976) Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lep. Lymantriidae) in Iran. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, 41, 7−15.
Abai, M. & Faseli, G. (1986) Morphology, biology and control of the fig tree defoliator Ocnerogyia amanda Stgr. (Lep., Lymantriidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 8 (1−2), 31−44.
Acatay, A. (1971) Über das Auftreteneiniger Forstschadlinge in der Turkei. Anzeiger für Schadlingskunde und Pflanzenschutz, 44 (11), 161−165. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02026751
Adeli, E. (1975) The oak tree pest Leucoma wiltshirei Collen in Iran. Technical Publication, Research Institute of Forestry, Teheran, 18.
Ahmed, M. & Hassan, N. (1997) Lymantria dispar attacks coastal forests in Syria. Arab and Near East Plant Protection Newsletter, 25, 27.
Andriescu, I. (1988) The family Chalcididae in Rumania, a faunistic, biogeographical and economic study. In: Gupta, V. (Ed.), Advances in Parasitic Hymenoptera Research. Proceedings of the II Conference on the Taxonomy and Biology of Parasitic Hymenoptera. Brill, Leiden New york, pp. 259‒263.
Askari, A. (1979) Courtship behaviour and evidence for a sex pheromone in the gypsy moth parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia Nees (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 88 (1), 23‒26.
Askew, R.R. & Shaw, M.R. (2001) Brachymeria tibialis (Walker, 1834) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of Zygaena Fabricius, 1777, and other Lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, 52 (4), 263−268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1979.tb02473.x
Avcï, M. (2009) Parasitoid complex and new host plants of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. in the Lakes District, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8 (7), 1403−1404.
Aydoğdu, M. (2014) Parasitoid abundance of Archips rosana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in organic cherry orchards. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 42−47.
Barbosa, P. & Frongillo, E.A. jr, (1977) Influence of light intensity and temperature on the locomotory and flight activity of Brachymeria intermedia (Hym.: Chalcididae) a pupal parasite of the gypsy moth. Entomophaga, 22 (4), 405−411. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373266
Barbosa, P. & Frongillo, E.A. jr. (1979a) Host parasitoid interactions affecting reproduction and oviposition by Brachymeria intermedia (Hym.: Chalcididae). Entomophaga, 24 (2), 139−143. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02375127
Barbosa, P. & Frongillo, E.A. Jr. (1979b) Photoperiod and temperature influences on egg number in Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal parasitoid of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 87 (2), 175−180.
Barbosa, P., Frongillo, E.A. Jr. & Cranshaw, W. (1978) Orientation in field populations of Brachymeria intermedia (Hym.: Chalcididae) to host and host-habitat cues. Entomophaga, 23 (1), 63−67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371993
Barbosa, P., Martinat, P. & Bennett, R. (1986) Consequences of maternal age and host deprivation on the production and development of Brachymeria intermedia and the mortality of its gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) host. Journal of Applied Entomology, 101 (3), 215−223.
Barbuceanu, D. & Andriescu, A. (2009) Species of chalcidoids (Insecta: Hymenoptera), primary parasitoids of Sparganothis pilleriana (Den. et Schiff.) (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in vineyards in southern Romania. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum in Belgrade, 2, 121−130.
Barbuceanu, D. & Andriescu, I. (2012) Brachymeria tibialis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), an important parasitoid of the pupae of Sparganothis pilleriana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the vineyards of southern Romania. Analele ştiinţifice Universităţii “Al.I. Cuza” din Iaşi, Biologie, 58, 89−90.
Barbuceanu, D., Barbuceanu, M. & Andriescu, A. (2020) Parasitoids of Sparganothis pilleriana (Den. et Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern vineyards of Romania. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 9 (17), 307−316. https://doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2020.v9i17.039
Bartier, M. (2013) De l’écologie de Sparganothis pilleriana Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) à la protection intégrée des plantes. Sciences agricoles, 2012. Dumas-00772827. Available from: https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00772827Blumenthal, E.M., Fusco, R.A. & Reardon, R.C. (1979) Augmentative release of two established parasite species to suppress populations of the gypsy moth. Journal of Economic Entomology, 72, 281−288. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/72.2.281
Bouček, Z. (1952) The first revision of the European species of the family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 27 (Supplement 1), 1−108.
Bouček, Z. (1977) A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica, 13 (Supplement), 1‒145.
Bouček, Z. (1992) The New World genera of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 53, 49‒117.
Burgess, A.F. & Crossman, S.S. (1929) Imported insect enemies of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 86, 1−154.
Cabral, M.T., Neves, C.M.L.B. & Nogueira, C.D.S. (1976) Utilizacao dos rais X emestudos de parasitismona Tortrix viridana L., Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. e Lymantria dispar L. Anais do Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 36, 187−201.
Cameron, P. (1906) On the Tenthredinidae & parasitic Hymenoptera collected in Baluchistan by Major C.G. Nurse. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 17, 89−107.
Cardé, R.T. & Lee, H.P. (1989) Effect of experience on the responses of the parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) to its host Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) and to kairomone. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 82 (5), 653−657.
Carl, K.P. (1968) Thymelicus lineola (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its parasites in Europe. Canadian Entomologist, 100 (8), 785−801. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent100785-8
Chakir, S. & Fraval, A. (1985) Les ennemis autochtones et introduits de Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lep., Lymantriidae) en forêt de la Mamora (Maroc); étude le long d’un transect: 1976−1982. Actes de l’Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, 5 (1−2), 27−36.
Clausen, C.P. (1978) Introduced parasites and predators or arthropods pests and weeds: a World review. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 480, 1−545.
Coliza, C. (1927) Il verme dei garofani (Tortrix pronubana Hb.). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici, 20, 42−59.
Cruaud, A., Delvare, G., Nidelet, S., Sauné, L., Ratnasingham, S., Chartois, M., Blaimer, B., Gates, M., Brady, S., Faure, C., van Noort, S., Rossi, J.-P. & Rasplus, J.-Y. (2020) Ultra-Conserved Elements and morphology reciprocally illuminate conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses in Chalcididae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Cladistics, 2020, 1‒35. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12416
Davis, R.H. & Nahrstedt, A. (1979) Linamrin and lotaustralin as the source of cyanide in Zygaena filipendulae L. (Lepidoptera). Comparative Biochemical Physiology, 64 (B), 395−397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(79)90289-X
Davis, R.H. & Nahrstedt, A. (1982) Occurrence and variation of the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in species of Zygaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Comparative Biochemical Physiology, 71 (B), 329−332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(82)90266-8
Delrio, G., Luciano, P. & Prota, R. (1983) I parassiti di Malacosoma neustria l. in Sardegna. Atti XIII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Sestriere, Torino, 27 giugno−1 luglio 1983. Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia, Società Entomologica Italiana, Torino, pp. 237−244.
Delvare, G. & Huchet, J.-B. (2017) Brachymeria mochica, a new Neotropical species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) discovered on the archaeological site of Huacas de Moche, Peru with a review of related species. Zootaxa, 42090 (1), 43‒60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.2
Delvare, G., Heimpel, G.E., Baur, H., Chadee, D.D., Martinez, R. & Knutie, S.A. (2017) Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species. Zootaxa, 4242 (1), 34‒60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.2
Dharmadhikari, P.R., Rameseshiah, G. & Achan, P.D. (1985) Survey of Lymantria obfuscata and its natural enemies in India. Entomophaga, 30 (4), 399−408. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372346
Dindo, M.L. (1990) Alcune osservazioni sulla biologia di Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera; Chalcididae) in-vivo and in-vitro. Bollettino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia “Guido Grandi” della Università degli Studi di Bologna, 44, 221−232.
Dindo, M.L. (1993) Effetti dell’eta dell’ospite Trichoplusia ni Hb. (Lep. Noctuidae) sulla sua accettabilità et idoneità nei confronti del parasitoide Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hym. Chalcididae). Bollettino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia “Guido Grandi” della Università degli Studi di Bologna, 47, 69−77.
Dindo, M.L. & Campadelli, G. (1992) Preliminary studies on the artificial culture of Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hym. Chalcididae) on oligidic diets. Bollettino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia “Guido Grandi” della Università degli Studi di Bologna, 46, 93−99.
Dindo, M.L. & Campadelli, G. (1993) In vitro rearing of Pseudogonia rufifrons Wied. (Dipt. Tachinidae) and Brachymeria intermedia| (Nees) (Hym. Chalcididae) on oligidic diets. Bollettino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia “Guido Grandi” della Università degli Studi di Bologna, 47, 151−154.
Dindo, M.L. & Luciano, P. (1995) Possibilities of culturing Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hym. Chalcididae), a solitary pupal gypsy moth parasitoid, on artificial diets. Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique, Bulletin de la Section Régionale Ouest Paléarctique, 18 (6), 95−99.
Dindo, M.L., Sama, C. & Farneti, R. (1995) Comparison of different commercial veal homogenates in artificial diets for Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera Chalcididae). Bollettino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia “Guido Grandi” della Università degli Studi di Bologna, 49, 15−19.
Dindo, M.L., Gardenghi, G. & Grasso, M. (1996) Notes on the anatomy and histology of the female reproductive system of Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera Chalcididae) reared in vivo and in vitro. Bollettino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia “Guido Grandi” della Università degli Studi di Bologna, 50, 5−13.
Dindo, M.L., Sama, C., Fanti, P. & Farneti, R. (1997) In vitro rearing of the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Hym.: Chalcididae) on artificial diets with and without host components. Entomophaga, 42 (3), 445−453. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02769838
Dindo, M.L., Farneti, R. & Baronio, P. (2001) Rearing of the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia on veal homogenate-based artificial diets: evaluation of factors affecting effectiveness. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 100 (1), 53−61. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00847.x
Dindo, M.L., Bazzocchi, G.G., Bertellini, A. & Baronio, P. (2002) Some factors influencing oviposition in an artificial host by the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Nees). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 34 (3), 369−379.
Dindo, M.L., Franati, S., Marchetti, E., Ferracini C., Quacchia, A. & Alma, A. (2013) Acceptance and suitability of Cacyreus marshalli (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) as host for three indigenous parasitoids. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 23 (11), 1342−1348. https://doi/10.1080/09583157.2013.832147
Doane, C.C. (1971) A high rate of parasitization by Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on the gypsy moth. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64, 753−754. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.3.753
Dowden, P.B. (1935) Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), a primary parasite, and B. compsilurae (Cwfd.), a secondary parasite, of gypsy moth. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50 (6), 495−523.
Drost, Y.C. & Cardé, R.T. (1990) Influence of experience on the sequential and temporal organization of host-acceptance behaviour in Brachymeria intermedia (Chalcididae), an endoparasitoid of gypsy moth. Journal of Insect Behavior, 3 (5), 647−661. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01052334
Drost, Y.C. & Cardé, R.T. (1992a) Use of learned visual cues during habitat location by Brachymeria intermedia. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 64 (3), 217−224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01612.x
Drost, Y.C. & Cardé, R.T. (1992b) Influence of host deprivation of egg load and oviposition behaviour of Brachymeria intermedia, a parasitoid of gypsy moth. Physiological Entomology, 17 (3), 230−234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1992.tb01015.x
Drost, Y.C. & Cardé, R.T. (1992c) Host switching in Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal endoparasitoid of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environmental Entomology, 21 (4), 760−766. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.4.760
Ferrière, C. (1927) Les parasites et hyperparasites de Lymantria dispar au Maroc. Annales des Epiphyties, 13, 175‒179.
Förster, A. (1859) Zweite Centurie neuer Hymenopteren. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Bonn, 16, 87−124.
Fuester, R.W. & Taylor, P.B. (1996) Differential mortality in male and female gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae by invertebrate natural enemies and other factors. Environmental Entomology, 25 (2), 536−547. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/25.2.536
Fuester, R.W., Gruber, F., Drea, J.J. Jr. & Hoyer, H. (1988) Parasites of Lymantria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae) in France and their relation to a biological control program. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 9 (4), 385−402.
Georgiev, G.T. (1996) Bioecological peculiarities of the parasitoids on the late stage larvae and pupae of the satin moth (Stilpnotia salicis L., Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Bulgaria. Nauka za Gorata, 33 (3), 57−64.
Goodwin, P.A. & Odell, T.M. (1979) A laboratory study of the interaction of two parasites of Lymantria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae), Blepharipa pratensis (Dipt.: Tachinidae) and Brachymeria intermedia (Hym.: Chalcididae). Entomophaga, 24 (2), 185−190. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02375132
Gould, J.R., Elkinton, J.S. & Driesche van, R.G. (1992) Assessment of potential methods of measuring parasitism by Brachymeria intermedia Nees (Hymenoptera; Chalcididae) of pupae of the gypsy moth. Environmental Entomology, 21 (2), 394−400. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.2.394
Greenblatt, J.A. & Barbosa, P. (1980) Interpopulation quality in gypsy moths with implications for success of two pupal parasitoids: Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) and Coccygomimus turionellae (L.). Ecological Entomology, 5, 31−38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1980.tb01121.x
Gül Zümreoğlu, S. (1972) Ýzmir bölge zirai mücadele araştýrma enstitüsü böcek ve genel zararlýlar kataloğu, 1928−1969. (1. Kýsým). Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştýrma Enstitüsü, Ýzmir.
Hadzistevic, D. (1961) Ein Beitragzur Kenntnis der natürlichen Feinde von Sesamia cretica Led. Zastita Bilja, Beograd, 65/66, 105−112.
Hamra Kroua, S. (1986) Note préliminaire sur les ennemis naturels de Lymantria dispar dans les forêts de Chêne-liège du Nord-constantinois. Annales de l’Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire, El Harrach, 10 (1), 26‒44.
Hammani, S., Ezzine, O., Dhahri, S., Villemant, C., Schmidt, S. & Ben Jamãa, M.L. (2019) Pupa mortality of Orgyia trigotephras Boisduval, 1829 (Erebidae Lymantriinae) in Tunisia. Redia, 102, 107−111. https://doi.org/10.19263/REDIA-102.19.16
Hedlund, R.C. & Mihelache, G. (1980) Parasites recovered from pupae of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Romania 1978. Entomophaga, 25 (1), 55−59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377522
Hérard, F. & Fraval, A. (1980) La répartition et les ennemis naturels de Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lep. Lymantriidae) au Maroc; 1973-1975. Acta Oecologica, Oecologica Applicata, 1 (1), 35−48.
Hoch, G.M., Zubrik, J., Novotny, J. & Schopf, A. (2001) The natural enemy complex of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae) in different phases of its population dynamics in eastern Austria and Slovakia—a comparative study. Journal of Applied Entomology, 125, 217−227. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.2001.00540.x
Hoch, G.M., Kalbacher, G. & Schopf, A. (2006) Gypsy moth revisited: studies on the natural enemy complex of Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) during an outbreak in a well known gypsy moth area. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellshaft für Allgeine und Angwandte Entomologie, 15, 201−204.
Howard, L.O. & Fiske, W.F. (1911) The importation into the United States of the parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth: a report progress, with some consideration of previous and concurrent efforts of this kind. Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, 91, 1−316. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65198
Jones, D.A., Parsons, J. & Rothschild, M. (1962) Release of hydrocyanic acid from crushed tissues of all stages in the life-cycle of species of the Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera). Nature, London, 193, 52‒53. https://doi.org/10.1038/193052a0
Jones, R.A. (2008) Brachymeria tibialis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), confirmed as a British species. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 21 (3), 149−151.
Kassim, S. (1988) Les ennemis de Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lép. Lymantriidae) en subéraie de la Mamora (canton A) en 1987−88. Département Zoologie de l’Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, 73 pp..
Kerguelen, V. & Cardé, R.T. (1995) Increased host acceptance in experienced females of the parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia: which types of oviposition behaviour contribute to experience? Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 78, 95−103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00768.x
Kerguelen, V. & Cardé, R.T. (1996) Reinforcement mechanisms of olfactory conditioning during parasitization by the parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 9 (6), 947−960. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208981
Kerguelen, V. & Cardé, R.T. (1997a) Seasonal occurrence of Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in western Massachusetts. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 104 (1−2), 89−94.
Kerguelen, V. & Cardé, R.T. (1997b) Manoeuvres of female Brachymeria intermedia flying towards host-related odours in a wind tunnel. Physiological Entomology, 22 (4), 344−356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01179.x
Kerguelen, V. & Cardé, R.T. (1998) Flight toward a learned odor and factors inducing landing of female Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 11 (2), 221−234.
Kondur, Y. & Şimşek, Z.(2016) Pupal parasitoids of green oak tortrix [Tortrix viridana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] in Çankýrý, Turkey. In: Proceedings of the International Forestry Symposium, 2016. Kastamonu University, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu, pp. 1−11.
Krogmann, L. & Vilhelmsen, L. (2006) Phylogenetic implications of the mesosomal skeleton in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera, Apocrita) – tree searches in a jungle of homoplasy. Invertebrate Systematics, 20, 615–674. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS06012
Lashomb, J.H., Ng, Y.-S. & Metterhouse, W. (1983) Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupal age as a determinant of suitability by Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Environmental Entomology, 12 (3), 855–857. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/12.3.855
Leonard, D.E. (1966) Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) established in North America. Entomological News, 77 (1), 25−27.
Leonard, D.E. (1967) Parasitism of gypsy moth in Connecticut by Brachymeria intermedia. Journal of Economic Entomology, 60 (2), 600−601. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/60.2.600
Leonard, D.E. (1971) Brachymeria intermedia (Hym., Chalcididae) parasitizing gypsy moth in Maine. The Canadian Entomologist, 103 (5), 654−656. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103654-5
Leonard, D.E. (1976) Parasitization of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 83 (4), 269.
Leonard, D.E., Bierl, B.A. & Beroza, M. (1975) Gypsy moth kairomones influencing behaviour of the parasitoids Brachymeria intermedia and Apanteles melanoscelus. Environmental Entomology, 4 (6), 929‒930.
Leonard, S.H. & Ringo, J.M. (1978) Analysis of male courtship patterns and mating behaviour of Brachymeria intermedia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 71 (6), 817−826. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/71.6.817
Lépiney, J. de (1930) Contribution à l’étude du complexe biologique de Lymantria dispar. Mémoire de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, Rabat, 23, 1−100.
Lotfalizadeh, H., Ebrahimi, E. & Delvare, G. (2012) A contribution to the knowledge of family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 31 (2), 67‒100.
Luciano, P. & Prota, R. (1982) Investigations on parasitism of Lymantria dispar L. at high densities in forest areas. Studi Sassaresi, Università di Sassari (III), 28, 153−167.
Luciano, P. & Prota, R. (1984) La dinamica di popolazione di Lymantria dispar L. in Sardegna. III. Indicatori biologici della gradazione. Frustula Entomologica, 7−8, 613−630.
Lukášová, K. & Vrána, J. (2014) Parazitoidi Lymantria dispar a jejichvliv na populační dynamiku ve střední evropě: review. Zprávy Lesnického Výzkumu, 59 (4), 225−233.
Lykouressis, D.P. & Eastop, V.F. (1997) Larval and pupal parasitoids of Archips rosanus L. on Citrus: new associations. Entomologist, 116 (1), 33‒36.
Madl, M. (2008) Zur Kenntnis der Familie Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Österreich. Zeitschrift für Entomologie, 29, 69−80.
Madrid, F.J. & Stewart, R.K. (1980) Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Quebec. Notes from the Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, 6, 1−17.
Maharramova, S.M (2005) Parasitoids of Archips rosana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae. Proceedings of the VIIth European Congress of Entomology, October 7−13, 2002, Thessaloniki, Greece, Hellenic Entomological Society, Thessaloniki, 92.
Mamedov, Z.M. (1988) Parasitoids of the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) and the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in orchards in Azerbaidzhan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoy SSR, Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 1988 (4), 75−77.
Marcu, O. & Tudor, I. (1978) Insectes parasites à rôle destructif sur les populations de Lymantria dispar L. dans le périmètre de la République Socialiste Roumaine. Zastita Bilja, 29 (1/2), 111−118.
Martelli, G.M. (1931) Contributo alla conoscenza del ‘Aporia crataegi L.’ e do alcini suoi parassiti ed epiparassiti. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici, 25, 171−241.
Masi, L. (1916) Materiali per una fauna dell'Arcipelago Toscana. XI. Calcididi del Giglio. Prima serie: Toryminae, Leucospidinae, Chalcidinae, Eurytominae partim. (Tav. XII). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 47, 54−122.
Masi, L. (1951) Materiali per una monografia delle Brachymeria paleartiche (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Eos, Revista Española di Entomologia, Madrid, Tomo extraordinario, 45, 27−58.
Masoodi, M.A., Trali, A.R., Bhat, A.M., Tikoo, R.K. & Nehru, R.K. (1986) Incidence of parasites of Lymantria obfuscata (Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera) in Kashmir. Entomophaga, 31 (4), 401−403. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373158
Menozzi, C. (1933) La campagna saccarifera 1932 nei riguardi delle infestioni entomatiche. Industria Saccarifera Italiana, 26, 1−5.
Mercet, G.R. (1923) Los calcididos parásitos de orugas. Revista de Fitopatologia, 1, 12‒19.
Minot, D.E. & Leonard, D.E. (1976) Influence of physical factors on the behaviour and development of Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 83 (4), 269−270.
Minot, M.C. & Leonard, D.E. (1976a) Effect of temperature, humidity, light, and gravity on the parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia. Environmental Entomology, 5 (3), 427−430.
Minot, M.C. & Leonard, D.E. (1976b) Host preference and development of the parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia in Lymantria dispar, Galleria melonella, and Choristoneura fumiferana. Environmental Entomology, 5 (3), 527‒532. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/5.3.527
Mohamed, M.A. (1986) Pheromones and reproductive behavior in the gypsy moth parasitoids Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) and Brachymeria lasus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Dissertation Abstracts International (B), 47 (6), 2290.
Mohamed, M.A. & Coppel, H.C. (1986) Sex ratio regulation in Brachymeria intermedia, a pupal gypsy moth parasitoid. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64 (7), 1412−1415. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-210
Mohamed, M.A. & Coppel, H.C. (1987a) Pheromonal basis of courtship behaviour in two gypsy moth parasitoids Brachymeria intermedia Nees and Brachymeria lasus Walker (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13 (5), 1099−1114.Mohamed, M.A. & Coppel, H.C. (1987) Pheromonal basis for aggregation behaviour of parasitoids of the gypsy moth, Brachymeria intermedia Nees and Brachymeria lasus Walker (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13 (6), 1385−1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01012285
Narendran, T.C. (1989) Oriental Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). University of Calicut Department of Zoology, Zoological Monograph, Kerala, 441 pp.
Nees ab Esenbeck, C.G. (1834) Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium, Monographiae, genera Europaea et species illustrantes. Vol. 2. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart, 448 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.26555
Ng, Y.S., Lashomb, J.H. & Chianese, R. (1985) Parasitism and mortality caused by field and laboratory strains of Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 93 (3), 1068−1072.
Öncüer, C., Yalçýn, E. & Erkin, E. (1978) Ege Bölgesinde meyve ağaçlarýnda zarar yapan; Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvalarýnýn doğal düşmanlarý ve bunlarýn etkilik durumlarý. Türkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi, 2 (1), 31−36.
Polat, A. & Tozlu, G. (2010) Erzurum’da Archips rosana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) ’nýn kýsa biyolojisi, konukçularý ve parazitoitleri üzerinde araştýrmalar. Türkiye Entomoloji Derneği Dergisi, 4, 529−542.
Prokopy, R.J. (1968) Parasites of the leaf rollers Archips argyrospilus and A. griseus in Connecticut. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61 (2), 348−352. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/61.2.348
Pucci, C. & Dominici, M. (1986) Biological notes and cyclical outbreaks of Theresimima ampelophaga Bayle-Barelle (Lep., Zygaenidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 101 (5), 479−491. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1986.tb00882.x
Rabasse, J.-M. & Babault, M. (1975) Étude d'une pullulation de Lymantria dispar L. (Lep. Lymantriidae) dans les conditions méditerranéennes. Sciences Agronomiques, Rennes, 1975, pp. 143−160.
Ragusa, S. (1967) Osservazioni sulla Cacoecia pronubana Hb. (verme del garfano) in Sicilia (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Bolletino dell’ Istituto di Entomologia Agraria e Osservazioni Fitopatologici di Palermo, 7, 41−62.
Reardon, R.C. (1976) Parasite incidence and ecological relationships in field populations of gypsy moth larvae and pupae. Environmental Entomology, 5 (1), 981–987. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/5.5.981
Romanyk, N. (1966) Natural enemies of Lymantria dispar L. in Spain. Boletin del Servicio de Plagas Forestales, Madrid, 9 (18), 157−163.
Rosenhauer, W.G. (1856) Das Thiere Andalusiens nach den Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt, nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeschriebenen Gattungen und Arten. Blaesing, Erlangen, pp. 1–375. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66016
Rotheray, G.E. & Barbosa, P. (1984) Host related factors affecting oviposition behaviour in Brachymeria intermedia. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 35 (2), 141−145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1984.tb03374.x
Ruschka, F. (1922) Chalcididen studien. III. Die europaischen Arten der Gattung Chalcis Fabr. Konowia, 1, 221−233.
Sacharov, N. (1913) On the pests of mustard. Astrachan Horticultural, Market gardeners’ and Agricultural Society, s.n., 5 pp. [in Russian]
Saeidi, K. (2011) Preliminary studies on natural enemies of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Yasooj, Iran. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 1 (5), 151−156.
Sarikaya O. & Avcï, M. (2005) Studied on the parasitoid complex of Choristoneura amurinana (Hbn.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Turkey. Journal of Pest Science, 78, 63−66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-004-0069-y
Sarikaya O. & Unlu, A.E. (2016) Parasitoid complex of the European pine shoot moth [Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775)] [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] in the Lakes District of Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 26 (1), 11−14.
Schaefer, P.W. (1993) Overwintering aggregations of female Brachymeria intermedia| (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Entomological News, 104 (3), 133−135.
Schmitz, G. (1946) Chalcididae (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933−1935), 48, 1−191.
Serrao Nogueira, C.D., & Cardoso Cabral, M.T.E. (1966) Tortrix viridana in plantations of cork oak; reduction of the population in the pupal stage. Graellsia, 22, 197−207.
Shaw, M.R., Stefanescu, C. & Nouhuys van, S. (2009) 11–Parasitoids of European butterflies. In: Settele J., Shreeve, T., Konvićka, M. & Dyck, H. (Eds.), Ecology of Butterflies in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 130−156.
Shaw, M.R., Comont, R., McCracken, M., Hesketh, H. & Hails, R.S. (2010) The third modern British record of Brachymeria tibialis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), reared from Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 23, 170.
Silvestri, F. (1924) Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei Tortricidi delle querce. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici, 17, 41−107.
Simser, D.H. & Coppel, H.C. (1980) Female-produced sex pheromone in Brachymeria lasus and Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Entomophaga, 25 (4), 373−380. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374700
Stefanov, D. & Keremidchiev, M. (1961) The possibility of using some predators and parasitic insects (entomophagous insects) in the biological control of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in Bulgaria. Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Lesotekhnicheski Institut, 9, 157−168.
Steffan, J.-R. (1959) Les espèces françaises du genre Brachymeria (Westw.) et commentaires sur leur biologie (Hym. Chalcididae). Cahiers des Naturalistes Parisiens, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, Nouvelle Série, 15 (2), 35−43.
Talitskii, V.I. & Talitskaya, N.V. (1978) Indigenous natural enemies of the American white butterfly. Zashchita Rastenii, 1, 1−45.
Tek, S.E. & Okyar, Z. (2018) A contribution to the knowledge of parasitoids of insects associated with Rosaceae species from Edirne Province, European Turkey. Acta Biologica Turcica, 31 (3), 86−101.
Thompson, S.N. (1980) Artificial culture techniques for rearing larvae of the chalcidoid parasite Brachymeria intermedia. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 27 (2), 133−143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1980.tb02957.x
Thompson, W.R. (1954) A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2, Host parasite catalogue. Part 3. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Ottawa, pp. 191−332.
Thomson, C.G. (1876) Skandinaviens Hymenoptera. Vol. 4. s.n., Lund, 192 pp.
Ticehurst, M. (1984) Seasonal chronology of gypsy moth parasitism in Pennsylvania. Melsheimer Entomological Series, 34, 15−18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/7.3.355
Ticehurst, M., Fusco, R.A., Kling, R.P. & Unger, J. (1978) Observations of populations of gypsy moth in first cycle infestations in Pennsylvania from 1974−1977. Environmental Entomology, 7 (3), 355−358.
Tikader, A. (2012) New record of Brachymeria tibialis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on Cricula trifenestrata (Helfer) from India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (1), 222−225.
Tremewan, W.G. (1976) Further notes on Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae) from Iran. Entomologist’s Gazette, 27 (4), 215−220.
Tucker, J.E. & Leonard, D.E. (1977) The role of kairomones in host recognition and host acceptance behaviour of the parasite Brachymeria intermedia. Environmental Entomology, 6 (4), 527−531. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/6.4.527
Vilhelmsen, L., Mikó, I. & Krogmann, L. (2010) Beyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 159, 22–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00576.x
Villemant, C. (1989) Ennemis des chenilles et des chrysalides. In: Fraval, A., Graf, P., Hamdaoui M., Kadiri Z., Ramzi H. & Villemant, C. (Eds.), Lymantria dispar au Maroc. Actes Editions, Rabat, pp. 1–220. Available from: http://www.insectes.xyz/ld-m-en2.htm#Bi
Voukassovitch, P. (1924) Sur la multiplicité des parasites de la pyrale de la vigne (Oenophthira pilleriana Schiff.). Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, 90, 402−405.
Waldvogel, M.G. & Brown, M.W. (1978) An overwintering site of the gypsy moth parasite, Brachymeria intermedia. Environmental Entomology, 7 (5), 782. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/7.5.782
Walker, F. (1834) Monographia Chalciditum. (Continued.). Entomological Magazine, 2 (1), 13−39.
Weseloh, R.M. (1972) Spatial distribution of the gypsy moth and some of its parasitoids within a forest environment. Entomophaga, 17 (3), 339−351. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371186
Weseloh, R.M. (1979) Comparative behavioral responses of three Brachymeria species and other gypsy moth parasitoids to humidity and temperature. Environmental Entomology, 8 (4), 670−675. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/8.4.670
Williams, D.W., Fuester, R.W. Metterhouse, W.W., Balaam, R.J., Bullock, R.H., Chianese, R.J. & Reardon, R.C. (1993) Incidence and ecological relationships of pupal parasitism by Brachymeria intermedia in New Jersey populations of the gypsy moth. Entomophaga, 38 (2), 257−266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372561
Zaharieva-Pentcheva, A. & Georgiev, G.T. (1997) Parasitoids of the satin moth Stilpnotia salicis (L.) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) in Bulgaria. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 29 (1), 81−89.
Zamoum, M., Khemici, M. & Bahmane, R. (2014) Gradation et régulation de Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) avec Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki dans les subéraies du centre et de l’est algérien. Phytoprotection, 94, 13−18. https://doi.org/10.7202/1027062ar
Zelenev, N.N. (1976) Natural enemies of the gipsy moth and the gold-tail moth in mountain oak forests. Krasnodarskoe Upravlenie Lesnogo Khozyaistva, USSR. Lesnoye Khozyaistvo, 5, 66−67.
Žikić, V, Stanković, S.S., Petrović, A, Ilić-Milošević, M. & van Achterberg, K. (2013) Parasitoid complex of Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade, 65 (3), 1027−1035. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1303027Z