Abstract
We revise the bee subgenus Augochloropsis (Glyptochlora) and recognize four species in the group. Three new species are described, Augochloropsis peruviana n. sp., Augochloropsis ticuna n. sp. and Augochloropsis atrocyanea n. sp. and the type species, Augochloropsis ornata (Smith, 1879), is re-described. The descriptions were based on females collected in the Amazon Basin forests from Colombia, Peru, and Brazil. The disjunct distribution exhibited by A. (Glyptochlora) with respect its nearest phylogenetic group Augochloropsis (Glyptobasia), with species only present in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, is discussed in light of current knowledge about other taxa with similar distribution pattern. This is new evidence for an already well-established pattern of disjunct distributions of some bee taxa between these two biomes. An identification key for the species and a distribution map are also provided.
References
Aguiar, A.J.C. & Melo, G.A.R. (2011) Revision and phylogeny of the bee genus Paratetrapedia Moure, with description of a new genus from the Andean Cordillera (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 351–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00678.x
Amorim, D., Brown, B.V., Boscolo, D., Ale-Rocha, R., Alvarez-Garcia, D.M., Balbi, M.I.P.A., de Marco Barbosa, A., Capellari, R.S., de Carvalho, C.J.B., Couri, M. S., de Vilhena Perez Dios, R., Fachin, D.A., Ferro, G.B., Flores, H.F., Frare, L.M., Gudin, F.M., Hauser, M., Lamas, C.J.E., Lindsay, K.G., Marinho, M.A.T., Marques, D.W.A., Marshall, S.A., Mello-Patiu, C., Menezes, M.A., Morales, M.N., Nihei, S.S., Oliveira, S.S., Pirani, G., Ribeiro, G.C., Riccardi, P. R., de Santis, M.D., Santos, D., Dos Santos, J.R., Silva, V.C., Wood, E.M. & Rafael, J.A. (2022) Vertical stratification of insect abundance and species richness in an Amazonian tropical forest. Scientific Report, 12 (1), 1734. https://doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05677
Auler, A.S., Wang, X., Lawrence Edwards, R., Cheng, H., Cristalli, P.S., Smart, P.L. & Richards, D.A. (2004) Quaternary ecological and geomorphic chages associated with rainfall events in presently semi-arid northeastern Brazil. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19 (7), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.876
Brothers, D.J. (1976) Modifications of the metapostnotum and origin of the ‘propodeal triangle’ in Hymenoptera Aculeata. Systematic Entomology, 1, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1976.tb00036.x
Celis, C.J. & Cure, J.R. (2017) Filogenia y clasificación taxonómica de los subgéneros de Augochloropsis (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Revista de Biología Tropical, 65 (4), 1277–1306. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i4.26549
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1897) On the Mexican bees of the genus Augochlora. The Canadian Entomologist, 29, 4–6. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent294-1
Costa, L.P. (2003) The historical bridge between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest of Brazil: a study of molecular phylogeography with small mammals. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00792.x
Cure, J.R., Thiengo, M., Silveira, F.A. & Rocha, L.B. (1992) Levantamento da fauna de abelhas silvestres na “zona da mata” de Minas Gerais. III. Mata secundária na região de Viçosa (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 9 (3–4), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751992000200008
Dallwitz, M.J. (1974) A flexible computer program for generating identification keys. Systematic Zoology, 23, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2412239
Dallwitz, M.J. (1980) A general system for coding taxonomic descriptions. Taxon, 29, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219595
Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (2020a) User’s guide to the DELTA system: a general system for processing taxonomic descriptions, 1–129. Available from: delta-intkey.com (accessed 15 September 2021)
Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (2020b) User’s guide to the DELTA Editor, 1–43. Available from: delta-intkey.com (accessed on 15 September 2021)
Eickwort, G.C. (1969a) A comparative morphological study and generic revision of the augochlorine bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 48 (13), 325–524. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.11227
Eickwort, G.C. (1969b) Tribal positions of Western Hemisphere green sweat bees, with comments on their nest architecture (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62 (3), 652–660. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/62.3.652
Engel, M.S. (2000) Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 250, 1–89. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)250%3C0001:COTBTA%3E2.0.CO;2
Gaston, K.J. (1997) What is rarity?. In: Kunin, W. E. & Gaston, K. J. (Eds.), The biology of rarity, causes and consequences of rare-common differences. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, pp. 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5874-9_3
Gonçalves, R.B. (2016) A molecular and morphological phylogeny of the extant Augochlorini (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) with comments on implications for biogeography. Systematic Entomology, 41 (2), 1–11. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/syen.12166.
Gonçalves, R.B. (2019) Phylogeny of the Augochlora clade with the description of four new species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 63, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.12.003
Gonçalves, R.B., Meira, O.M., & Rosa, B.B. (2022) Total-evidence dating and morphological partitioning: a novel approach to understand the phylogeny and biogeography of augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 20, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab098
Harris, R.A. (1979) Glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology, 28, 1–31.
Ledo, R.M.D. & Colli, G.R. (2017) The historical connections between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest revisited. Journal of Biogeography, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13049.
Lepeco, A. & Gonçalves, R.B. (2018) A revision of the bee genus Augochlora Smith (Hymenoptera; Apoidea) in Southern South America. Zootaxa, 4897 (1), 1–97. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4897.1.1
Lepeco, A. & Gonçalves, R.B. (2018) The Colour and the Shape: Morphological Variation on a Facultatively Eusocial Bee Augochlora (Augochlora) amphitrite (Schrottky). Sociobiology, 65, 662–670. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3388
Meira, O.M. & Gonçalves, R.B. (2017) The relevance of the mesosomal internal structures to the phylogeny of Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictinae). Zoologica Scripta, 2018, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12270
Melo, G.A.R., Faria, L.R.R. & Santos, L.M. (2019) Xenochlora meridionalis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera:Apidae), a new halictine bee from eastern Brazil as evidence of past connections between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. Zoologia, 36, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e33805.
Michener, C.D. (2000) The Bees of the world. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 913 p.
Michener, C.D. (2007) The Bees of the world. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 953 pp.
Michener, C.D., Breed, M.D., Bell, W.J. (1978) Seasonal cycles, nests, and social behavior of some Colombian halictine bess (Hymenoptera; Apoidea). Revista de Biología Tropical, 27 (1), 13–34.
Mori, S.A., Boom, B.M. & Prance, G.T. (1981) Distribution patterns and conservation of eastern Brazilian coastal forest tree species. Brittonia, 33 (2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806330
Moure, J.S. (1940) I - Apoidea Neotropica. Arquivos de Zoologia, 2, 39–64.
Moure, J.S. (1958) On the species of Megalopta described by F. Smith (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 66, 179–190.
Moure, J.S. (2007) Augochlorini Beebe, 1925. In: Moure, J. S., Urban, D. & Melo, G.A.R. (Eds.), Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, pp. 774–790.
Moure, J.S., & Hurd, P.D. (1987) An annotated catalog of the halictid bees of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Washington, United States: Smithsonian Institution Press. 405 pp.
Santos, L. M. (2014) Análise cladística das abelhas do gênero Augochloropsis Cockerell, 1897 (Hymenoptera: Apidae s. l.: Augochlorini). PhD dissertation. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil, 83 pp.
Schrottky, C. (1906) Neue und wenig bekannte südamerikanische Bienen. Zeitschrift für systematische hymenopterologie und dipterologie, 6, 305–316.
Smith, F. (1861) Descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hymenoptera. The Journal of Entomology, 1, 146–155.
Smith, F. (1879) Descriptions of New species of Hymenoptera in Collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum, 240 pp.
Smith-Pardo, A.H. & Velez- Ruiz, R.I. (2008) Abejas de Antioquia. Guia de campo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín. 65 pp.
Somavilla, A., Moraes Junior, R.N.M. & Rafael, J.Á. (2019) Is the social wasp fauna in the tree canopy different from the understory? Study of a particular area in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. Sociobiology, 66 (1), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i1.3568
Thiollay, J.M. (1994) Structure, density and rarity in an Amazonian rainforest bird community. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10, 449–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400008154
Vachal, J. (1911) Étude sur les Halictus d’Amérique (Hym). Miscellanea Entomologica, 19, 9–24, 41–56, 107–116.
Vilhena, P.S., Rocha, L.J. & Garófalo, C.A. (2017) Male orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) in Canopy and understory of Amazon Várzea Floodplain Forest. I. Microclimatic, seasonal and faunal aspects. Sociobiology, 64 (2), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i2.1232