Abstract
Although the juvenile instars of oribatid mite family Lohmanniidae are well known compared to the other families of the infraorder Enarthronota, information on morphological ontogeny most known species is still lacking. Herein, a new species of the genus Lepidacarus is proposed from soil-litter of the Maafushi Island, Maldives, based on all ontogenetic instars. A comparative analysis of ontogenetic instars of species belonging various genera of Lohmanniidae is given, and the major characteristics of juvenile instars of 21 species are presented. From this analysis, it can be generalized that the juvenile morphologies of lohmanniid genera are quite similar and uniform, there is no significant features separating different genera of Lohmanniidae, and the juveniles of various genera differ from one another in the same characteristics as the adults.
References
Bayartogtokh, B. & Ermilov, S.G. (2017) Nymphal instars of two Pergalumna species, with remarks on morphological ontogeny of Galumnidae (Acari: Oribatida). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 22 (4), 518–540. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.4.8
Bayartogtokh, B. & Ermilov, S.G. (2018) Ontogeny of morphological traits in Teleioliodes ghanensis Wallwork, 1963, with remarks on juveniles of Neoliodidae (Acari: Oribatida). Zootaxa, 4540 (1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4540.1.6
Bayartogtokh, B. & Ermilov, S.G. (2019a) Ontogenetic morphology of Tutorozetes incisirostris Ermilov, 2016, with remarks on juveniles of Punctoribatidae (Acari: Oribatida). Zootaxa, 4717 (1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4717.1.7
Bayartogtokh, B. & Ermilov, S.G. (2019b) Ontogeny of morphological traits in Oribatella palustris Hammer, 1962, with remarks on juveniles of Oribatellidae (Acari: Oribatida). Zootaxa, 4717 (1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4717.1.8
Bayartogtokh, B., Ermilov, S.G., Shtanchaeva, U.Ya. & Subías, L.S. (2018) Ontogeny of morphological traits in Eupelops variatus (Mihelčič, 1957), with remarks on juveniles of Phenopelopidae (Acari: Oribatida). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 23 (1), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.1.13
Bayartogtokh, B., Ermilov, S.G., Shtanchaeva, U.Ya. & Subías, L.S. (2021a) Ontogenetic instars of Hermannia longisetosa Subías & Shtanchaeva, 2013, with remarks on juveniles of Hermanniidae (Acari: Oribatida). Zootaxa, 5086 (1), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5086.1.6
Bayartogtokh, B., Ermilov, S.G., Shtanchaeva, U.Ya. & Subías, L.S. (2021b) Ontogenetic instars of Melanozetes paramollicomus sp. nov., with remarks on morphological ontogeny of Sphaerozetinae (Acari: Oribatida: Ceratozetidae). Zootaxa, 5086 (1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5086.1.7
Bischoff de Alzuet, A.B. (1971) Estudio comparativo de la region genito-anal en los distintos estados de Torpacarus omittens Grandjean (Acari: Lohmanniidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 33, 101–104.
Bischoff de Alzuet, A.B. (1972) Sobre la presencia de Lohmanniidae en la Argentina (Acari: Cryptostigmata). Physis, 82, 185–191.
Bulanova-Zachvatkina, E.M. (1978) New oribatid mites (Oribatei, Mixonomata) from termite nests in Central Asia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 57 (4), 918–922. [in Russian]
Corpuz-Raros, L.A. (1979) Philippine Oribatei (Acarina) II. Family Lohmanniidae. Kalikasan, Philippine Journal of Biology, 8 (3), 315–334.
Csiszár, J. (1961) New oribatids from Indonesian soils (Acari). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 7 (3–4), 345–366.
Elbadry, E.A. & Nasr, A.K. (1977): Two new species of the genus Papillacarus from Egypt (Acarina, Cryptostigmata, Lohmanniidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 24 (4–5), 367–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19770240409
Ermilov, S.G., Hugo-Coetzee E.A. & Khaustov A.A. (2017) Contribution to the knowledge of oribatid mites of the family Lohmanniidae from South Africa. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 22 (5), 666–682. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.5.6
Ermilov, S.G. & Kalúz, S. (2014) Mixacarus (Phyllolohmannia) pectinatus sp. n. (Acari, Oribatida, Lohmanniidae), a new species of mites from India. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 93 (6), 709–719. [in Russian] https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044513414060063
Ermilov, S.G., Shtanchaeva, U.Ya & Subías, L.S. (2014) Morphology of juvenile instars of Lohmannia turcmenica Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1960 and L. paradoxa (Haller, 1884) (Acari: Oribatida: Lohmanniidae). Annales Zoologici, 64 (1), 87–95. https:// doi.org/10.3161/000345414x680609
Ermilov, S.G., Shtanchaeva, U.Ya., Subías, L.S. & Anichkin, A.E. (2012) Morphology of juvenile instars of Meristacarus sundensis Hammer, 1979 and Cryptacarus promecus Grandjean, 1950 (Acari, Oribatida, Lohmanniidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 17 (3), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.17.3.8
Fuangarworn, M. & Chaisuekul, C. (2011) Two new species of the oribatid mite subgenus Phyllolohmannia (Acari: Lohmanniidae: Mixacarus) from Thailand. International Journal of Acarology, 37 (Supplement 1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2010.542300
Grandjean, F. (1933) Étude sur le développement des Oribates. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 58, 30–61.
Grandjean, F. (1934) La notation des poils gastronotiques et des poils dorsaux du propodosoma chez les Oribates. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 59, 12–44.
Grandjean, F. (1949) Formules anales, gastronotiques, génitales et aggénitales du développement numérique des poils chez les Oribates. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 74, 201–225.
Grandjean, F. (1950) Étude sur les Lohmanniidae (Oribates, Acariens). Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 87, 95–161.
Grandjean, F. (1953) Observations sur les Oribates (27e Série). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, (2), 25, 469–476.
Haq, M.A. (1978) Breeding biology of oribatid mites. In: Soil Biology and Ecology in India. V.A.S. Tech. Series, 22. Bangalore, pp. 145–151.
Haq, M.A. & Adolph, C. (1981) A comparative study of the duration of the life cycles of four species of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatei) from the soils of Kerala. Indian Journal of Acarology, 5 (1–2), 56–61.
Haq, M.A., Mubarak, K.V.A. & Ramani, N. (1984) New lohmanniid mites (Acari: Oribatei) from Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Acarology, 8 (1), 87–94.
Haq, M.A. & Ramani, N. (1997) Oribatid mites from Lakshadweep—a new species of Lepidacarus Csiszár (Acari: Oribatei: Lohmanniidae). Entomon, 22 (2), 119–123.
Norton, R.A. (201) Systematic relationships of Lohmanniidae (Acari: Oribatida). In: Sabelis, M.W. & Bruin, J. (Eds.), Trends in Acarology, Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Acarology. Amsterdam, pp. 175–178.
Norton, R.A. & Ermilov, S.G. (2014) Catalogue and historical overview of juvenile instars of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida). Zootaxa, 3833 (1), 1–132. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3833.1.1
Norton, R.A., Metz, L.J. & Sharma, G.D. (1978) Some Lohmanniidae (Acarina: Oribatei) from North and South Carolina forest soils. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 13 (2), 15–24.
Pérez-Íñigo, C. (1969) Resultados de la expedición Peris-Alvarez a la Isla de Annobón. (13) Oribatid mites (1st series). (Acari, Oribatei). Revista Española de Entomologìa, 44, 405–423.
Schatz, H. (1993) The genus Lohmannia (Acari: Oribatida: Lohmanniidae) in the Galapagos Islands. Acarologia, 34 (1), 69–84.
Schatz, H. (1994a) New records of the genus Torpacarus (Acari: Oribatida: Lohmanniidae) from the Galapagos Islands and Central America. Acarologia, 35 (2), 167–179.
Schatz, H. (1994b) The Lohmanniidae (Acari: Oribatida) from the Galapagos Islands, the Cocos Island, and Central America. Acarologia, 35 (3), 267–287.
Schatz, H. & Schuster, R. (2012) First Records of Lohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida) from the Bermuda Islands. Acarologia, 52 (3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1051/acarologia/20122064
Shereef, G.M. (1976) Biological studies and description of stages of two species: Papillacarus aciculatus Kunst and Lohmannia egypticus Elbadry and Nasr (Oribatei-Lohmanniidae) in Egypt. Acarologia, 18 (2), 351–359.
Shimano, S. & Kamimura, K. (2005) A cysticercoid in Mixacarus exilis (Acari: Oribatida) nymph as an intermediate host of anoplocephalid cestodes. Journal of the Acarological Society of Japan, 14 (1), 31–34. https:// doi.org/10.2300/acari.14.31
Subías, L.S. (2004) Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los ácaros oribátidos (Acariformes, Oribatida) del mundo (1758–2002). Graellsia, 60 (número extraordinario), 3–305. https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2004.v60.iExtra.218
Subías, L.S. (2021) Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los Ácaros Oribátidos (Acariformes: Oribatida) del mundo (excepto fósiles), 16ª actualización. 532 pp. Available from: http://bba.bioucm.es/cont/docs/RO_1.pdf (accessed March 2021)
Wallwork, J.A. (1962) Some Oribatei from Ghana. X. The family Lohmanniidae. Acarologia, 4 (3), 457–487.
Xavier, A. & Haq, M.A. (2006) Reproductive biology and life history stages of Haplacarus davisi Xavier, 2005 (Acari, Oribatei). Zoos’ Print Journal, 21 (6), 2272–2276. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1417.2272-6