Abstract
We present a comprehensive catalogue of the reptiles of Equatorial Guinea, consisting of 118 species belonging to 67 genera and 22 families. There are two species of Crocodylia, ten of Testudines and 106 of Squamata; this last taxon is represented by 62 species of snakes, two amphisbaenians and 42 lizards. Of these 118 species, seven are present only in Annobon, seven only in Bioko, 47 only in Río Muni, 53 occur both in Bioko and Río Muni (or Bioko, Río Muni and other islands), and four are sea turtles. Despite its high diversity, the level of endemism of Bioko is relatively low, with only four endemic species out of the 60 species reported for the island. In contrast, despite its low diversity, Annobon has the highest endemicity level, with five endemic species (and two introduced). No endemic species are known for the rest of the regions of Equatorial Guinea, which contain 100 species. We reveal several new country and species records, and point to some pending taxonomic questions to be addressed. Among the new species records, we highlight the presence of Cyclanorbis elegans, which represents the most meridional known population of the genus. Additional species are expected to be found in Equatorial Guinea as further field and taxonomic work is developed.
References
Adalsteinsson, S.A., Branch, W.R., Trapé, S., Vitt, L.J. & Hedges, S.B. (2009) Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa, 2244, 1–50.
Agarwal, I., Ceríaco, L.M.P., Metallinou, M., Jackman, T.R. & Bauer, A.M. (2021) How the African house gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia) conquered the world. Royal Society Open Science, 8 (210749), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210749
Allen, K.E., Tapondjou, W.P., Welton, L.J. & Bauer, A.M. (2017) A new species of Trachylepis (Squamata: Scincidae) from Central Africa and a key to the Trachylepis of West and Central Africa. Zootaxa, 4268 (2), 255–269. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.5
Allen, K.E., Tapondjou, W.P., Greenbaum, E., Welton, L.J. & Bauer, A.M. (2019) High levels of hidden phylogenetic structure within Central and West African Trachylepis skinks. Salamandra, 55 (4), 231–241.
Andersson, L.G. (1901) Some new species of snakes from Cameroon and South America, belonging to the collections of the Royal Museum in Stockholm. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 27 (4), 1–26.
Angelici, F.M., Inyang, M.A., Effah, C. & Luiselli, L. (2000) Analysis of activity patterns and habitat use of radiotracked African burrowing pythons, Calabaria reinhardtii. Israel Journal of Zoology, 46 (2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1560/T7DW-AKLV-LNU7-2WBC
Andersson, L.G. (1901) Some new species of snakes from Cameroon and South America, belonging to the collections of the Royal Museum in Stockholm. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 27 (4), 1–26.
Angel, F. (1923) Sur un genre nouveau de serpent aglyphe du Congo Français. Bulletin du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 29, 348–350.
Annandale, N. (1906) Notes on the fauna of a desert tract in southern India. Part I. Batrachians and reptiles, with remarks on the reptiles of the desert region of the North-West Frontier. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1 (10), 183–222. [1905]
Arnold, E.N. (1989) Systematics and adaptive radiation of Equatorial African lizards assigned to the genera Adolfus, Bedriagaia, Gastropholis, Holaspis and Lacerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Journal of Natural History, London, 23, 525–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938900770311
Barbour, T. (1903) Two new species of chamaeleon. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 16, 61–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(03)80023-1
Barbour, T. (1914) Some new reptiles. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 4, 95–98. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9343
Barbour, T. & Amaral, A.D. (1927) Studies on African Ophidia. Bulletin of the Antivenin Institute of America, 1 (1), 25–27.
Barbour, T. & Loveridge, A. (1927) Some undescribed frogs and a new gecko from Liberia. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club, 10, 13–18.
Bauer, A.M. (2003) On the identity of Lacerta punctata Linnaeus 1758, the type species of the genus Euprepis Wagler 1830, and the generic assignment of Afro-Malagasy skinks. African Journal of Herpetology, 52, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2003.9635472
Bauer, A.M., Jackman, T.R., Greenbaum, E., de Silva, A., Giri, V.B. & Das, I. (2010) Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Hemidactylus brookii group taxa (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Herpetological Journal, 20, 129–138.
Bauer, A.M. & Pauwels, O.S.G. (2002) A new forest-dwelling Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Gabon, West Africa. African Journal of Herpetology, 51 (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2002.9635458
Bedriaga, J. (1892) Notes sur les amphibiens et reptiles recueillis par M. Adolphe F. Moller aux Iles de la Guinée. O. Instituto; Revista Cientifica e Litteraria, Coimbra, 39, 498–507+ 642–648 + 736–742 + 814–820 + 901–907.
Bell, T. (1827) On two new genera of land tortoises. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 15, 392–401, 2 pls. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00122.x
Bell, T. (1836–1842) A Monograph of the Testudinata. Parts 1–8. Samuel Highley, London, xxiv + 82 pp.
Bennett, E.T. (1835) Crocodilus leptorhynchus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1835, 128–132.
Blyth, E. (1856) Report for October meeting, 1855. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 24 (7), 711–723. [1855]
Bocage, J.V.B. (1866a) Lista dos reptis das possessões portuguezas d’Africa occidental que existem no Museu Lisboa. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Primeira Série, 1 (1), 37–56.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1866b) Reptiles nouveaux ou peu connus recueillis dans les possessions portugaises de l’Afrique occidentale, que se trouvent au Muséum de Lisbonne. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Primeira Série, 1 (1), 57–78.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1872) Diagnoses de quelques espéces nouvelles de Reptiles d’Afrique occidentale. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Primeira Série, 4 (13), 72–82.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1873) Mélanges erpétologiques. II. Sur quelques reptiles et batraciens nouveaux, rares ou peu connus d‘Afrique occidentale. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Primeira Série, 4 (14), 209–227.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1893a) Mammiferos, Aves e Reptis da Ilha de Anno-bom. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Série, 3 (9), 45–46.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1893b) Diagnoses de deux reptiles nouveaux de l’île de Anno-bom. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Série, 3 (9), 47–48.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1895a) Subsidios para a fauna da Ilha de Fernão do Pó. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Série, 4 (13), 1–15.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1895b) Reptiles et batraciens nouveaux ou peu connus de Fernão do Pó. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Série, 4 (13), 16–20.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1895c) Herpetologie d’Angola et du Congo: Ouvrage Publié Sous les Auspices du Ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Imprimerie Nationale, Lisbone, 203 pp.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1897) Mammiferos, reptis e batrachios d’Africa de que existem exemplares typicos no Museu de Lisboa. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Série, 4 (16), 187–206.
Bocage, J.V.B. (1903a) Contribution à la faune des quatre îles du Golfe de Guinée. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Série, 7, 25–59.
Boettger, O. (1879) Studien über neue oder wenig bekannte Eidechsen I. Offenbacher Verein für Naturkunde, 17–18, 1–12.
Boettger, O. (1882) Diagnoses reptilium et batrachiorum novorum insulae Nossi-Bé Madagascariensis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 5 (120), 478–480.
Boettger, O. (1887) Diagnoses reptilium novorum ad ilI. viro Paul Hesse in finnibus fluminis Congo repetorum. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 10 (267), 649–651.
Boettger, O. (1888) Materialien zur Fauna des unteren Congo. II. Reptilien und Batrachier. Bericht über die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 1887, 3–108.
Boettger, O. (1889) Herpetologische Miscellen. [I Epirus, II Corfu, III Kamerun, IV Gross-Namaland, V Transvaal, VI. Pondoland, VII Madagascar, VIII Madras, IX Java, X Nias, XI Nordwest-Peru]. Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 1889, 267–316.
Boettger, O. (1892) Drei neue colubriforme Schlangen. Zoologischer Anzieger, 15 (405), 417–420.
Boettger, O. (1893) Berichtigungen betreffend Reptilien aus Somaliland. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 16, 193.
Bogert, C.M. (1940) Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola Expedition. I. Snakes, including an arrangement of the African Colubridae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 77, 1–107.
Bogert, C.M. (1942) Pseudohaje Günther, a valid genus for two West African arboreal cobras. American Museum Novitates, 1174, 1–9.
Bonnaterre, P.J. (1790) Ophiologie, in Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique des Trois Règnes de la Nature. Pancoucke, Paris, 76 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58955
Böhme, W. & Ziegler, T. (1997) A taxonomic review of the Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766) species complex. The Herpetological Journal, 7, 155–162.
Boulenger, G.A. (1885) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, xiv + 436 pp., 32 pls. https://doi.org/10.1038/032049a0
Boulenger, G.A. (1887) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. 3. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 575 pp., 40 pls.
Boulenger, G.A. (1889) Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 311 pp., 6 pls.
Boulenger, G.A. (1890) First report on additions to the lizard collection in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1890, 77–86.
Boulenger, G.A. (1893) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. Trustees, London, xiii + 448 pp., 28 pls.
Boulenger, G.A. (1894) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2. Trustees, London, xi + 382 pp., 20 pls.
Boulenger, G.A. (1895) On some new or little-known reptiles obtained by W. H. Crosse Esq. on the Niger. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 16 (91), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508680223
Boulenger, G.A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3. Trustees, London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls.
Boulenger, G.A. (1897a) Description of a new tortoise of the genus Sternothaerus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897, 919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb01394.x
Boulenger, G.A. (1897b) A list of reptiles and batrachians from the Congo Free State, with the description of two new snakes. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 19 (111), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939708680537
Boulenger, G.A. (1900) A list of the batrachians and reptiles of the Gaboon (French Congo), with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, 433–456.
Boulenger, G.A. (1901a) Description of a new lizard from the Gaboon. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 8 (43), 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745480109443320
Boulenger, G.A. (1901b) Materiaux pour la faune du Congo. Batraciens et reptiles nouveaux. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Sciences Zoologiques, 2, 7–14.
Boulenger, G.A. (1903) Descriptions of new snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 12 (69), 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930308678866
Boulenger, G.A. (1904) Descriptions of two new Elapine snakes from the Congo. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 14 (79), 14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745480409442960
Boulenger, G.A. (1905) Reptiles de la Guinée Espagnole. Memorias de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 1 (8), 183–186.
Boulenger, G.A. (1906) Report on the reptiles collected by the late L. Fea in West Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 3 (2), 196–216.
Boulenger, G.A. (1907) Descriptions of three new snakes discovered by Mr. G.L. Bates in south Cameroon. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 19 (112), 324–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930709487272
Boulenger, G.A. (1909) On the ophidian genus Grayia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1909, 944–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1910.tb06985.x
Boulenger, G.A. (1910) Descriptions of four new African snakes in the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 5 (30), 512–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931008692807
Boulenger, G.A. (1911a) Descriptions of new reptiles from the Andes of South America, preserved in the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7 (37), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931108692903
Boulenger, G.A. (1911b) Descriptions of three new snakes discovered by Mr. G.L. Bates in South Cameroon. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 8 (45), 370–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931108693040
Boulenger, G.A. (1915) A list of the snakes of the Belgian and Portuguese Congo, northern Rhodesia, and Angola. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1915, 193–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.tb07411.x
Boulenger, G.A. (1919) Batraciens et reptiles recueillis par le Dr. C. Christy dans les districts de Stanleyville, Haut-Uelé et Ituri en 1912–1914. Revue Zoologique Africaine, 7 (1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15108
Boulenger, G.A. (1921) Monograph of the Lacertidae. Vol. 2. Trustees of the British Museum, London, viii + 451 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.54022
Bour, R. (2006) Le genre Kinixys Bell: histoire nomenclaturale et taxinomique. Chéloniens, 3, 8–15.
Branch, W.R., Bayliss, J., Bittencourt-Silva, G.B., Conradie, W., Engelbrecht, H.M., Loader, S.P., Menegon, M., Nanvonamuquitxo, C. & Tolley, K.A. (2019) A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from ‘sky island’ forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group. Zootaxa, 4646 (3), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4646.3.6
Broadley, D.G. (1983) FitzSimon’s Snakes of Southern Africa. Examined Edition. Delta Books, Jahannesburg, 376 pp.
Broadley, D.G. (1989) A reappraisal of the genus Panaspis Cope, with the description of a new species of Leptosiaphos (Reptilia: Scincidae) from Tanzania. Arnoldia, Zimbabwe, 9 (32), 439–449.
Broadley, D.G. (1998a) The Reptilian Fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa). In: Schmidt, K.P. & Noble, G.K. (Eds.), Contributions to the Herpetology of the Belgian Congo. [reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers]. SSAR Facsimile reprints in Herpetology, Lawrence, Kansas, 780 pp.
Broadley, D.G. (1998b) A review of the genus Atheris Cope (Serpentes: Viperidae), with the description of a new species from Uganda. Herpetological Journal, 8 (3), 117–135.
Broadley, D.G. & Wallach, V. (2009) A review of the eastern and southern African blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae), excluding Letheobia Cope, with the description of two new genera and a new species. Zootaxa, 2255 (1), 1–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2255.1.1
Brygoo, E. R. & Roux-Estève, R. (1982) Un genre de lèzards scincinés d’Afrique: Melanoseps. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 3 (4), 1169–1191.
Brygoo, E.R. & Roux-Esteve, R. (1983) Feylinia, genre de lézards africains de la famille des Scincidae, sous-famille des Feyliniinae. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 5 (4), 307–341.
Buchholz, R. (1874) Über den Farbenwechsel der Chamaeleonen. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 298–301.
Bueno, A.G. & Blanco A.G. (2002) Los naturalistas españoles en el África hispana (1860–1936). Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Madrid, 425 pp.
Burton, E. (1836) A saurian reptile of the family Scincidae and of the genus Tiliqua, Gray. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1836, 62.
Capocaccia, L. (1961a) Contributo allo studio dei serpenti delle isole del Golfo di Guinea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 72, 285–309.
Capocaccia, L. (1961b) Catalogo dei tipi di Rettili del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (MSNG). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 72, 86–111.
Carranza, S. & Arnold, E.N. (2006) Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of Hemidactylus geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) elucidated using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38 (2), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.012
Castroviejo, J., Juste, J., Pérez Del Val, J., Castelo, R. & Gil, R. (1994) Diversity and status of sea turtle species in the Gulf of Guinea islands. Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 828–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129661
Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P.R. & Dirzo, R. (2017) Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114 (30), E6089–E6096. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704949114
Ceríaco, L.M., Marques, M.P. & Bauer, A.M. (2016) A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex. Zootaxa, 4109 (3), 284–314. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2
Ceríaco, L.M., Marques, M.P. & Bauer, A.M. (2018) Miscellanea Herpetologica Sanctithomae, with a provisional checklist of the terrestrial herpetofauna of São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobon islands. Zootaxa, 4387 (1), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4387.1.4
Ceríaco, L.M., Marques, M.P., Schmitz, A. & Bauer, A.M. (2017) The “Cobra-preta” of São Tomé Island, Gulf of Guinea, is a new species of Naja Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata: Elapidae). Zootaxa, 4324 (1), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.7
Ceríaco, L.M., Marques, M.P. & Bauer, A.M. (2020a) The Bush Vipers, genus Atheris Cope, 1862 (Squamata: Viperidae) of Bioko Island, Gulf of Guinea, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4838 (4), 581–593. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4838.4.9
Ceríaco, L.M., Bernstein, J., Sousa, A.C., Marques, M.P., Bauer, A.M. & Norder, S.J. (2020b) The reptiles of Tinhosa Grande islet (Gulf of Guinea): A taxonomic update and the role of Quaternary sea level fluctuations in their diversification. African Journal of Herpetology, 69 (2), 200–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2020.1832151
Ceríaco, L.M., Arellano, A.L., Jadin, R.C., Marques, M.P., Parrinha, D. & Hallermann, J. (2021) Taxonomic revision of the Jita snakes (Lamprophiidae: Boaedon) from São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea), with the description of a new species. African Journal of Herpetology, 70 (1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2020.1832152
Ceríaco, L.M., Marques, M.P., Bell, R.B. & Bauer, A. (2022) The Terrestrial Reptiles of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands. In: Ceríaco, L.M., Lima, R.F., Melo, M., Bell, R.C. (Eds.), Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands: science and conservation. Springer, Cham, pp. 1–534.
Chabanaud, P. (1916) Enumération des Ophidiens non encore étudiés de l’Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux Collections du Muséum avec le description des espèces et des variétés nouvelles. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 22, 362–382. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17132
Chabanaud, P. (1917a) Enumération des reptiles non encore étudiés de l’Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux collections du Muséum, avec la description des espèces nouvelles. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 23, 83–105.
Chabanaud, P. (1917b) Descriptions de trois espéces nouvelles de Reptiles de l’Afrique. Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 23, 219–225.
Chippaux, J.-P. (2006) Les Serpents d’Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris, 311 pp.
Chippaux, J.P. & Jackson, K. (2019) Snakes of Central and Western Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 429 pp.
Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M. (2007) Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. Paris: Collection Patrimoines Naturels, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle & IRD Editions, Paris, 688 pp.
Cope, E.D. (1860a) Notes and descriptions of foreign reptiles. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11, 294–297.
Cope, E.D. (1860b) Catalogue of the Colubridae in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with notes and descriptions of new species. Part II. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 241–266.
Cope, E.D. (1861a) Recent species of Emydosaurian reptiles represented in the Museum of the Academy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 549–551.
Cope, E.D. (1861b) Catalogue of the Colubrids in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Part 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 553–566.
Cope, E.D. (1861c) Contributions to the ophiology of Lower California, Mexico and Central America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 13, 292–306.
Cope, E.D. (1862) On Lacerta echinata and Tiliqua dura. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1862, 189–191.
Cope, E.D. (1869) Observations on Reptiles of the old world. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1868, 316–323.
Cope, E.D. (1892a) On degenerate types of scapular and pelvic arches in the Lacertilia. Journal of Morphology, 7, 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050070204
Cope, E.D. (1892b) A critical review of the characters and variations of the snakes of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 14, 589–694. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.14-882.589
Cusí y Ventades, E. (1936) I. Anfibios y Reptiles. Vertebrados de las posesiones españolas en el Golfo de Guinea colectados por la expedición F. Bonet—J. Gil Collado 1933. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 16, 123–125.
Das, I. & Gayen, N.C. (2004) Addenda and corrigenda to the catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad, 28 (1–2), 95–97.
Daudin, F.M. (1802) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Vol. 3. F. Dufart, Paris, 406 pp.
Daudin, F.M. (1803a) Histoire Naturelle, Génerale et Particulière des Reptiles. Vol. 8. F. Dufart, Paris, 353 pp.
Daudin, F.M. (1803b) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Vol. 5. F. Dufart, Paris, 365 pp.
Daudin, F.M. (1803c) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Vol. 7. F. Dufart, Paris, 436 pp.
De la Riva, I. (1994) Anfibios anuros del Parque Nacional de Monte Alén, Río Muni, Guinea Ecuatorial. Revista Española de Herpetología, 8, 123–139.
De la Riva, I. & Mateo, J.A. (1992) Inventario de la colección herpetológica de Doñana. En: Inventario de las colecciones herpetológica y ornitológica. Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, pp. 9–17.
Deepak, V., Maddock, S.T., Williams, R., Nagy, Z.T., Conradie, W., Rocha, S., Harris D.J., Perera, A., Gvoždík V., Doherty-Bone, T.M., Kamei, R.G., Menegon, M., Labisko, J., Morel, C., Cooper, N., Day, J.J. & Gower, D.J. (2021) Molecular phylogenetics of sub-Saharan African natricine snakes, and the biogeographic origins of the Seychelles endemic Lycognathophis seychellensis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 161, 107152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107152
Deraniyagala, P. (1948) Some scientific results of two visits to Africa. Spolia Zeylanica, 25, 1–42.
Dollo, L. (1886) Notice sure les reptiles et batraciens. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 4, 151–160.
Dowell, S.A. & Hekkala, E.R. (2016) Divergent lineages and conserved niches: Using ecological niche modeling to examine the evolutionary patterns of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus). Evolutionary Ecology, 30 (3), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-016-9818-7
Drewes, R.C., Vindum, J.V. & Henwood, L. (1999) Preliminary report on a survey of the herpetofauna of Bioko; Equatorial Guinea. In: Larison, B., Smith, T.B., Girman, D., Stauffer, D., Milá, B., Drewes, R.C., Griswold, C.E., Vindum, J.V., Ubick, D., O’Keefe, K., Nguema, J. & Henwood, L. (Eds.), Biotic surveys of Bioko and Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea. Technical Report submitted to Biodiversity Support Program, 1999, pp. 58–61.
Dryden, G.L. & Taylor, E.H. (1969) Reptiles from the Mariana and Caroline Islands. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 48 (8), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.11222
Duméril, A.H.A. (1856) Note sur les reptiles du Gabon. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée, Paris, Series 2, 8, 369–377 + 417–424 + 460–470 + 553–562.
Duméril, A.H.A. (1859) Reptiles et Poissons de l’Afrique occidentale. Etude precedee de considerations generales sur leur distribution geographique. Archives du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 10, 137–240. [1858–1861]
Duméril, A.M.C. & Bibron, G. (1836) Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, iv + 518 pp.
Duméril, A.M.C. & Bibron, G. (1844) Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 6. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, xii + 609 pp.
Duméril, A.M.C., Bibron, G. & Duméril, A.H.A. (1854) Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Vol. 7. Première Partie & Deuxième Partie. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, xi + xvi + 780 pp. & xii + 756 pp. (numbered 781–1536). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118797
Eaton, M.J., Martin, A., Thorbjarnarson, J. & Amato, G. (2009) Species-level diversification of African dwarf crocodiles (Genus Osteolaemus): a geographic and phylogenetic perspective. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 50 (3), 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.009
Eisentraut, M. (1973) Die Wirbeltierfauna von Fernando Poo und Westkamerun. Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 3, 1–428.
Engel, M.S., Ceríaco, L.M.P., Daniel, G.M., Dellapé, P.M., Löbl, I., Marinov, M., Reis, R.E., Young, M.T., Dubois, A., Agarwal, I., Lehmann, A.P., Alvarado, M., Álvarez, N., Andreone, F., Araujo-Vieira, K., Ascher, J.S., Baêta, D., Baldo, D., Bandeira, S.A., Barden, P., Barrasso, D.A., Bendifallah, L., Bockmann, F.A., Böhme, W., Borkent, A., Brandão, C.R.F., Busack, S.D., Bybee, S.M., Channing, A., Chatzimanolis, S., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Crisci, J.V., D’elía, G., Da Costa, L.M., Davis, S.R., De Lucena, C.A.S., Deuve, T., Fernandes Elizalde, S., Faivovich, J., Farooq, H., Ferguson, A.W., Gippoliti, S., Gonçalves, F.M.P., González, V.H., Greenbaum, E., Hinojosa-Díaz, I.A., Ineich, I., Jiang, J., Kahono, S., Kury, A.B., Lucinda, P.H.F., Lynch, J.D., Malécot, V., Marques, M.P., Marris, J.W.M., Mckellar, R.C., Mendes, L.F., Nihei, S.S., Nishikawa, K., Ohler, A., Orrico, V.G.D., Ota, H., Paiva, J., Parrinha, D., Pauwels, O.S.G., Pereyra, M.O., Pestana, L.B., Pinheiro, P.D.P., Prendini, L., Prokop, J., Rasmussen, C., Rödel, M.O., Rodrigues, M.T., Rodríguez, S.M., Salatnaya, H., Sampaio, Í., Sánchez-García, A., Shebl, M.A., Santos, B.S., Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M., Sousa, A.C.A., Stoev, P., Teta, P., Trape, J.F., Dos Santos, C.V.D., Vasudevan, K., Vink, C.J., Vogel, G., Wagner, P., Wappler, T., Ware, J.L., Wedmann, S. & Zacharie, C.K. (2021) The taxonomic impediment: a shortage of taxonomists, not the lack of technical approaches. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193, 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab072
Engelbrecht, H.M., Branch, W.R., Greenbaum, E., Alexander, G.J., Jackson, K., Burger, M., Conradie, W., Kusamba, C., Zassi-Boulou, A-G. & Tolley, K.A. (2019) Diversifying into the branches: species boundaries in African green and bush snakes, Philothamnus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 130, 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.023
Fa, J.E. (1991) Conservación de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Guinea Ecuatorial. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, 105 pp.
Fa, J.E. & García Yuste, J.E. (2001) Commercial bushmeat hunting in the Monte Mitra forests, Equatorial Guinea: extent and impact. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 24, 31–52.
Fa, J.E., Juste, J., Burn, R.W. & Broad, G. (2002) Bushmeat consumption and preferences of two ethnic groups in Bioko Island, West Africa. Human Ecology, 30 (3), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016524703607
Ferreira, J.B. (1897) Sobre um “Hemidactylus” novo da ilha de Anno Boni. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisboa, 4, 249–251.
FitzSimons, V.F.M. (1962) Snakes of Southern Africa. Purnell and Sons, Cape Town, 423 pp.
Fischer, J.G. (1856) Neue Schlangen des Hamburgischen Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 3 (4), 79–116.
Fischer, J.G. (1883) Beschreibungen neuer Reptilien. Jahresbericht über das Naturhistorische Museum zu Hamburg, 1882, 1–15.
Fischer, J.G. (1884a) Herpetologische Bemerkungen, Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 8 (2), 43–51.
Fischer, J.G. (1884b) Über einige afrikanische Reptilien, Amphibien und Fische des Naturhistorischen Museums I. Über die von Herrn Dr. G.A. Fischer in Massai Gebiete (Ost Afrika) auf seiner in Veranlassung der geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg unternommenen Expedition gesammelten Reptilien, Amphibien und Fische. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 1, 1–32.
Fischer, J.G. (1885) Ichthyologische und herpetologische Bemerkungen. V. Herpetologische Bemerkungen. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 2, 82–121.
Fischer, J.G. (1886) Über zwei neue Eidechsen des naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Jahresbericht über das Naturhistorische Museum zu Hamburg, 3, 1–7.
Fischer, J.G. (1888) Über zwei neue Schlangen und einen neuen Laubfrosch von Kamerun. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 5, 1–10.
Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren Natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Nebst einer Verwandtschafts Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien Sammlung des K.K. Zoologischen Museum’s zu Wien. J.G. Heubner, Wien, 128 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4683
Formia, A. & Bruford, M.W. (2004) Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) phylogeography based on mtDNA haplotypes in the Gulf of Guinea, Central Africa. In: Coyne, M.S. & Clark, R.D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFSC-528, pp. 60.
Forskål, P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium; Quae in Itinere Orientali Observavit Petrus Forskål. Hauniae, Mölleri et filii, Copenhagen, xxxiv + 164 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2154
Franke, F.A., Schmidt, F., Borgwardt, C., Bernhard, D., Bleidorn, C., Engelmann, W.-E. & Schlegel, M. (2013) Genetic differentiation of the African dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus tetraspis Cope, 1861 (Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) and consequences for European zoos. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 13, 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-012-0107-1
Freitas, E.S., Datta-Roy, A., Karanth, P., Grismer, L.L. & Siler, C.D. (2019) Multilocus phylogeny and a new classification for African, Asian and Indian supple and writhing skinks (Scincidae: Lygosominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 186 (4), 1067–1096. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz001
Fretey, J. (2004) Status and nesting of Dermochelys coriacea in West and Central Africa. In: Coyne, M.S. & Clark, R.D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFSC-528, pp. 10–11.
Fretey, J., Formia, A., Tomas, J., Dontaine, J.-F., Billes, A. & Angoni, H. (2004) Presence, nesting and conservation of Lepidochelys olivacea in the Gulf of Guinea. In: Coyne, M.S. & Clark, R.D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFSC-528, pp. 172.
Frost, D.R. (2022) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (04 February 2022). Electronic Database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Available from: https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php (accessed 3 October 2022) https://doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001
Fuhn, I.E. (1972) Révision du phylum forestier du genre Panaspis Cope (Reptilia, Scincidae, Lygosominae). Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie Zoologie, 17 (4), 257–271.
Gans, C. & Lehman, G.C. (1973) Studies on amphisbaenians (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). 5. The species of Monopeltis from north of the River Zaire. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 669, 1–34.
Gippner, S., Travers, S.L., Scherz, M.D., Colston, T.J., Lyra, M.L., Mohan, A.V., Multzsch, M., Nielsen, S.V., Rancilhac, L., Glaw, F., Bauer, A.M. & Vences, M. (2021) A comprehensive phylogeny of dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus, with insights into their systematics and morphological variation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 165, 107311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107311
Girard, C. F. (1858). United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the co-mmand of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 20. Herpetology. J. B. Lippincott and Co, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 496 pp.
Gmelin, J.F. (1789) s.n. In: Caroli a Linné Systema naturae. Tome 1. Pars 3. 13th Edition. Beer G. E., Lipsiae [Leipzig], pp. 1033–1516.
Gonwouo, N.L. & Nsang, A. (2005) An assessment of the reptiles and amphibians of the Monte Mitra forest, Monte Alén National Park. In: Sunderland, T.C.H. (Ed.), A Biodiversity Assessment of the Monte Mitra Forest, Monte Alén National Park, Equatorial Guinea. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 32–49.
Gray, J.E. (1831) Description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by Capt. Owen in Africa. Zoological Miscellany, 1, 7.
Gray, J.E. (1845) Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 289 pp.
Gray, J.E. (1858) Description of a new genus of Boidae from Old Calabar and a list of W. African Reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1858, 154–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1858.tb06361.x
Gray, J.E. (1865a) Revision of the genera and species of Chamaeleonidae, with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864, 465–479.
Gray, J.E. (1865b) Revision of the genera and species of Chamaeleonidae, with the description of some new species. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 15 (88), 340–354.
Gray, J.E. (1867) Synopsis of the species of recent Crocodilians or Emydosaurians, chiefly founded on the specimens in the British Museum and the Royal College of Surgeons. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 6, 125–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1867.tb00575.x
Gray, J.E. (1869) Notes on the families and genera of tortoises (Testudinata), and on the characters afforded by the study of their skulls. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869, 165–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07312.x
Greef, R. (1885) Die Fauna der Guinea-Inseln S. Thomé und Rolas. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der Gesammten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 2, 41–79.
Greenbaum, E., Allen, K.E., Vaughan, E.R., Pauwels, O.S.G., Wallach, V., Kusamba, C., Muninga, W.M., Kusamba, C., Mwenebatu, M.M., Mali, F.M. M., Badjedjea, G., Penner, J., Rödel, M.-O., Rivera, J., Sterkhova, V., Johnson, G., Tapondjou, W.P. & Brown, R.M. (2021) Night stalkers from above: A monograph of Toxicodryas tree snakes (Squamata: Colubridae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from Central Africa. Zootaxa, 4965 (1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.1
Greer, A.E. (1974) The generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 1–67. https://doi.org/10.1071/AJZS031
Guibé, J. & Roux-Estève, R. (1972) Les espèces ouest-africaines du genre Lycophidion (Serpentes, Colubridae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (29), 391–400.
Günther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes of the British Museum. Trustees, London, XVI + 281 pp.
Günther, A. (1859) Description of a new genus of West African snakes and revision of the South American Elaps. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 4 (21), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935908697104
Günther, A. (1862) On new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 9 (50), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936208681195
Günther. A. (1863a) Third account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 12 (71), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936308681536
Günther, A. (1863b) On new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 11 (61), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936308681373
Günther, A. (1863c) On some species of tree snakes (Ahaetulla). Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 11 (64), 283–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936308681421
Günther, A. (1865) Fourth account of new species of snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 15 (86), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936508681770
Günther, A. (1872) Seventh account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 9 (49), 13–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/002229372011951771
Günther, A. (1888) Contribution to the knowledge of snakes of tropical Africa. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 1 (5), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938809460736
Günther, A. (1893) Report on a collection of reptiles and batrachians transmitted by Mr. H.H. Johnston, C.B., from Nyassaland. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1892.tb01781.x
Günther, A. (1895) Notice of reptiles and batrachians collected in the eastern half of tropical Africa. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 15 (90), 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508680214
Günther, A. (1896) Report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by Miss. M.H. Kingsley during her travels on the Ogowe River. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 17 (100), 228–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680365
Haft, J. (1993) Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der Echsen der Insel Sao Tome (Golf von Guinea), mit näherer Betrachtung zur Systematik von Leptosiaphos africana (Gray) (Reptilia: Sauria: Geckonidae et Scincidae). Faunistische Abhandlungen, Dresden, 19 (1–16), 59–70.
Hahn, D.E. (1980) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Anomalepididae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae. Das Tierreich, Berlin, 101, i–xii + 1–93.
Hallermann, J. (2007) The status of problematic snake types of the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Reptilia, Serpentes). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologische Reihe, 83 (2), 160–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.200700005
Hallowell, E. (1842) Description of a new genus of Serpents from Western Africa. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 336–338.
Hallowell, E. (1844) Description of new species of reptiles from Africa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2, 118–120.
Hallowell, E. (1845) Description of new species of African Reptiles. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2, 247–250.
Hallowell, E. (1852) On a new genus and two new species of African serpents. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1852, 203–205.
Hallowell, E. (1854a) Descriptions of new reptiles from Guinea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1854, 193–194.
Hallowell, E. (1854b) Remarks on the geographical distribution of reptiles, with descriptions of several species supposed to be new, and corrections of former papers. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1854, 98–105.
Hallowell, E. (1857) Notice of a collection of reptiles from the Gaboon country, West Africa, recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Dr. Henry A. Ford. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9 (3), 48–72.
Hallowell, E. (1861) Report upon the Reptilia of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under command of Capt. John Rogers, U.S.N. (published posthumously by E. D. Cope). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 480–509.
Hasselquist, F. (1757) Iter Palæstinum eller Resa til Helig Landet, Förrättad ifrån år 1749 til 1752, med Beskrifningar, Rön, Anmärkningar, öfver de Märkvärdigaste Naturalier, på Hennes Kongl. Maj:ts Befallning. Uitgifven af Carl Linnæus. Lars Salvii, Stockholm, 619 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.112563
Hecht, G. (1929) Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung Chlorophis Hallow. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 81 (11/12), 329–335.
Hedges, S.B., Marion, A.B., Lipp, K.M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. (2014) A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology, 49, 1–61. https://doi.org/10.31611/ch.49
Holmes, M.W., Hammond, T.T., Wogan, G.O., Walsh, R.E., LaBarbera, K., Wommack, E.A., Martins, F.M., Crawford J.C., Mack K.L., Bloch, L.M. & Nachman, M.W. (2016) Natural history collections as windows on evolutionary processes. Molecular Ecology, 25 (4), 864–881. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13529
Hoogmoed, M.S. (1974) Ghanese lizards of the genus Mabuya (Scincidae, Sauria, Reptilia). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 138 (1), 1–62.
Hughes, B. & Barry, D.H. (1969) The snakes of Ghana, a checklist and key. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, 31 (3), 1004–1041.
Ineich, I., Bonnet, X., Shine, R., Shine, T., Brischoux, F., Lebreton, M. & Chirio, L. (2006) What, if anything, is a ‘typical’viper? Biological attributes of basal viperid snakes (genus Causus Wagler, 1830). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89 (4), 575–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00690.x
Iradier, M. (1878) Fragmentos de un diario de viajes de exploración en la zona de Corisco. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid, 4, 253–356.
Iradier, M. (1887) África: Viajes y Trabajos de la Asociación Euskara La Exploradora. Reconocimiento de la Zona Ecuatorial de Africa en las Costas de Occidente: sus Montañas, sus Ríos, sus Habitantes; Clima, Produciones y Porvenir de estos Países Tropicales. Posesiones Españolas del Golfo de Guinea. Adquisición para España de la Nueva Provincia del Muni. Vol 1. Viuda e Hijos de Iturbe, Vitoria, 501 pp.
Iverson, J.B. (1992) A Examined Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Iverson, Richmond, 363 pp.
Jackson, K. (2008) Mean and Lowly things—Snakes, Science, and Survival in the Congo. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 336 pp. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674039025
Jan, G. (1859) Additions et rectifications aux Plan et Prodrome de l’Iconographie descriptive des Ophidiens. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée, Series 2, 11, 505–512.
Jan, G. (1862) Enumerazione sistematica delle specie d’ofidi del gruppo Calamaridae. Archivio per la Zoologia, l’Anatomia e la Fisiologia, 2, 1–76.
Jan, G. (1863) Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per l’Iconografia Générale. A. Lombardi, Milano, vii + 143 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.106683
Jan, G. & Sordelli, F. (1860–1881) Iconographie Générale des Ophidiens. Tomes I–III. Georges Jan & Ferdinand Sordelli, Milano, 39 pp., 300 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45246
Jesus, J., Brehm, A. & Harris, D.J. (2003) The herpetofauna of Annobon island, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. Herpetological Bulletin, 86, 20–22.
Jesus, J., Brehm, A. & Harris, D.J. (2005a) Phylogenetic relationships of Hemidactylus geckos from the Gulf of Guinea islands: patterns of natural colonizations and anthropogenic introductions estimated from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34 (3), 480–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.006
Jesus, J., Brehm A. & Harris J. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships of Lygodactylus geckos from the Gulf of Guinea islands: Rapid rates of mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution? The Herpetological Journal, 16 (3), 291–295.
Jesus, J., Harris, D.J. & Brehm, A. (2005b) Phylogeography of Mabuya maculilabris (Reptilia) from São Tomé Island (Gulf of Guinea) inferred from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37, 503–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.032
Jesus, J., Harris, D.J. & Brehm, A. (2005c) Relationships of scincid lizards (Mabuya spp.) from the islands of the Gulf of Guinea based on mtDNA sequence data. Amphibia–Reptilia, 26, 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853805774806331
Jesus, J., Harris, D.J. & Brehm, A. (2007) Relationships of Afroablepharus Greer, 1974 skinks from the Gulf of Guinea islands based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: Patterns of colonization and comments on taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45 (3), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.011
Jesus, J., Nagy, Z.T., Branch, W.R., Wink, M., Brehm, A. & Harris, J.D. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of African green snakes (genera Philothamnus and Hapsidophrys) from São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobón islands based on mtDNA sequences, and comments on their colonization and taxonomy. Herpetological Journal, 19, 41–48.
Kanberg, H. (1924) Über eine neue Schildkröte aus Kamerun. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 60, 195–197.
Kelly, C.M., Branch, W.R., Broadley, D.G., Barker, N.P. & Villet, M.H. (2011) Molecular systematics of the African snake family Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 (Serpentes: Elapoidea), with particular focus on the genera Lamprophis Fitzinger 1843 and Mehelya Csiki 1903. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58 (3), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.010
Kindler, C., Branch, W.R., Hofmeyr, M.D., Maran, J., Široký, P., Vences, M., Harvey, J., Susanne Hauswaldt, J., Schleicher, A., Stuckas, H. & Fritz, U. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of African hinge‐back tortoises (Kinixys): implications for phylogeography and taxonomy (Testudines: Testudinidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 50 (3), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00660.x
Kindler, C., Moosig, M., Branch, W.R., Harvey, J., Kehlmaier, C., Nagy, Z.T., Prokop, H., Široký, P. & Fritz, U. (2016) Comparative phylogeographies of six species of hinged terrapins (Pelusios spp.) reveal discordant patterns and unexpected differentiation in the P. castaneus/P. chapini complex and P. rhodesianus. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 117 (2), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12647
Klaver, C. & Böhme, W. (1986) Phylogeny and classification of the Chamaeleonidae (Sauria) with special reference to hemipenis morphology. Bonner zoologische Monographien, 22, 1–64.
Kluge, A.G. (1969) The evolution and geographical origin of the New World Hemidactylus mabouia-brookii complex (Gekkonidae, Sauria). Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 138, 1–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441946
Kramer, E. (1979) Typenkatalog der Echsen im Naturhistorischen Museum Basel (BM), Stand 1978. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 86 (1), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.82283
Kuhl, H. (1820) Beiträge zur Zoologie und Vergleichenden Anatomie. Hermannsche Buchhandlung, Frankfurt, 152 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48998
Lacépède, B.G.E. (1788) Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares et des Serpens. Tome Premier. Hôtel de Thou, Paris, 359 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5036
Lasso, C.A., Rial, A.I., Castroviejo, J. & De la Riva, I. (2002) Herpetofauna del Parque Nacional de Monte Alén (Río Muni, Guinea Ecuatorial). Graellsia, 58, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2002.v58.i2.276
Laurent, R.F. (1945) Contribution a la connaissance du Genre Atractaspis A. Smith. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 38, 312–343.
Laurent, R.F. (1950) Revision du genre Atractaspis A. Smith. Mémoires du Musée royal d’histoire naturelle de Belgique, 38 (2), 1–49.
Laurent, R.F. (1952) Reptiles et batraciens nouveaux de la région des Grands Lacs africains. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 46, 269–279.
Laurent, R.F. (1956a) Contribution à l’herpetologie de la région des Grandes Lacs de l’Afrique centrale. Annales Du Musee Royal Du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologiques), 48, 1–390.
Laurent, R.F. (1956b) Notes herpetologiques africaines I. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 52 (3–4), 229–256.
Laurent, R.F. (1958) Notes herpetologiques africaines II. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 58 (1–2), 115–128.
Laurent, R.F. (1960) Notes complémentaires sur les chéloniens et les ophidiens du Congo Oriental. Annales Du Musee Royal Du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologiques), 84, 1–86.
Laurenti, J.N. (1768) Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum, Quod Authoritae et Consensu. Joan. Thomae, Vienna, 214 pp., 5 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5108
Lawson, D.P. (1993) The reptiles and amphibians of the Korup National Park Project, Cameroon. Herpetological Natural History, 1 (2), 27–90.
Lawson, D.P., Noonan, B.P. & Ustach, P.C. (2001) Atheris subocularis (Serpentes: Viperidae) revisited: Molecular and morphological evidence for the resurrection of an enigmatic taxon. Copeia, 2001 (3), 737–744. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0737:ASSVRM]2.0.CO;2
Leach, W.E. (1818) Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816. J. Murray, London, 498 pp.
Leach, E.R. (1819) s.n. In: Bowdich, T.E. (Ed.), Mission from Cape Coast to Ashantee, London, 1819, pp. 493–496.
Leaché, A.D., Wagner, P., Linkem, C.W., Böhme, W., Papenfuss, T.J., Chong, R.A., Lavin, R.B., Bauer, A.M., Nielsen, S.V., Greenbaum, E., Rödel, M.-O., Schmitz, A., LeBreton M., Ineich I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniang, E.A., Baha El Din, S., Lemmon, A.R. & Burbrink, F.T. (2014) A hybrid phylogenetic-phylogenomic approach for species tree estimation in African Agama lizards with applications to biogeography, character evolution, and diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 79, 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.013
Lindholm W.A. (1905) Beschreibung einer neuen Schlangenart (Dipsadophidium weiler g. et sp. n.). Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde, 58, 183–187.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturæ per Regna tria Naturæ, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. 10th Edition. Reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, iii + 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Linnaeus, C. (1766) Systema Naturæ. 12th Edition. Reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 532 pp.
Lilljeborg, W. (1867) Description of Halcrosia afzelii, a new crocodile from Sierra Leone, West Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, 715–718.
Lomolino, M.V. (2004) Conservation biogeography. In: Lomolino, M.V. & Heaney, L.R. (Eds.), Frontiers of Biogeography: new directions in the geography of nature. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 293–296.
Lönnberg, E. (1910) Two new snakes from Lower Congo. Arkiv för Zoologi, 7 (8), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1268
Lönnberg, E. (1911) Reptiles, batrachians and fishes collected by the Swedish zoological expedition to British East Africa 1911. Kunglica Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 47 (6), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.54932
Loveridge, A. (1929) East African reptiles and amphibians in the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 151, 1–135. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.151.1
Loveridge, A. (1936a) New tree snakes of the genera Thrasops and Dendraspis from Kenya Colony. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 49, 63–66.
Loveridge, A. (1936b) African reptiles and amphibians in the Field Museum of Natural History. Zoological series Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 22 (1), 1–122. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3069
Loveridge, A. (1939) Revision of the African Snakes of the Genera Mehelya & Gonionotophis. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 86, 131–162.
Loveridge, A. (1941) Report on the Smithsonian-Firestone Expedition’s collection of reptiles and amphibians from Liberia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 91 (3128), 113–140. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.91-3128.113
Loveridge, A. (1942) Scientific results of a fourth expedition to forested areas in East and Central Africa. IV. Reptiles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College (Cambridge), 91 (4), 237–373, 1–6 pls.
Loveridge, A. (1944) Further revisions of African snake genera. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 95 (2), 121–247.
Loveridge, A. (1947) Revision of the African lizards of the family Gekkonidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 98, 1–469.
Loveridge, A. (1951) Synopsis of the African green snakes (Philothamnus inc. Chlorophis) with the description of a new form. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 27, 1–12.
Loveridge, A. (1953) Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. III. Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 110 (3), 143–322.
Loveridge, A. (1954) I Drank the Zambezi. Lutterworth Press, London, 296 pp.
Loveridge, A. (1957) Check list of the reptiles and amphibians of east Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 117 (2), 153–362.
Loveridge, A. (1958) Revision of five african snake genera. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 1–198.
Luiselli, L. & Akani, G.C. (2003) Diet of sympatric Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned vipers (Bitis nasicornis) in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Herpetology, 52 (2), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2003.9635485
Luiselli, L., Bour, R., Petrozzi, F., Akani, G.C. & Segniagbeto, G.H. (2018) Pelusios niger (Duméril and Bibron 1835)—West African Black Mud Turtle. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H. & Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 105.1–105.8. https://doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.105.niger.v1.2018
Mahony, S. (2011) Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa, 3042 (1), 37–67. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3042.1.4
Main, D.C., van Vuuren, B.J. & Tolley, K.A. (2018) Cryptic diversity in the common flap-necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis in South Africa. African Zoology, 53 (1), 11–16.
Main, D.C., van Vuuren, B.J., Tilbury, C.R. & Tolley, K.A. (2022) Out of southern Africa: Origins and cryptic speciation in Chamaeleo, the most widespread chamaeleon genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 175. [published online] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107578.
Malnate, E.V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 345–375.
Malonza, P.K. & Bauer, A.M. (2022) Resurrection of the African gecko genus Ancylodactylus Müller, 1907 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) and description of six new species from Kenya. Zootaxa, 5141 (2), 101–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5141.2.1
Marques, M.P., Ceriìaco, L.M.P., Blackburn, D.C. & Bauer, A. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola - Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840–2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1–501.
Martin, W. (1838) Three species of Chameleon from Fernando Po. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1838, 63–65.
Martínez y Sáez, F.P. (1886) Enumeración y estudio de las colecciones recogidas en su viaje por el Dr. Ossorio. Vertebrados. Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 15, 339.
Matschie, P. (1893) Einige anscheinend neue Reptilien und Amphibien aus West-Afrika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 6, 170–175. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9925
Mattison, C. (1995) The Encyclopedia of Snakes. Facts on File, New York, New York, 256 pp.
Mausfeld-Lafdhiya, P., Schmitz, A., Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. (2004) Genetic variation in two African Euprepis Species (Reptilia, Scincidae), based on Maximum–Likelihood and Bayesian Analyses: Taxonomic and Biogeographic conclusions. Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 52, 159–177.
Mazuch, T., Trailin, V., Fritz, U. & Vamberger, M. (2016) Senegal Flapshell Turtle (Cyclanorbis senegalensis) in Ethiopia (Testudines: Trionychidae). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 10 (2), 1–5.
Measey, G.J. & Tolley, K.A. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for sub-Saharan amphisbaenians. African Journal of Herpetology, 62 (2), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2013.824927
Medina, M.F., Bauer, A.M., Branch, W.R., Schmitz, A., Conradie, W., Nagy, Z.T., Hibbitts, T.J., Ernst, R., Portik, D.M., Nielsen, S.V., Colston, T.J., Kusamba, C., Behangana, M., Rödel, M.-O. & Greenbaum, E. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of Panaspis and Afroablepharus skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 100, 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.026
Meiri, S., Bauer, A.M., Allison, A., Castro-Herrera, F., Chirio, L., Colli, G., Das, I., Doan, T.M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L.L., Hoogmoed, M., Kraus, F., LeBreton, M., Meirte, D., Nagy, Z.T., Nogueira, C.C., Oliver, P., Pauwels, O.S.G., Pincheira-Donoso, D., Shea, G., Sindaco, R., Tallowin, O.J.S., Torres-Carvajal, O., Trape, J.-F., Uetz, P., Wagner, P., Wang, Y., Ziegler, T. & Roll, U. (2017) Extinct, obscure or imaginary: the lizard species with the smallest ranges. Diversity and Distributions, 24 (2), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12678
Meerwarth, H. (1901) Die westindischen Reptilien und Batrachier des naturhistorischen Museums In Hamburg. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 18, 1–41.
Meirte, D. (1992) Clés de détermination des serpents d’Afrique. Annales du Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale. Sciences zoologiques, 267, 1–161.
Menzies, J.I. (1966) The snakes of Sierra Leone. Copeia, 1966 (2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441123
Merrem, B. (1820) Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien (Tentamen systematis amphibiorum). Johann Christian Krieger, Marburg, 191 pp. [text in German and Latin on opposite pages] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5037
Mertens, R. (1937) Eine neue, tiergeographisch bemerkenswerte Eidechse aus Kamerun. Senckenbergiana, 19, 381–384.
Mertens, R. (1938) Herpetologische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Kamerun. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 442, 1–52.
Mertens, R. (1941) Zur Kenntnis der Herpetofauna von Fernando Póo. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 135, 275–281.
Mertens, R. (1942) Die Familie der Warane (Varanidae), 1. Teil: Allgemeines. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 462, 1–116.
Mertens, R. (1955) Die Eidechsen der Kapverden. Societates Scientarum Fennica Commentationes Biologicae, 15 (5), 1–16.
Mertens, R. (1964a) Die Reptilien von Fernando Poo. Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 15, 211–238.
Mertens, R. (1964b) Studien über die Reptilienfauna Madagaskars V. Fünf neue Rassen der Geckonengattung Phelsuma. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 45, 99–122.
Mertens, R. (1968) Zur Kenntnis der Herpetofauna von Kamerun und Fernando Poo. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 19, 69–84.
Mittleman, M.B. (1952) A generic synopsis of the lizards of the Subfamily Lygosominae. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, 117, 1–35.
Mocquard, M.F. (1885) Sur une nouvelle espèce d’Atractaspis (A. leucura). Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris, 10 (7), 15.
Mocquard, M.F. (1887) Du genre Heterolepis et des espèces qui le composent, dont trois nouvelles. Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris, 11 (7), 1–34.
Mocquard, F. (1896) Sur une collection de reptiles du Haut-Oubanghi. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 19 (8), 44–45.
Mocquard, M.F. (1897) Sur une collection de reptiles recueillis par M. Haug, à Lambaréné. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 9 (8), 5–20.
Mocquard, F. (1903) Notes herpétologiques. I. Description d’espèces nouvelles de la collection du Muséum. Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 9 (5), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.25586
Mocquard, F. (1906) Description de quelques espéces nouvelles de Reptiles. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 7, 464–466.
Moreau de Jonnès, A. (1818) Monographie du Mabouia des murailles, ou Gecko Mabouia des Antilles. Bulletin des Sciences, Société Philomatique, Paris, 3 (5), 138–139.
Müller, F. (1882) Erster Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 7, 120–165. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2387
Müller, F. (1885) Vierter nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung der Basler Museums. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (1887–1890), 7, 668–717. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2388
Müller, L. (1910) Beiträge zur Herpetologie Kameruns. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 24 (3), 545–626.
Müller, L. (1913) Über ein neues Chamäleon aus dem Uelledistrikt, Kongostaat. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 41, 230–234.
Murray, A. (1862) Description of Crocodilus frontatus, a new crocodile from Old Calabar River, West Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1862, 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06508.x
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403 (6772), 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Nagy, Z.T., Marion, A.B., Glaw, F., Miralles, A., Nopper, J., Vences, M. & Hedges, S.B. (2015) Molecular systematics and undescribed diversity of Madagascan scolecophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). Zootaxa, 4040 (1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4040.1.3
Parker, H.W. (1933) Some West African snakes. Journal of Natural History, 12 (71), 544–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933308673718
Pasteur, G. (1962) Notes préliminaires sur les lygodactyles (gekkonidés). II. Diagnose de quelques Lygodactylus d’Afrique. Bulletin l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, 24, 606–614.
Pauwels, O.S.G., Braun, J.J., Brum, A., Carlino, P., Chirio, L., Glaizot, O., Meirte, D., Morelle, S. & Royauté, L. (2017) Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica XI. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 52 (12), 205–211.
Pauwels, O.S.G. & David, P. (2008a) Miscellanea herpetologica Gabonica I. Hamadryad, 32 (1), 13–18.
Pauwels, O.S.G. & David, P. (2008b) Miscellanea herpetologica Gabonica II. Hamadryad, 32 (1), 19–24.
Pauwels, O.S.G., Kamdem Toham, A. & Lenglet, G. (2000) Grayia ornata (Bocage 1866), Ornate Water Snake. Diet. African Herp News, 31, 9–10.
Pauwels, O.S.G., Kamdem Toham, A. & Chimsunchart, C. (2002) Recherches sur l’herpétofaune du Massif du Chaillu, Gabon. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 72, 47–57.
Pauwels, O.S.G., Morelle, S., Albert, J.L., Carlino, P., Rahola, N. & Trape, J.F. (2019) New reptile records from Lékédi Park and Haut-Ogooué Province, southeastern Gabon. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 13 (1), 143–161.
Pauwels, O.S.G. & Stévart, T. (2007) Geographic distribution. Holaspis guentheri (Günther’s Gliding Lizard). Herpetological Review, 38 (2), 219.
Pauwels, O.S.G. & Van de Weghe, J.P. (2008) Les Reptiles du Gabon. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 272 pp.
Pérez del Val, J. (2001) Catálogo de las Colecciones Zoológicas de Guinea Ecuatorial del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, II. Vertebrados. Manuales Técnicos de Museología 11, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, 90 pp.
Perret, J.-L. (1973) Contribution à l’étude des Panaspis (Reptilia, Scincidae) d’Afrique occidentale avec la description de deux espèces nouvelles. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 80, 595–630. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.75958
Perret, J.-L. (1975) La différenciation dans le genre Panaspis Cope (Reptilia, Scincidae). Bulletin de la Societé Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles, 98, 5–16.
Perret, J.-L. (1986) Révision des espèces africaines du genre Cnemaspis Strauch, sous-genre Ancylodactylus Müller (Lacertilia, Gekkonidae), avec la description de quatre espèces nouvelles. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 93 (2), 457–505. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79705
Peters, W.C.H. (1858) Über eine neue Schlangengattung, Rhoptrura. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1858, 340–341.
Peters, W.C.H. (1864) Die Eidechsenfamilie der Scincoïden, insbesondere über die Schneider’schen, Wiegmann’schen und neue Arten des zoologischen Museums. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1864, 44–58.
Peters, W.C.H. (1869) Über neue Gattungen und neue oder weniger bekannte Arten von Amphibien (Eremias, Dicrodon, Euprepes, Lygosoma, Typhlops, Eryx, Rhynchonyx, Elapomorphus, Achalinus, Coronella, Dromicus, Xenopholis, Anoplodipsas, Spilotes, Tropidonotus). Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1869, 432–447.
Peters, W.C.H. (1873) Über eine neue Schildkrötenart, Cinosternon effeldtii und einige andere neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1873, 603–618.
Peters, W.C.H. (1875) Über die von Hrn. Professor Dr. R. Buchholz in Westafrika gesammelten Amphibien. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1875, 196–212.
Peters, W.C.H. (1876) Eine zweite Mittheilung über die von Hrn. Professor Dr. R. Buchholz in Westafrica gesammelten Amphibien. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 117–123.
Peters, W.C.H. (1878) Herpetologische Notizen. I. Über die von Spix in Brasilien gesammelten Eidechsen des Königlichen Naturalien-Kabinets zu München. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1877, 407–415.
Peters, W.C.H. (1879a) Neue oder Weniger bekannte Eidechsenarten aus der Familie der Scinciden (Eumeces güntheri, Euprepes notabilis, Ablepharus rutilus). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1879 (3), 35–37.
Peters, W.C.H. (1879b) Über die Amphisbaenen und eine zu denselben gehörige neue Art (Lepidosternon Wuchereri). Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1879, 273–277.
Peters, W.C.H. (1880) Eine Mittheilung über neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien des Berliner Zoologischen Museums (Leposoma dispar, Monopeltis (Phractogonus) jugularis, Typhlops depressus, Leptocalamus drilineatus, Xenodon punctatus, Elapomorphus erythronotus, Hylomantis. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1880, 217–224.
Peters, W.C.H. (1881a) Eine neue Gattung von Geckonen, Scalabotes thomensis, welche Hr. Professor Dr. Greeff in Marburg auf der westafrikanischen Insel St. Thomé entdeckt hat, und über die Stellung von Elaps sundevallii Smith, eine von Wahlberg im Kafferlande gefundene Art von Schlangen. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1880, 795–798.
Peters, W.C.H. (1881b) Zwei neue von Herrn Major von Mechow während seiner letzten Expedition nach West-Afrika entdeckte Schlangen und eine Übersicht der von ihm mitgebrachten herpetologischen Sammlung. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 9, 147–150.
Peters, W.C.H. (1881c) Über das Vorkommen schildförmiger Verbreiterungen der Dornfortsätze bei Schlangen und über neue oder weniger bekannte Arten dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 3, 49–52.
Peters, W.C.H. (1882a) Den Namen der Batrachiergattung Hylonomus in Hyloscirtus zu ändern und legte zwei neue Arten von Schlangen, Microsoma notatum, und Liophis ygraecum. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1882 (8), 127–129. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15223
Peters, W.C.H. (1882b) Über eine neue Gattung und Art der Vipernattern, Dinodipsas angulifera, aus Südamerica. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 40, 893–896.
Pittaluga, G. (1910) Informe de la Comisión del Instituto Nacional de Higiene de Alfonso XIII Enviada a las Posesiones Españolas del Golfo de Guinea, para el Estudio de la Eenfermedad del Sueño y de las Condiciones Sanitarias de la Colonia. Instituto Nacional de Higiene de Alfonso XIII, Madrid, 442 pp.
Pook, C.E. & Wild, C. (1997) The phylogeny of the Chamaeleo (Trioceros) cristatus species-group from Cameroon inferred from direct sequencing of the mitocondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene: evolutionary and palaeo-biogeographical implications. In: Böhme, W., Bischoff, W. & Ziegler, T. (Eds.), Herpetologia Bonnensis: Proceedings of the 8th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica 23–27 August 1995. SEH, Bonn, pp. 297–306.
Portillo, F., Branch, W.R., Conradie, W., Rödel, M.-O., Penner, J., Barej, M.F., Kusamba, C., Muninga, Mwenebatu, W.A., Bauer, A.M., Trape, J.F-., Nagy, Z.T., Carlino, P., Pauwels, O.S.G., Menegon, M., Burger, M., Mazuch, T., Jackson, K., Hughes, D.F., Behangana, M. & Greenbaum, E. (2018) Phylogeny and biogeography of the African burrowing snake subfamily Aparallactinae (Squamata: Lamprophiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 288–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.019
Powell, R., Henderson, R.W., Adler, K. & Dundee, H.A. (1996) An annotated checklist of West Indian amphibians and reptiles. In: Powell R. & Henderson R.W. (Eds.), Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A Tribute to Albert Schwartz. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, pp. 51–93.
Pyron, R.A. & Wallach, V. (2014) Systematics of the blindsnakes (Serpentes: Scolecophidia: Typhlopoidea) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Zootaxa, 3829 (1), 1–81. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3829.1.1
Pyron, R.A., Reynolds, R.G. & Burbrink, F.T. (2014) A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846 (2), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5
Raddi, G. (1823) Continuazione della descrizione dei Rettili Brasiliani. Accademia Nazionale dei Quaranta, Memorie delle Società Italiana Scienze, Modena, Italy, 19, 58–73.
Ramussen, J.B. (1985) A re-evaluation of the systematics of the African rearfanged snakes of Bogert’s Group XIII-XVI, including a discussion of some evolutionary trends within Caenophidia. In: Schuchmann, K.-L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on African Vertebrates. Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology, Museum Alexander Köenig, Bonn, pp. 531–548.
Rasmussen, J.B. (1989) A taxonomic review of the Dipsadoboa duchesnei complex. Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 40, 249–264.
Rasmussen, J.B. (1993) A taxonomic review of the Dipsadoboa unicolor complex, including a phylogenetic analysis of the genus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Boiginae). Streenstrupia, 19, 129–196.
Rato, C., Martins, B., Rocha, R. & Silva-Rocha, I. (2021) Uncovered genetic diversity in Hemidactylus mabouia (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Madeira Island reveals uncertain sources of introduction. Amphibia-Reptilia, 42 (3), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10052
Reichenow, A. (1874) Eine Sammlung Lurche und Kriechthiere von Westafrika. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 40 (1), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10802
Reinhardt, J.T. (1843) Beskrivelse af nogle nye Slangearter. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger, Kjöbenhavn, 10, 233–279.
Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A. & Shaffer, H.B. (2017) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A. & Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs, 8, 9–14.
Rocha, S., Carretero, M.A. & Harris, D.J. (2005) Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Hemidactylus geckos from the Comoro islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 35, 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.023
Rocha, S., Carretero, M.A. & Harris, D.J. (2010a) On the diversity, colonization patterns and status of Hemidactylus spp. (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the Western Indian Ocean islands. The Herpetological Journal, 20, 83–89.
Rocha, S., Carretero, M.A. & Harris, D.J. (2010b) Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Mabuya spp. (Squamata: Scincidae) from western Indian Ocean islands. Amphibia–Reptilia, 31, 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853810791769473
Rochebrune, A.T. (1885) Vertebratonum novorum vel minus cognitorum orae Africae occidentalis in colarum. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 9, 86–99.
Rodríguez-Prieto, I., Ondó-Nguema, E., Sima, T., Osá-Akara, L.B. & Abeso, E. (2010) Unusual nesting behaviour in reptiles: egg-laying in solitary wasp mud-nests by the island endemic Annobon dwarf gecko (Lygodactylus thomensis wermuthi Pasteur 1962). North-Western Journal of Zoology, 6 (1), 144–147.
Röll, B., Pröhl. H. & Hoffmann, K.-P. (2010) Multigene phylogenetic analysis of Lygodactylus dwarf geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56 (1), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.002
Rossman, D.A. & Eberle W.G. (1977) Partition of the genus Natrix, with preliminary observations on evolutionary trends in natricine snakes. Herpetologica, 33 (1), 34–43.
Roux-Estève, R. (1974) Révision systématique des Typhlopidae d’Afrique, Reptilia-Serpentes. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Série A, 87, 1–313.
Roux-Estève, R. (1979) Une nouvelle espèce de Leptotyphlops (Serpentes) du Cameroun: Leptotyphlops perreti. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 86 (2), 463–466. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.82310
Rödel, M.O. & Mahsberg, D. (2000) Vorläufige Liste der Schlangen des Tai-Nationalparks/Elfenbeinküste und angrenzender Gebiete. Salamandra, 36 (1), 25–38.
Sánchez-Vialas, A., Calvo-Revuelta, M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S. & De la Riva, I. (2020) Synopsis of the amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the authors’ field work and Spanish natural history collections. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 66, 137–230.
Santos, B.S. & Ceríaco, L.M. (2021) Francisco Newton’s Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903–1906): Review of a forgotten expedition. Bibliotheca Herpetologica, 15 (5), 31–45.
Sauvage, H.E. (1884) Notice sur une collection de reptiles et de poisons recueillie a Majumba, Congo. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 9, 199–204.
Schlegel, H. (1837) Essai Sur la Physionomie des Serpens. Partie générale & Partie descriptive. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, 251 & 606 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4693
Schlegel, H. (1837–1844) Abbildungen Neuer Oder Unvollständig Bekannter Amphibien, Nach der Natur Oder dem Leben Entworfen. im Verlag von Arnz & Comp, Düsseldorf, xiv + 141 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.95393
Schlegel, H. (1851) Description d’une nouvelle espèce du genre Eryx, Eryx reinhardtii. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 3 (1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-00301001
Schleich, H.H. (1987) Herpetofauna caboverdiana. Spixiana, 12, 1–75.
Schmidt, K.P. (1919) Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Congo Expedition, 1909–1915. Part I. Turtles, crocodiles, lizards and chameleons; with field notes by Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 39, 385–624.
Schmidt, K.P. (1923) Contributions to the herpetology of Belgian Congo based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1905-1915. Part II. Snakes; with field notes by Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 49, 1–148.
Schmitz, A., Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. (2005) Molecular review of the genus Panaspis sensu lato (Reptilia: Scincidae) in Cameroon, with special reference to the status of the proposed subgenera. Zootaxa, 863 (1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.863.1.1
Schneider, J.G. (1801) Historiae Amphibiorum Naturalis et Literariae. Fasciculus Secundus Continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas. Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues. Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Frommanni, Jena, 374 pp.
Schweigger, A.F. (1812) Prodromus Monographia Cheloniorum auctore Schweigger. Königsberger Archiv für Naturwissenschaft und Mathematik, 1, 271–368, 406–458.
Sclater, W.L. (1891) List of Snakes in the Indian Museum. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 79 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8746
Shaw, G. & Nodder, F.P. (1792) The Naturalist’s Miscellany. Vol. III. Nodder & Co., London, pls. 75–110, 137 pp. (unnumbered). [published in monthly issues between between 1 August 1791, and 1 July 1 1792]
Shirley, M.H., Carr, A.N., Nestler, J.H., Vliet, K.A. & Brochu, C.A. (2018) Systematic revision of the living African slender-snouted crocodiles (Mecistops Gray, 1844). Zootaxa, 4504 (2), 151–193. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4504.2.1
Shirley, M.H., Villanova, V., Vliet, K.A. & Austin, J.D. (2015) Genetic barcoding facilitates captive management of three cryptic African crocodile species complexes. Animal Conservation, 18, 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12176
Shreve, B. (1936) A new Atelopus from Panama and a new Hemidactylus from Colombia. Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 269–271.
Sidharthan, C., Roy, P., Narayanan, S. & Karanth, K.P. (2022) A widespread commensal loses its identity: suggested taxonomic revision for Indotyphlops braminus (Scolecophidia: Typhlopidae) based on molecular data. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 1–15. [published online] https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00577-5
Siebenrock, F. (1901) Eine neue Schildkröte aus Madagaskar. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25, 6–8.
Siebenrock, F. (1905) Chelonologische Notizen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 29, 460–468.
Sjöstedt, Y. (1896) Atractaspis reticulata, eine neue Schlange aus Kamerun. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19, 516–517.
Sjöstedt, Y. (1897) Zwei neue Eidechsen aus West-Afrika. Zoologischer Anzeiger 20, 56.
Smith, A. (1846) in 1838–1849. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835 and 1836. Reptilia. Smith, Elder and Co., London, unnumbered text, 28 pp., 78 pls.
Smith, A. (1847) in 1838–1849. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835 and 1836. Reptilia. Smith, Elder and Co., London, unnumbered text, 28 pp., 78 pls.
Smith, M.A. (1937) A review of the genus Lygosoma (Scincidae: Reptilia) and its allies. Records of the Indian Museum, 39 (3), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v39/i3/1937/162283
Soares, L.B., Ceríaco, L.M.P., Marques, M.P., Bastos-Silveira, C., Scheinberg, L.A., Harris, D.J., Brehm, A. & Jesus, J. (2018) Review of the leaf-litter skinks (Scincidae: Panaspis) from the Gulf of Guinea Islands, with the description of a new species. African Journal of Herpetology, 67 (3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2017.1413015
Sparrman, A.P. (1783) Resa till Goda Hopps-Udden, Soedra Pol-kretsen och Omkring Jordklotet. Samt till Hottentottoch Caffer-lander, aren 1772–76. Nordstrom, Stockholm, 766 pp.
Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. & Ashe, J. (2004) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. A & C Black, London, 544 pp.
Spawls, S., Howell, K., Hinkel, H. & Menegon, M. (2018) Field Guide to East African Reptiles. Bloomsbury Plublishing, London, 624 pp.
Spix, J.B. (1825) Animalia Nova Sive Species Nova Lacertarum Quas in Itinere per Brasiliam Annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX Jussu et Auspicius Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis Suscepto Collegit et Descripsit Dr. J. B. de Spix. Hübschmanni, Monachii [München], 26 pp., 28 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5117
Steindachner, F. (1911) Vorläufiger Bericht über drei neue Arten aus der Familie Chamaeleontidae. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 10, 177–179.
Stejneger, L. (1904) The herpetology of Porto Rico. Report of the United States National Museum, 1902, 549–724. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11835
Sternfeld, R. (1908a) Die Schlangenfauna von Kamerun. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 3 (4), 397–432. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4830030401
Sternfeld, R. (1908b) Neue und ungenügend bekannte afrikanische Schlangen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1908, 92–95. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12852
Sternfeld, R. (1910a) Eine neue Echse aus Deutsch-Südwestafrika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 8, 372.
Sternfeld, R. (1910b) Neue Beiträge zur Schlangenfauna Kameruns. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, 5, 61–65.
Sternfeld, R. (1910c) Neue Schlangen aus Kamerun, Abessynien u. Deutsch-Ostafrika. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, 5, 67–70.
Sternfeld, R. (1912) Reptilia. In: Schubotz, H. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition, 1907–1908, unter Führung A. Friedrichs, Herzogs zu Mecklenburg. Klinkhard und Biermann, Leipzig, 197–279.
Sternfeld, R. (1917) Reptilia und Amphibia. In: Schubotz, H. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition, 1910–1911 unter Führung Adolph Friedrichs, Herzog zu Mecklenburg. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Leipzig, pp. 407–510.
Strauch, A. (1881) Bemerkungen über die Eidechsenfamilie der Amphisbaeniden. Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, 28, 45–131.
Stuckas, H., Gemel, R. & Fritz, U. (2013) One extinct turtle species less: Pelusios seychellensis is not extinct, it never existed. PLoS ONE, 8 (4), e57116. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057116
Stucki-Stirn, M.C. (1979) A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Fauna of the former West Cameroon [sic]/Africa: With a Classification and Synopsis of 95 Different Snakes and Description of Some New Sub-species. Snake Report 721. Herpeto-Verlag, Teuffenthal, 650 pp.
Stutchbury, S. (1837) Description of a new species of the genus Chamaeleon. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17, 361–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00027.x
Suckow, G.A. (1798) Anfangsgründe der Theoretischen und Angewandten Naturgeschichte der Thiere. Dritter Theil. Von den Amphibien. Weidmannischen Buchhandlung, Leipzig, 298 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62582
Swainson, W. (1839) The Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles, or Monocardian Animals. Vol. 2. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 452 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62140
Taylor, E.H. & Weyer, D. (1958) Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Harbel, Republic of Liberia. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38 (14), 1191–1229. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10973
Taylor, E.H. (1962) New Oriental reptiles. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 43 (7), 209–263. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.13346
Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E. (1967) Les Gekkonidae de l’Afrique centrale. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 76 (1–2), 163–177.
Tilbury, C.R. (2010) Chameleons of Africa—an Atlas. Including the Chameleons of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 831 pp.
Tilbury, C.R. & Tolley, K.A. (2009) A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genus Chamaeleo (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa, 2079 (1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2079.1.2
Tornier, G. (1901) Die Reptilien und Amphibien der Deutschen Tiefseeexpedition 1898/99. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 24, 61–66.
Tornier, G. (1902) Die Crocodile, Schildkröten und Eidechsen in Kamerun. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 15 (6), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19041
Tomás, J., Godley, B.J., Castroviejo, J. & Raga, J.A. (2010) Bioko: critically important nesting habitat for sea turtles of West Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19 (9), 2699–2714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9868-z
Traill, T.S. (1843) Description of the Elaps jamesoni, a new species of serpent from Demerara. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 34 (67), 53–55.
Trape, J.-F. (1985) Les serpents de la région de Dimonika (Mayombe), République Populaire du Congo. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 99 (2), 135–140.
Trape, J.-F. & Baldé, C. (2014) A checklist of the snake fauna of Guinea, with taxonomic changes in the genera Philothamnus and Dipsadoboa (Colubridae) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other West African countries. Zootaxa, 3900 (3), 301–338. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3900.3.1
Trape, J.-F. & Roux-Estève, R. (1995) Les serpents du Congo: liste commentée et clé de détermination. Journal of African Zoology, 109 (1), 31–50.
Trape, J.-F., Trape, S. & Chirio, L. (2012) Lézards, Crocodiles et Tortues d’Afrique Occidentale et du Sahara. IRD, Marseille, 503 pp. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.37699
Uetz, P., Freed, P, Aguilar, R. & Hošek, J. (Eds.) (2022) The Reptile Database. Available from: http://www.reptile-database.org (accessed 11 October 2022)
Vaillant, M.L. (1884) Catalogue raisonné des reptiles et batraciens d’Assinie donnés par M. Chaper au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 9, 343–354.
Valverde, J.A. (2004) Memorias de un Biólogo Heterodoxo. III. Sáhara, Guinea, Marruecos; Expediciones Africanas. Editorial Quercus V&V, Madrid, 272 pp.
Vidal, N., Marin, J., Morini, M., Donnellan, S., Branch, W.R., Thomas, R., Vences, M., Wynn, A., Cruaud, C. & Hedges, S.B. (2010) Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Biology Letters, 6 (4), 558–561. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220
Villiers, A. (1950) Les Serpents de L’ouest Africain. Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, Dakar, 148 pp.
Wagner, P. & Schmitz A. (2006) Feylinia currori Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Scincidae): new distribution records from Kenya. Salamandra, 42 (2–3), 183–186.
Wagner, P., Barej, M.F. & Schmitz, A. (2009b) Studies on African Agama VII. A new species of the Agama agama-group (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sauria: Agamidae) from Cameroon and Gabon, with comments on Agama mehelyi Tornier, 1902. Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 56 (4), 285–297.
Wagner, P., Böhme, W., Pauwels, O.S.G. & Schmitz, A. (2009c) A review of the African red-flanked skinks of the Lygosoma fernandi (Burton, 1836) species group (Squamata: Scincidae) and the role of climate change in their speciation. Zootaxa, 2050 (1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2050.1.1
Wagner, P., Leaché, A.D. & Fujita, M.K. (2014) Description of four new West African forest geckos of the Hemidactylus fasciatus Gray, 1842 complex, revealed by coalescent species delimitation. Bonn zoological Bulletin, 63 (1), 1–14.
Wagner, P., Wilms, T.M., Bauer, A. & Böhme, W. (2009a) Studies on African Agama V. On the origin of Lacerta agama Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata: Agamidae). Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 56 (4), 215–223.
Wake, D.B. & Vredenburg, V.T. (2008) Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 (Supplement 1), 11466–11473. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801921105
Wall, F. (1909) Notes on snakes collected in Upper Assam. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 19 (3), 608–623.
Wall, F. (1919) Notes on a collection of snakes made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 26 (2), 552–584.
Wallach, V., Williams, K.L. & Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the world: a catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1237 pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16901
Wallach, V. (2020) How to easily identify the flowerpot blindsnake, Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803), with proposal of a new genus (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Podarcis, 11 (1), 4–12.
Watkins-Colwell, G.J. & De Leon J. (2003). Geographic distribution. Chamaeleo chapini. Herpetological Review 34 (2), 165.
Webb, R.G. (1975). Types of two names of African softshell turtles of the genus Cyclanorbis (Testudines: Trionychidae). Herpetologica, 31, 348–350.
Weiss, A.J. & Hedges, B.S. (2007) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Antillean geckos Phyllodactylus wirshingi, Tarentola americana, and Hemidactylus haitianus (Reptilia, Squamata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.006
Welch, K.R.G. (1994) Snakes of the World. A Checklist. I. Venomous snakes. KCM Books, Somerset, 135 pp.
Werner, F. (1897) Über Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Tunis aus dem Kgl. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 47, 395–407. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.11464
Werner, F. (1898) Ueber Herpetosaura occidentalis Ptrs. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 48, 529–530.
Werner, F. (1902) Über westafrikanische Reptilien. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 52, 332–348.
Werner, F. (1909) Beschreibung neuer Reptilien aus dem Kgl. Naturalienkabinett in Stuttgart. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 65, 55–63.
Werner, F. (1913) Neue oder seltene Reptilien und Frösche des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. Reptilien der Ostafrika-Expedition der Hamburger Geographischen Gesellschaft 1911/12. Leiter: Dr. E. Obst. Reptilien und Amphibien von Formosa. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 30, 40–45.
Werner, F. (1924) Neue oder wenig bekannte Schlangen aus dem Naturhistorischen Staatsmuseum in Wien. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 4, 1–3.
Wied-Neuwied, M. (1824) Verzeichniss der Amphibien, welche im zweyten Bande der Naturgeschichte Brasiliens vom Prinz Max von Neuwied werden beschrieben werden. Isis von Oken, 14, columns 661–673.
Witte, G.F. (1933) Description d’un Typhlops nouveau provenant du Ruanda. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 23 (2), 206–207.
Witte, G.F. (1963) The colubrid snake genera Chamaelycus Boulenger and Oophilositum Parker. Copeia, 1963 (4), 634–636. https://doi.org/10.2307/1440964
Witte, G.F. & Laurent, R.F. (1947) Revision d’un groupe de Colubridae africains: genres Calamelaps, Miodon, Aparallactus, et formes affines. Mémoires du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Série 2, 29, 1–134.
Witte, G.F. de (1964) A new chameleon from the Congo. American Museum Novitates, 2192, 1–3.
Wüster, W., Chirio, L., Trape, J.F., Ineich, I., Jackson, K., Greenbaum, E., Barron, C., Kusamba, C., Nagy, Z.T., Storey, R., Hall, C., Wüster, C.E., Barlow, A. & Broadley, D.G. (2018) Integration of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology reveals unexpected diversity in the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) species complex in Central and West Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa, 4455 (1), 68–98. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.3
Zaher, H., Murphy, R.W., Arredondo, J.C., Graboski, R., Machado-Filho, P.R., Mahlow, K., Montingelli, G.G., Quadros, A.B., Orlov, N.L., Wilkinson, M., Zhang, Y.P. & Grazziotin, F.G. (2019) Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). PLoS ONE, 14 (5), e0216148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216148
Ziegler, T., Vences, M., Glaw, F. & Böhme, W. (1997) Genital morphology and systematics of Geodipsas Boulenger, 1896 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae), with description of a new genus. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 104 (1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79992