Abstract
We describe five new species of black corals from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea, collected at depths ranging from 14 to 789 m: two in the family Antipathidae (Antipathes falkorae sp. nov. and Antipathes morrisi sp. nov.), two in the family Aphanipathidae (Aphanipathes flailum sp. nov. and Rhipidipathes helae sp. nov.), and one in the family Cladopathidae (Hexapathes bikofskii sp. nov.). We also present a phylogeny of 80 black corals reconstructed from a target capture dataset of ultraconserved elements and exons, to show the systematic relationships among new and nominal species. This phylogeny also represents a backbone for future species descriptions and research into the evolutionary history of the Antipatharia.
References
Bo, M., Barucca, M., Biscotti, M.A., Brugler, M.R., Canapa, A., Canese, S., lo Iacono, C. & Bavestrello, G. (2018) Phylogenetic relationships of Mediterranean black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) and implications for classification within the order Antipatharia. Invertebrate Systematics, 32, 1102. https://doi.org/10.1071/is17043
Bo, M., Lavorato, A., di Camillo, C.G., Poliseno, A., Baquero, A., Bavestrello, G., Irei, Y. & Reimer, J.D. (2012) Black Coral Assemblages from Machalilla National Park (Ecuador). Pacific Science, 66, 63–81. https://doi.org/10.2984/66.1.4
Bonito, V.E., Baird, A.H., Bridge, T., Cowman, P.F. & Fenner, D. (2021) Types, topotypes and vouchers are the key to progress in coral taxonomy: Comment on Wepfer et al. (2020). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 159, 107104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107104
Bridge, T.C.L., Grech, A.M. & Pressey, R.L. (2016) Factors influencing incidental representation of previously unknown conservation features in marine protected areas. Conservation Biology, 30, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12557
Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 32, 1–222.
Brugler, M.R., Opresko, D.M. & France, S.C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12060
Cairns, S.D. (2007) Deep-water corals: An overview with special reference to diversity and distribution of deep-water scleractinian corals. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, 311–322.
Cooper, C.F. (1909) Antipatharia. Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean. In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology Series 2, 12, 301–323.
Cowman, P.F., Quattrini, A.M., Bridge, T.C.L., Watkins-Colwell, G.J., Fadli, N., Grinblat, M., Roberts, T.E., McFadden, C.S., Miller, D.J. & Baird, A.H. (2020) An enhanced target-enrichment bait set for Hexacorallia provides phylogenomic resolution of the staghorn corals (Acroporidae) and close relatives. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 153, 106944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106944
Duchassaing, de F. (1870) s.n. In: Revue des zoophytes des spongiaires des Antilles. V. Masson, Paris, pp. 23–24.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1834) s.n. In: Die Corallenthiere des rothen Meeres, physiologisch untersucht und systematisch verzeichnet. Abhandlung Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, pp. 153–154.
Erickson, K.L., Pentico, A., Quattrini, A.M. & McFadden, C.S. (2021) New approaches to species delimitation and population structure of anthozoans: Two case studies of octocorals using ultraconserved elements and exons. Molecular Ecology Resources, 21, 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13241
Esper, E.J.C. (1795) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen. in der Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg, 303 pp.
Faircloth, B.C. (2016) PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci. Bioinformatics, 32, 786–788. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv646
Gray, J.E. (1857) Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25, 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1857.tb01242.x
Gray, J.E. (1860) Notice of some new corals from Madeira discovered by JY Johnson, Esq. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth’s Magazine of Natural History, 6, 311.
Haime, J. & Milne-Edwards, H. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, ou polypes proprement dits; par H. Milne-Edwards ... Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, ou polypes proprement dits. Roret, Paris, 326 pp.
Hoang, D.T., Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A., Minh, B.Q. & Vinh, L.S. (2018) UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
Horowitz, J., Brugler, M.R., Bridge, T.C.L. & Cowman, P.F. (2020) Morphological and molecular description of a new genus and species of black coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Blastopathes) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 4821 (3), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4821.3.7
Horowitz, J., Opresko, D.M. & Bridge, T.C.L. (2018) Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the deep (916 m–2542 m) Coral Sea, north-eastern Australia. Zootaxa, 4472 (2), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4472.2.5
Junier, T. & Zdobnov, E.M. (2010) The Newick utilities: high-throughput phylogenetic tree processing in the UNIX shell. Bioinformatics, 26, 1669–1670. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq243
Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
Kinoshita, K. (1910) On a New Antipatharian Hexapathes heterosticha, n. gen. and n. sp. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 7, 231–234.
Love, M.S., Yoklavich, M.M., Black, B.A. & Andrews, A.H. (2007) Age of black coral (Antipathes dendrochristos) colonies, with notes on associated invertebrate species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 80, 391–399.
Mace, G.M. (2004) The role of taxonomy in species conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359, 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1454
Macisaac, K.G., Best, M., Brugler, M.R., Kenchington, E.L.R., Anstey, L.J. & Jordan, T. (2013) Telopathes magna gen. nov., spec. nov. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia: Schizopathidae) from deep waters off Atlantic Canada and the first molecular phylogeny of the deep-sea family Schizopathidae. Zootaxa, 3700, 237–58. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3700.2.3
Mai, U. & Mirarab, S. (2018) TreeShrink: fast and accurate detection of outlier long branches in collections of phylogenetic trees. BMC Genomics, 19, 272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4620-2
McFadden, C.S., Quattrini, A.M., Brugler, M.R., Cowman, P.F., Dueñas, L.F., Kitahara, M.V., Paz-García, D.A., Reimer, J.D. & Rodríguez, E. (2021) Phylogenomics, Origin, and Diversification of Anthozoans (Phylum Cnidaria). In: Carstens, B. (Ed.), Systematic biology, 70, pp. 635–647. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa103
Minh, B.Q., Hahn, M.W. & Lanfear, R. (2020a) New Methods to Calculate Concordance Factors for Phylogenomic Datasets. In: Rosenberg, M. (Ed.), Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37, pp. 2727–2733. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa106
Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020b) IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era. In: Teeling, E. (Ed.), Molecular biology and evolution, 37, pp. 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
Molodtsova, T. N. (2006) New species of Hexapathes Kinoshita, 1910 (Anthozoa, Antipatharia, Cladopathidae) from the South-West Pacific. Zoosystema, Paris, 28, 597–606.
Molodtsova, T.N. & Opresko, D.M. (2017) Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. Marine Biodiversity, 47, 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0659-6
Opresko, D.M. (2001) Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part I. Establishment of a new family, Myriopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 75, 343–370.
Opresko, D.M. (2002) Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part II. Schizopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 76, 1–17.
Opresko, D.M. (2003) Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part III. Cladopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 77, 495–536.
Opresko, D.M. (2004) Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part IV. Establishment of a new family, Aphanipathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 78, 1–15.
Opresko, D.M. (2015) New species of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from New Zealand and adjacent regions. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 42, 145–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2015.1051550
Opresko, D.M. (2019) New species of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the New Zealand region, part 2. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 47, 149–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2019.1650783
Opresko, D.M. & Baron-Szabo, R.C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian corals described by E. J. C. Esper with selected English translations of the original German text. Senckenbergiana biologica, 81, 1–21.
Opresko, D.M., Bo, M., Stein, D.P., Evankow, A., Distel, D.L. & Brugler, M.R. (2021) Description of two new genera and two new species of antipatharian corals in the family Aphanipathidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia). Zootaxa, 4966 (2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.4
Opresko, D.M. & Sánchez, J.A. (1997) A new species of antipatharian coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Caribbean Coast of Colombia. Caribbean Journal of Science, 33, 75–81.
Pallas, P. (1766) s.n. In: Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Apud Petrum van Cleef, IIagae-Comitum the Hagae, pp. 451–451.
Pax, F. (1916) Eine neue Antipathes-Art aus Westindien. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Supplement 11, 433–436.
Pax, F. (1932) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der japanischen Dörnchenkorallen. Zoologische Jahrbücher, 63, 407–450.
Pesch, A.J. van (1914) The Antipatharia of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie, 17, 1–258.
Ponder, W.F., Carter, G.A., Flemons, P. & Chapman, R.R. (2001) Evaluation of museum collection data for use in biodiversity assessment. Conservation Biology, 15, 648–657. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003648.x
Pusceddu, A., Bianchelli, S., Martin, J., Puig, P., Palanques, A., Masque, P. & Danovaro, R. (2014) Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 8861–8866. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405454111
Quattrini, A.M., Faircloth, B.C., Dueñas, L.F., Bridge, T.C.L., Brugler, M.R., Calixto-Botía, I.F., DeLeo, D.M., Forêt, S., Herrera, S., Lee, S.M.Y., Miller, D.J., Prada, C., Rádis-Baptista, G., Ramírez-Portilla, C., Sánchez, J.A., Rodríguez, E. & McFadden, C.S. (2018) Universal target-enrichment baits for anthozoan (Cnidaria) phylogenomics: New approaches to long-standing problems. Molecular Ecology Resources 18, 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12736
Quattrini, A.M., Rodríguez, E., Faircloth, B.C., Cowman, P.F., Brugler, M.R., Farfan, G.A., Hellberg, M.E., Kitahara, M.V., Morrison, C.L., Paz-García, D.A., Reimer, J.D. & McFadden, C.S. (2020) Palaeoclimate ocean conditions shaped the evolution of corals and their skeletons through deep time. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 1531–1538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01291-1
Ramírez-Portilla, C., Baird, A.H., Cowman, P.F., Quattrini, A.M., Harii, S., Sinniger, F. & Flot, J.F. (2022) Solving the Coral Species Delimitation Conundrum. Systematic biology, 71, 461–475. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab077
Sánchez, J.A. (1999) Black coral-octocoral distribution patterns on imelda bank, a deep-water reef, Colombia, Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 65, 215–225.
Schultze, L. (1896) Beitrag Zur Systematik Der Antipatharien. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 23, 1–40.
Sharma, R. (2015) Environmental Issues of Deep-Sea Mining. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 11, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.026
Terrana, L., Bo, M., Opresko, D.M. & Eeckhaut, I. (2020) Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar. Zootaxa, 4826, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4826.1.1
Terrana, L., Flot, J.-F. & Eeckhaut, I. (2021) ITS1 variation among Stichopathes cf. maldivensis (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) whip black corals unveils conspecificity and population connectivity at local and global scales across the Indo-Pacific. Coral Reefs, 40, 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-02049-8
Thomson, J. & Simpson, J.J. (1905) Report on the Antipatharia collected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. Supplemental Report No. XXV to the Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Part 4, 93–106.
Wagner, D., Luck, D.G. & Toonen, R.J. (2012) The biology and ecology of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia). Advances in marine biology, 63, 67–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394282-1.00002-8
Wilson, K., Li, Y., Whan, V., Lehnert, S., Byrne, K., Moore, S., Ballment, E., Fayazi, Z., Swan, J., Kenway, M. & Benzie, J. (2002) Genetic mapping of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon with amplified fragment length polymorphism. Aquaculture, 204 (3–4), 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00842-0
WoRMS (2022) World Register of Marine Species. Available from https://www.marinespecies.org at Vliz. (accessed 30 April 2022) https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Zhang, C., Rabiee, M., Sayyari, E. & Mirarab, S. (2018) ASTRAL-III: polynomial time species tree reconstruction from partially resolved gene trees. BMC Bioinformatics, 19, 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2129-y