Abstract
Eleven species of hydroids belonging to the genus Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 are present in the material collected by the KANACONO, KANADEEP and KANADEEP 2 expeditions of the French Tropical Dee-Sea Benthos Program. Of these, ten represent known taxa and are fertile specimens, while the last one is unidentifiable in the absence of its gonosome. Seven species are new records for the study area. Zygophylax dispersa Peña Cantero, 2020 is assigned to the synonymy of Z. pseudafricana Vervoort & Watson, 2003, while Z. laertesi Peña Cantero, 2020 is comprehensively redescribed based on numerous and morphologically-varied specimens. Uncertainties exist as to the synonymy between Z. antipathes (Lamarck, 1816) and Z. rufa (Bale, 1884), but the oldest available binomen was nevertheless used. The presence of nematothecae is confirmed in Z. polycarpa Vervoort & Watson, 2003, a species with unusual gonothecae for the genus, now redescribed based on additional, abundant material. Zygophylax pseudosibogae Gu et al., 2022 is also redescribed, supplementing the original account. Finally, phylogenetic analyses, based on the 16S rRNA gene, allowed the genetic characterization of a total of twenty nominal species of Zygophylax, including sequences for eight taxa not considered so far. The number of Zygophylax species known from the New Caledonian area is raised from eight to sixteen.
References
Allman, G.J. (1888) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Part II. – The Tubularinae, Corymorphinae, Campanularinae, Sertularinae and Thalamophora. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76, Zoology, 23 (70), 1–90.
Altuna Prados, A. & Álvarez Claudio, C. (1994) El genero Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) en el Golfo de Vizcaya. Miscel.lània Zoològica, 17, 1–16.
Bale, W.M. (1884) Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp. https://doi.org/10.3853/b.47534
Billard, A. (1907) Hydroïdes de la collection Lamarck du Muséum de Paris. II. – Campanulariidae et Sertulariidae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 9 (6), 215–219.
Billard, A. (1908) Sur les Haleciidae, Campanulariidae et Sertulariidae de la collection du Challenger. Comptes Rendus des Séances Hebdomadaires de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 147, 1355–1358.
Billard, A. (1910) Révision d’une partie de la collection des hydroïdes du British Museum. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, (9) 11, 1–67.
Billard, A. (1918) Notes sur quelques espèces d’hydroïdes de l’Expédition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 57, 21–27.
Boissin, E., Hoareau, T.B., Postaire, B. Gravier-Bonnet, N. & Bourmaud, C.A.F. (2018) Cryptic diversity, low connectivity and suspected human-mediated dispersal among 17 widespread Indo-Pacific hydroid species of the south-western Indian Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 45 (9), 2104-2117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13388
Calder, D.R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 319 (1), 1–65.
Campos, F.F. (2017) Revisão taxonômica do gênero Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Lafoeidae). Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 217 pp.
Campos, F.F., Pérez, C.D., Puce, S. & Marques, A.C. (2020) A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa, 4779 (4), 535–552. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5
Collins, A.G. (2000) Towards understanding the phylogenetic history of Hydrozoa: hypothesis testing with 18S gene sequence data. In: Mills, C.E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J.M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 64 (S. 1), pp. 5–22. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2000.64s15
Cornelius, P.F.S. (1992) Medusa loss in leptolid Hydrozoa (Cnidaria), hydroid rafting, and abbreviated life-cycles among their remote-island faunae: an interim review. Scientia Marina, 56 (2–3), 245–261.
Cunningham C.W. & Buss L.W. (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90009-g
Di Camillo, C.G., Bavestrello, G., Valisano, L. & Puce, S. (2008) Spatial and temporal distribution in a tropical hydroid assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88 (8), 1589–1599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408002981
Galea, H.R. (2007) Hydroids and hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the fjords region of southern Chile. Zootaxa, 1597 (1), 1–116. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1597.1.1
Galea, H.R. (2020) Aglaopheniid hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program. European Journal of Taxonomy, 615, 1–47. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.615
Galea, H.R. (2021) Second records and redescriptions of two rare thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the southwestern Pacific. Zootaxa, 5082 (4), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.5
Galea, H.R. & Maggioni, D. (2020) Plumularioid hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program. European Journal of Taxonomy, 708, 1–58. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.708
Galea, H.R. & Maggioni, D. (2021) An integrative study of some species of Gonaxia Vervoort, 1993 from off New Caledonia, with the establishment of Gonaxiidae as a new family of thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa, 5004 (3), 401–429. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5004.3.1
Galea, H.R. & Schuchert, P. (2019) Some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program. European Journal of Taxonomy, 562, 1–70. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.562
Galea, H.R., Di Camillo, C.G. & Maggioni, D. (2020) On the hydroid genus Sibogella Billard, 1911 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae), with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4860 (4), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.3
Gibbons, M.J. & Ryland, J.S. (1989) Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. I. Athecata to Sertulariidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 27 (2), 377–432.
Gu, Z., Ruthensteiner, B., Moura, C.J., Liu, L., Zhang, R. & Song, X. (2022) Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of fourteen deep-sea species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196, 52–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac036
Hincks, T. (1869) A history of British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst, London, 338 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1322
Hirohito, Emperor of Showa. (1983) Hydroids from Izu Ôshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 6, 1–83.
Hirohito, Emperor of Showa. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II. Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 1–244.
Jäderholm, E. (1916) Hydroiden. In: Results of Dr. Mjöbergs Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 52 (12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1499
Kirkendale, L. & Calder, D.R. (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marinas Islands (CNMI). Micronesica, 35/36, 159–188.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1890) Report upon the Hydrozoa and Polyzoa collected by P.W. Bassett-Smith, Esq., Surgeon, R.N., during the Survey of the Tizard and Macclesfield Banks, in the China Sea, by H.M.S. “Rambler”, Commander W.U. Moore. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6) 5 (2), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939009460773
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent; précédée d'une Introduction offrant la Détermination des caractères essentiels de l'Animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome second. Verdière, Paris, 568 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11580
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1812) Extrait d'un mémoire sur la classification des polypes coralligènes non entièrement pierreux. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences de la Société Philomatique de Paris, 63, 181–188.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles vulgairement nommés zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 560 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11172
Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195–286.
Maronna, M.M., Miranda, T.P., Peña Cantero, Á.L., Barbeitos, M.S. & Marques, A.C. (2016) Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports, 6, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18075
McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103–221.
Millard, N.A.H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44 (5), 165–226.
Millard, N.A.H. (1962) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 46 (11), 261–319.
Millard, N.A.H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the South and West coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 48 (1), 1–56.
Millard, N.A.H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1–513.
Millard, N.A.H. (1980) The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 11. Hydroida. Annals of the South African Museum, 82 (4), 129–153.
Miranda, T.P., Genzano, G.N. & Marques, A.C. (2015) Areas of endemism in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa, 4033 (4), 484–506. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.2
Montano, S., Maggioni, D., Arrigoni, R., Seveso, D., Puce, S. & Galli, P. (2015) The hidden diversity of Zanclea associated with scleractinians revealed by molecular data. PLoS One, 10, e0133084. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133084
Moura, C.J., Cunha, M.R., Porteiro, F.M. & Rogers, A.D. (2011) Polyphyly and cryptic diversity in the hydrozoan families Lafoeidae and Hebellidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Invertebrate Systematics, 25, 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1071/is11045
Nutting, C.C. (1905) Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the Steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 931–959.
Nutting, C.C. (1927) Report on the Hydroida collected by the United States Fisheries steamer “Albatross” in the Philippine region, 1907–1910. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100–6 (3), 195–242.
Owen, R. (1843) Lectures on comparative anatomy. Hunterian Lectures, 1, 1–392.
Peña Cantero, A.L. (2020) On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Zygophylacidae) from the New Caledonian region. Zootaxa, 4822 (3), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.4
Preker, M. & Lawn, I. (2005) Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from the Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria. In: Gulf of Carpentaria Scientific Study Report. Geography Monograph Series No. 10. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc., Brisbane, pp. 333–349.
Quelch, J.J. (1885) On some deep-sea and shallow-water Hydrozoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 16 (91), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938509487499
Ralph, P.M. (1958) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part II. Families Lafoeidae, Lineolariidae, Haleciidae and Syntheciidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 85 (2), 301–356.
Redier, L. (1964) Révision des hydraires de la collection Lamarck (Muséum national d'histoire naturelle). Bulletin du Muéum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, (2) 36 (1), 122–156.
Rees, W.J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 237, 1–209.
Ritchie, J. (1911) Hydrozoa (hydroid zoophytes and Stylasterina) of the "Thetis" Expedition. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4 (16), 807–869. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.4.1911.1512
Schuchert, P. (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Danish expedition to the Kei Islands. Steenstrupia, 27 (2), 137–256.
Schuchert, P. (2015) On some hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 122 (2), 325–370.
Stechow, E. (1920) Neue Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiete der Hydroidenforschung. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft für Morphologie und Physiologie in München, 31, 1–37.
Stechow, E. (1921) Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, (A) 87 (3), 248–265.
Totton, A.K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report of the British Antarctic (« Terra Nova ») Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 5 (5), 131–252.
Van Praët, M. (1979) Les types de polypes d'hydraires conservés au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, (4) 1, section A (4), 871–940.
Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Meddedelingen, Leiden, 80–1 (11), 181–318.
Vervoort, W. & Vasseur, P. (1977) Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 159, 1–98.
Vervoort, W. & Watson, J.E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1–538.
Watson, J.E. (1973) Pearson Island Expedition 1969. – 9. Hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97 (3), 153–200.
Watson, J.E. & Vervoort, W. (2001) The hydroid fauna of Tasmanian seamounts. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 334, 151–187.