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Issue: Vol. 5251 No. 1: 7 Mar. 2023
Type: Monograph
Published: 2023-03-07
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5251.1.1
Page range: 1-274
Abstract views: 4051
PDF downloaded: 150

Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, ruta 34 km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Argentina.
Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USA. One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA. Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
world Ixodidae distribution biogeography taxonomy synonymy Acari

Abstract

The hard tick family Ixodidae currently comprises 762 species worldwide, but an analysis of the occurrence of these species in the world´s countries, territories, zoogeographic regions (Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Palearctic) and remote islands has not been attempted since 2009. Here, we present and critically discuss distributional data for all currently accepted ixodid species known from 226 countries and territories in six zoogeographic realms. This summary of ixodid tick biogeography should prove to be a valuable reference for biologists interested in ticks as organisms as well as specialists focusing on tick-borne diseases. Data for all species treated here were derived from a literature search that ended on March 31, 2022.

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  586. Hoogstraal, H. (1966b) Haemaphysalis (Allophysalis) pospelovashtromae sp. n. from USSR and redescription of the type material of H. (A.) warburtoni Nuttall from China (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 52, 787–800. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276458

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  589. Hoogstraal, H. (1969) Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) kitaokai sp. n. of Japan, and keys to species in the structurally primitive subgenus Alloceraea Schulze of Eurasia (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 55, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277375

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  591. Hoogstraal H. (1970b) Haemaphysalis (H.) birmaniae Supino and H. (H.) goral sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), Asian parasites of artiodactyl mammals. Journal of Parasitology, 56, 1227–1238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277573

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  593. Hoogstraal, H. (1971a) Identity, hosts, and distribution of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) canestrinii (Supino) (resurrected), the postulated Asian progenitor of the African leachi complex (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 57, 161–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277774

  594. Hoogstraal, H. (1971b) Haemaphysalis (H.) sambar sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of the sambar deer in southern India. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 173–176. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277775

  595. Hoogstraal, H. (1971c) Haemaphysalis (Allophysalis) warburtoni Nuttall: description of immature stages, adult structural variation, and hosts and ecology in Nepal, with a redefinition of the subgenus Allophysalis Hoogstraal (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 57, 1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277868

  596. Hoogstraal, H. (1971d) Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) borneata sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a tick of the H. (K.) aculeata group parasitizing the sambar deer in Borneo. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 1096–1098. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277869

  597. Hoogstraal, H. (1972) Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. IX. H. (Rhipistoma) pedetes sp. n., a relict parasite of the springhare (Rodentia: Pedetidae) in Transvaal (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 58, 979–983. https://doi.org/10.2307/3286596

  598. Hoogstraal, H. (1973a) Biological patterns in the Afghanistan tick fauna. In: Daniel, M. & Rosický, B, Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Acarology, Prague, pp. 511–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2709-0_96

  599. Hoogstraal, H. (1973b) Redescription of the type material of Haemaphysalis (Aboimisalis) cinnabarina (revalidated) and its junior synonym H. (A.) sanguinolenta described by Koch in1844 from Brazil (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 59, 379–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278839

  600. Hoogstraal, H. (1979) The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology, 15, 307–417. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/15.4.307

  601. Hoogstraal, H. (1980) Ticks (Ixodoidea) from Oman. Journal of Oman Studies Special Report, (2), 265–272.

  602. Hoogstraal, H. (1982) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea): a preliminary study. In: Gressit, J.L. (Editor), Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea, Monographs Biologicae, Volume 42, W. Junk Publisher, The Hague, Boston, London, pp. 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8632-9_24

  603. Hoogstraal, H. & Anastos, G. (1968) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Redescription of H. (Kaiseriana) renschi Schulze (resurrected), and its hosts and distribution in Indonesia. Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1214–1222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276993

  604. Hoogstraal, H. & Camicas, J.L. (1977) Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) eupleres (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of the Madagascar falanouc (mongoose): new data and male identity. Journal of Parasitology, 63, 1099–1102. https://doi.org/10.2307/3279854

  605. Hoogstraal, H. & Dhanda, V. (1970) Haemaphysalis (H.) darjeeling sp. n., a member of the H. (H.) birmaniae group (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) parasitizing artiodactyl mammals in Himalayan forests of India, and in Burma and Thailand. Journal of Parasitology, 56, 169–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277477

  606. Hoogstraal, H. & El Kammah, K.M. (1970) Haemaphysalis (Herpetobia) himalaya Hoogstraal (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), description of immature stages, hosts, and distribution. Journal of Parasitology, 56, 1023–1027. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277528

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  608. Hoogstraal, H. & El Kammah, K.M. (1972) Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. X. H. (Kaiseriana) aciculifer Warburton and H. (K.) rugosa Santos Dias, the African representatives of the spinigera subgroup (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 58, 960–978. https://doi.org/10.2307/3286594

  609. Hoogstraal, H. & El Kammah, K.M. (1974) Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. XII. H. (Rhipistoma) zumpti sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of small carnivores and squirrels in southern Africa. Journal of Parasitology, 60, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278699

  610. Hoogstraal, H. & Kaiser, M.N. (1958a) Observations on Egyptian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). 4. Identity, distribution and hosts of H. franchinii Tonelli Rondelli (new combination). Systematic status of H. tunesianicum Sc. & Sc. and its subspecies. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 397–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/51.4.397

  611. Hoogstraal, H. & Kaiser, M. N. (1958b) The ticks (Ixodoidea) of Egypt. A brief review and keys. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 33, 51–85.

  612. Hoogstraal, H. & Kaiser, M.N. (1959a) Observations on Egyptian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). 5. Biological notes and differences in identity of H. anatolicum and its subspecies anatolicum Koch and excavatum Koch among Russian and other workers. Identity of H. lusitanicum Koch. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 243–261. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/52.3.243

  613. Hoogstraal, H. & Kaiser, M.N. (1959b) Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Arabia with special reference to the Yemen. Fieldiana Zoology, 39, 297–322. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3417

  614. Hoogstraal, H. & Kaiser, M.N. (1960) Boophilus kohlsi n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from sheep and goats in Jordan. Journal of Parasitology, 46, 441–448. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275134

  615. Hoogstraal, H. & Kim, K.C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim K.C. (Editor), Coevolution of parasitic arthropods and mammals. John Wiley & Sons, New York and other cities, pp. 505–568.

  616. Hoogstraal, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1959) The Haemaphysalis ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) of birds. I. H. ornithophila n. sp. from Burma and Thailand. Journal of Parasitology, 45, 417–420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3274392

  617. Hoogstraal, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1965a) Description, hosts, and ecology of Ixodes kuntzi n. sp., Kuntz’s Taiwan flying squirrel tick (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 2, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/2.3.209

  618. Hoogstraal, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1965b) Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. bandicota sp. n. from bandicoot rats in Taiwan, Thailand and Burma. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 460–466. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275973

  619. Hoogstraal, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1968) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Redescription of type material of H. (Rhipistoma) heinrichi Schulze, a parasite of the ferret-badger in Burma and Vietnam. Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1057–1062. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277144

  620. Hoogstraal, H. & McCarthy, V.C. (1965) Hosts and distribution of Haemaphysalis kashmirensis with descriptions of immature stages and definition of the subgenus Herpetobia Canestrini (resurrected). Journal of Parasitology, 51, 674–679. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276257

  621. Hoogstraal, H. & Mitchell, R.M. (1971) Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) aponommoides Warburton (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), description of immature stages, hosts, distribution, and ecology in India, Nepal, Sikkim, and China. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 635–645. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277931

  622. Hoogstraal, H. & Morel, P.C. (1970) Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) hispanica Gil Collado, a parasite of the European rabbit, redescription of adults, and description of immature stages (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 56, 813–822. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277729

  623. Hoogstraal, H. & Parrish, D.W. (1968) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) luzonensis sp. n. from Philippine deer and boars. Journal of Parasitology, 54, 402–410. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276961

  624. Hoogstraal, H. & Santana, F.J. (1974) Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) mageshimaensis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): human and wild and domestic mammal hosts, and distribution in Japan, Taiwan, and China. Journal of Parasitology, 60, 866–869. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278920

  625. Hoogstraal, H. & Trapido, H. (1963a) Haemaphysalis silvafelis sp. n., a parasite of the jungle cat in southern India. Journal of Parasitology, 49, 346–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276012

  626. Hoogstraal, H. & Trapido, H. (1963b) Haemaphysalis kutchensis sp. n., a common larval and nymphal parasite of birds in northwestern India (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 49, 489–497. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275824

  627. Hoogstraal, H. & Trapido, H. (1963c) Redescription of cotypes and all stages of Haemaphysalis intermedia Warburton & Nuttall, 1909, (= H. parva Neumann, 1908, preoccupied) from Ceylon and India (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 49, 838–846. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275933

  628. Hoogstraal, H. & Trapido H. (1966) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Species described by Supino in 1897 from Burma, with special reference to H. (R.) asiaticus (= H. dentipalpis Warburton and Nuttall). Journal of Parasitology, 52, 1172–1187. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276365

  629. Hoogstraal, H. & Valdez, R. (1980) Ticks (Ixodoidea) from wild sheep and goats in Iran and medical and veterinary implications. Fieldiana Zoology New Series, (6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3189

  630. Hoogstraal, H. & Varma, M.G.R. (1962) Haemaphysalis cornupunctata sp. n. and H. kashmirensis sp. n. from Kashmir, with notes on H. sundrai Sharif and H. sewelli Sharif of India and Pakistan (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 48, 185–194. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275561

  631. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1973) The Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) of birds. 3. H. (Ornithophysalis) subgen. n.: definition, species, hosts and distribution in the Oriental, Palearctic, Malagasy, and Ethiopian Faunal Regions. Journal of Parasitology, 59, 1099–1117. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278650

  632. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1977) Haemaphysalis (Ornithophysalis) kadarsani sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a rodent parasite of virgin lowland forests in Sulawesi (Celebes). Journal of Parasitology, 63, 1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.2307/3279855

  633. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1979) Haemaphysalis (Allophysalis) kopetdaghica: identity and discovery of each feeding stage on the wild goat in northern Iran (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 65, 783–790. https://doi.org/10.2307/3280363

  634. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1981a) Haemaphysalis (Garnhamphysalis) subgen. nov. (Acarina: Ixodidae): candidate tick vectors of hematozoa in the Oriental Region. Journal of Protozoology Special Publication, 1, 117–124.

  635. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1982) Haemaphysalis (Garnhamphysalis) mjoebergi: identity, structural variation and biosystematic implications, deer hosts, and distribution in Borneo and Sumatra (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 68, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/3281337

  636. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1983a) Haemaphysalis (Garnhamphysalis) rusae (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity, deer and pig hosts, and distribution in Luzon and Mindanao. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 215–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/3281302

  637. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1983b) Hosts and distribution of the bird-parasitizing tick Ixodes (Ixodes) euplecti in Africa. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 1179–1181. https://doi.org/10.2307/3280896

  638. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1983c) Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. XV. H. (Rhipistoma) norvali sp. n., a hedgehog parasite of the H. (R.) spinulosa group in Zimbabwe (Acarina: Ixodidae). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 183–189.

  639. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H. (1984) Dermacentor (Indocentor) compactus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): wild pigs and other hosts and distribution in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Borneo. Journal of Medical Entomology, 21, 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/21.2.174

  640. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H.Y. (1985a) Haemaphysalis kutchensis, an Indian-Pakistani bird and mammal tick, parasitizing a migrant whitethroat in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Parasitology, 71, 129–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/3281996

  641. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H. (1985b) Dermacentor (Indocentor) auratus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): hosts, distribution and medical importance in tropical Asia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 22, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/22.2.170

  642. Hoogstraal, H. & Wassef, H. (1985c) Dermacentor (Indocentor) atrosignatus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): hosts and distribution in the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Borneo, and southern Philippines. Journal of Medical Entomology, 22, 644–647. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/22.6.644

  643. Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M.N., Traylor, M.A., Guindy, E. & Gaber, S. (1963a) Ticks (Ixodidae) on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959-61. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 28, 235–262.

  644. Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Rebello, M.J. (1963b) Haemaphysalis paraturturis sp. n., a carnivore parasite of the H. turturis group in India (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 49, 686–691. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275786

  645. Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1965a) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis icks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. atherurus sp. n. and redescription of type material of H. irmaniae Supino, 1897. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275657

  646. Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1965b) Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) papuana nadchatrami ssp. n. and redescription of H. (K.) semermis Neumann. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 433–451. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275971

  647. Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1965c) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). The identity, distribution, and hosts of H. (Kaiseriana) hystricis Supino. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 467–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275974

  648. Hoogstraal, H., Kohls, G.M. & Trapido, H. (1965d) Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) eupleres sp. n., from a Madagascar carnivore and definition of the subgenus Rhipistoma Koch (resurrected) (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 51, 997–1000. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275891

  649. Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1965e) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) celebensis sp. n., from a wild boar in Celebes. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 1001–1003. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275893

  650. Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G.M. (1966a) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Speciation in the H. (Kaiseriana) obesa group: H. semermis Neumann, H. obesa Larrousse, H. roubaudi Toumanoff, H. montgomeryi Nuttall, and H.hirsuta sp. n. Journal of Parasitology, 52, 169–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276410

  651. Hoogstraal, H., Uilenberg, G. & Klein, J.L. (1966b) Haemaphysalis (Dermaphysalis) nesomys subgen. et sp. nov. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), a leathery parasite of Nesomys rufus. Journal of Parasitology, 52,1199–1202. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276368

  652. Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M.N., Ormsbee, R.A., Osborn, D.J., Helmy, I. & Gaber, S. (1967a) Hyalomma (Hyalommina) rhipicephaloides Neumann (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): its identity, hosts, and ecology, and Rickettsia conori, R. prowazeki, and Coxiella burneti [sic] infection in rodent hosts in Egypt. Journal of Medical Entomology, 4, 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/4.4.391

  653. Hoogstraal, H., Kohls, G.M. & Trapido, H. (1967b) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) anomala Warburton: redescription, hosts, and distribution. Journal of Parasitology, 53, 196–201. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276646

  654. Hoogstraal, H., Kohls, G.M. & Parrish, D.W. (1967c) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) psalistos sp. n., a parasite of deer and boars in Luzon, Philippines. Journal of Parasitology, 53, 1096–1102. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276847

  655. Hoogstraal, H., Uilenberg, G. & Klein, J.L. (1967d) Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) anoplos sp. n., a spurless tick of the elongata group (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) parasitizing Nesomys rufus Peters (Rodentia) in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology, 53, 1103–1105. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276848

  656. Hoogstraal, H., Kohls, G.M. & Parrish, D.W. (1968a) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. susphilippensis sp. n., a parasite of Luzon and Mindanao boars. Journal of Parasitology, 54, 616–621. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277096

  657. Hoogstraal, H., Roberts, F.H.S., Kohls, G.M. & Tipton, V.J. (1968b) Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann (resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and northeastern China and USSR, and its parthenogenetic and bisexual populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1197–1213. https://doi.org/10.2307/3276992

  658. Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M.N. & Pedersen, E.C. (1969) Hyalomma (Hyalommina) punt n. sp. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a relict parasite of domestic animals and gazelles in arid areas of northern Somali Republic. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/62.2.415

  659. Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M.N. & Mitchell, R.M. (1970a) Anomalohimalaya lama, new genus and new species (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a tick parasitizing rodents, shrews, and hares in the Tibetan highland of Nepal. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 1576–1585. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.6.1576

  660. Hoogstraal, H., Dhanda, V. & Bhat, H.R. (1970b) Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) davisi sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of domestic and wild mammals in northeastern India,

  661. Sikkim, and Burma. Journal of Parasitology, 56, 588–595. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277630

  662. Hoogstraal, H., Saito, Y., Dhanda, V. & Bhat, H.R. (1971a) Haemaphysalis (H.) obesa Larrousse (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) from Northeast India and Southeast Asia: description of immature stages and biological observations. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277776

  663. Hoogstraal, H., Walker, J.B. & Neitz, W.O. (1971b) Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. VII. H. (Rhipistoma) hyracophila sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of hyraxes in South Africa. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 417–425. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278053

  664. Hoogstraal, H., Dhanda, V. & El Kammah, K.M. (1971c) Aborphysalis, a new subgenus of Asian Haemaphysalis ticks; and identity, distribution and hosts of H. aborensis Warburton (resurrected) (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 57, 748–760. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277792

  665. Hoogstraal, H., El Kammah, K.M., Kadarsan, S. & Anastos, G. (1971d) Haemaphysalis (H.) sumatraensis sp. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a tick parasitizing the tiger, boar and sambar deer in Indonesia. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 1104–1109. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277872

  666. Hoogstraal, H., Lim, B.L., Nadchatram, M. & Anastos, G. (1972a) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 8. Ticks (Ixodidae) of Gunong Benom and their altitudinal distribution, hosts and medical relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 23, 167–186. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.314200

  667. Hoogstraal, H., Gaber, S., Van Peenen, P.F.D., Duncan, F. J. & Kadarsan, S. (1972b) Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) bartelsi Schulze (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): immature stages from a treehole nest of the Indonesian red giant flying squirrel. Journal of Parasitology, 58, 989–992. https://doi.org/10.2307/3286598

  668. Hoogstraal, H., Clifford, C.M., Saito, Y. & Keirans, J.E. (1973a) Ixodes (Partipalpiger) ovatus Neumann, subgen. nov.: identity, hosts, ecology, and distribution (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/10.2.157

  669. Hoogstraal, H., Carney, W.P., Kadarsan, S. & Van Peenen, P.F.D. (1973b) Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) celebensis Hoogstraal, Trapido and Kohls (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a Wallacean member of the hystricis group: identity, distribution, hosts, and ecology. Journal of Parasitology, 59, 556–562. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278794

  670. Hoogstraal, H., El Kammah, K.M., Santana, F.J. & Van Peenen, P.F.D. (1973c) Studies on Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) lagrangei Larrousse: identity, distribution, and hosts. Journal of Parasitology, 59, 1118–1129. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278651

  671. Hoogstraal, H., Wassef, H. & Uilenberg, G. (1974) Haemaphysalis (Elongiphysalis) elongata Neumann subgen. n. (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): structural variation, hosts, and distribution in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology, 60, 480–498. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278369

  672. Hoogstraal, H., Wassef, H.Y., Converse, J.D., Keirans, J.E., Clifford, C.M. & Feare, C.J. (1976) Amblyomma loculosum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity, marine bird and human hosts, virus infection, and distribution in the southern oceans. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/69.1.3

  673. Hoogstraal, H., Wassef, H.Y. & Büttiker, W. (1981) Ticks (Acarina) of Saudi Arabia Fam. Argasidae, Ixodidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 3, 25–110.

  674. Hoogstraal, H., El Kammah, K. W. & Camicas, J.L. (1992) Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks: XVI. H. (Rhipistoma) subterra sp. n., a new member of the leachi group (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). International Journal of Acarology, 18, 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647959208683953

  675. Hooker, W.A. (1909) The geographical distribution of American ticks. Journal of Economic Entomology, 2, 403–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/2.6.403

  676. Horak, I.G., Camicas, J.L. & Keirans, J.E. (2002) The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): a world list of valid tick names. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 28, 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025381712339

  677. Horak, I.G., Apanaskevich, D.A. & Kariuki, E.K. (2013) A new species of Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of giraffes in Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology, 50, 685–690. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME12257

  678. Horak, I.G., Heyne, H., Williams, R., Gallivan, G.J., Spickett, A., Bezuidenhout, J.D. & Estrada-Peña, A. (2018) The ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of southern Africa. Springer, Cham, 676 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70642-9

  679. Hornok, S. & Horváth, G. (2012) First report of adult Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (vector of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus) on cattle under a continental climate in Hungary. Parasites & Vectors, 5 (article 170), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-170

  680. Hornok, S., Kontschán, J., Kováts, D., Kovács, R., Angyal, D., Görföl, T., Polacsek, Z., Kalmár, Z. & Mihalca, A.D. (2014) Bat ticks revisited: Ixodes ariadnae sp. nov. and allopatric genotypes of I. vespertilionis in caves of Hungary. Parasites & Vectors, 7, (article 202), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-202

  681. Hornok, S., Estrada-Peña, A., Kontschán, J., Plantard, O., Kunz, B., Mihalca, A.D., Thabah, A., Tomanovic, S., Burazerovic, J., Takács, N., Görfol, T., Estók, P., Tu, V.T., Szöke, K., Fernández de Mera, I.G., Tomanovic, S., De La Fuente, J., Takahasi, M., Yamauchi, T. & Takano, A. (2015) High degree of mitochondrial gene heterogeneity in the bat tick species, Ixodes vespertilionis, I. ariadnae and I. simplex from Eurasia. Parasites & Vectors, 8 (article 457), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1056-2

  682. Hornok, S., Flaisz, B., Takács, N., Kontschán, J., Csörgo, T., Jaksa, B.R., & Kováts, D. (2016a) Bird ticks in Hungary reflect western, southern, eastern flyway connections and two genetic lineages of Ixodes frontalis and Haemaphysalis concinna. Parasites & Vectors, 9 (article 101), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1365-0

  683. Hornok, S., Görföl, T., Tu, V.T. & Kontschán, J. (2016b) Description of a new tick species, Ixodes collaris n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), from bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae) in Vietnam. Parasites & Vectors, 9, (article 202), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1608-0

  684. Hornok, S., Wang, Y., Otranto, D., Keskin, A., Lia, R.P., Konnstchán, J., Takács, N., Farkas, R. & Sándor, A.D. (2016c) Phylogenetic analysis of Haemaphysalis erinacei Pavesi, 1884 (Acarina: Ixodidae) from China, Turkey, Italy and Romania. Parasites & Vectors, 9 (article 643), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1927-1

  685. Hornok, S., Sándor, A.D., Tomanovic, S., Beck, R., D’Amico, G., Kontschán, J., Takács, N., Görföl, T., Bendjeddou, M.L., Földvari, G. & Farkas, R. (2017a) East and west separation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus mitochondrial lineages in the Mediterranean Basin. Parasites & Vectors, 10 (article 39), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-1985-z

  686. Hornok, S., Sándor, A.D., Beck, R., Farkas, R., Beati, L., Kontschán, J., Takács, N., Földvari, G., Silaghi, C., Meyer-Kaiser, C., Hodžic, A., Tomanovic, S., Abdullah, S., Wall, R., Estrada-Peña, A., Duscher, G.G. & Plantard, O. (2017b) Contributions to the phylogeny of Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) canisuga, I. (Ph.) kaiseri, I. (Ph.) hexagonus and a simple pictorial key for the identification of their females. Parasites & Vectors, 10 (article 545), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2424-x

  687. Hornok, S., Trauttwein, K., Takács, N., Hodžic, A., Duscher, G.G. & Kontschán, J. (2017c) Molecular analysis of Ixodes rugicollis, Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. (FU98) and a novel Babesia genotype from a European badger (Meles meles). Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 8, 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.014

  688. Hornok, S., Murány, D., Konstchán, J. & Tu, V.T. (2019) Description of the male and the larva of Ixodes collaris Hornok, 2016 with drawings of all stages. Parasites & Vectors, 12 (article 144), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3365-3

  689. Hornok, S., Kováts, D., Horváth, G., Kontschán, J. & Farkas, R. (2020a) Checklist of the hard tick (Acari: ixodidae) fauna of Hungary with emphasis on host-associations and the emergence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 80, 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-019-00461-6

  690. Hornok, S., Grima, A., Takács, N., Szekeres, S. & Kontschán, J. (2020b) First records and molecular-phylogenetic analyses of three tick species (Ixodes kaiseri, Hyalomma lusitanicum and Ornithodoros coniceps) from Malta. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 11 (3) (article 101379), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101379

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