Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5270 No. 2: 20 Apr. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-04-20
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.2.4
Page range: 231-261
Abstract views: 298
PDF downloaded: 212

Using DNA barcodes to test the association of sexes and morphs in Calodesma spp. (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Pericopina) of Trinidad, West Indies, with an overview of the genus, taxonomic changes and a new species

CABI; Bakeham Lane; Egham; Surrey TW20 9TY; UK
31; rue de la Haute-Lande; 33850 Léognan; France
CABI; Bakeham Lane; Egham; Surrey TW20 9TY; UK
Eurofins County Pathology Ltd.; 8 Huxley Road; Guildford; Surrey GU2 7RE; UK
13 Hopeton Crown Trace; Black Rock; Tobago; Trinidad & Tobago.
Upper Schoolfields; Blithbury Road; Hamstall Ridware; WS15 3RR; UK
Bldg 56 FFE; French Village Apts.; EWMSC; Mt. Hope; Trinidad & Tobago
Lepidoptera sexual dimorphism polymorphism mimicry life history Malpighiaceae Bromeliaceae Seileria Thyrgis new combinations

Abstract

Phalaena militta Stoll, [1781], currently in the combination Thyrgis militta, is transferred to the new combination Calodesma militta. Phalaena militta is the type species of Thyrgis Walker, 1854, and so Thyrgis is a junior synonym of Calodesma Hübner, [1820]. The reinstated genus Seileria Dognin, 1923 is the next available name for the genus previously known as Thyrgis, and the remaining eight species and their subspecies currently in Thyrgis are transferred to new combinations as species of Seileria: S. angustifascia (Hering, 1925), S. basipunctata (Hering, 1926), S. constrictifascia (Dognin, 1919), S. flavonigra (Dognin, 1910), S. investigatorum (Toulgoët, 1988), S. marginata (Butler, 1875), S. meres (Druce, 1911), S. phlegon (Druce, 1885), S. phlegon ruscia (Druce, 1895), S. tenuifascia (Hering, 1930) and S. tenuifascia daguana (Hering, 1930). Eucyanoides Toulgoët, 1988, currently a synonym of Thyrgis, is made a new subjective synonym of Seileria. Based on DNA barcodes, we recognise three very similar, sexually dimorphic and in two cases polymorphic South American species of Calodesma with some phenotypes in common but very similar male genitalia: C. militta (BOLD:AAK1660), C. sp. cf. collaris (BOLD:ABZ2392) and C. pseudocollaris Cock new species (BOLD:AEI2170). Calodesma militta is widespread in South America, with two male morphs (collaris and dioptis) and two female morphs with variable markings (white and orange morphs). Centronia plorator Kaye, [1923] and Thyrgis lacryma Dognin, 1919 are variants of the white female morph and are new synonyms of Calodesma militta. A third female morph with red markings was not sequenced and could not be allocated to a species. Calodesma sp. cf. collaris (BOLD:ABZ2392) occurs in southern South America with both male morphs but only a white female morph. Calodesma pseudocollaris new species (BOLD:AEI2170) is only known from Trinidad, with one male morph (collaris) and the white female morph. Although more than ten morphs relating to this complex have been described as species, they cannot be synonymised without more data on distribution of the different species or DNA barcodes from the type specimens. Collated life history information indicates species of this group are split between Malpighiaceae feeders and Bromeliaceae feeders, but more work is needed to define these differences. The morphism patterns observed are discussed in terms of Müllerian mimicry and mimicry rings, and we suggest that in Trinidad (and elsewhere) there is a loose mimicry ring of diurnal black species with white spots or transparent patches on the wings which are most conspicuous and frequently observed when feeding on white Asteraceae flowers.

 

References

  1. Becker, V.O. (2013) Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Pericopina and Ctenuchina moths (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini), with description of new taxa. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 46, 53–66 https://doi.org/10.5962/p.332188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.332188
  2. Boisduval, [J.B.A.D.] (1870) Considérations sur des lépidoptères envoyés du Guatemala à M. de l’Orza. Oberthür et fils, Rennes, 1 + 100 pp.
  3. Butler, A.G. (1871) Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera, chiefly from the collection of Mr. Wilson Saunders. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 8 (46), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937108696485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937108696485
  4. Butler, A.G. (1875) Revision of the subfamily Pericopiinae [sic] of the lepidopterous family Arctiidae, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 16 (93), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937508681151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937508681151
  5. Butler, A.G. (1877) On the Lepidoptera of the family Lithosiidae, in the collection of the British Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1877 (4), 325–377, pl. 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1877.tb02919.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1877.tb02919.x
  6. Cock, M.J.W. (2020) Field identification of the postmen, Heliconius erato and H. melpomene (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae), in Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2020, 92–95. Available from: https://ttfnc.org/livingworld/index.php/lwj/article/view/cock2020d (accessed 3 March 2022)
  7. Cock, M.J.W. & Rougerie, R. (2021) Gamelia bennetti sp. nov., a new Saturniidae species from Trinidad and Tobago (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea). Zootaxa, 942 (3), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4942.3.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4942.3.2
  8. Cock, M.J.W., Beseh, P.K., Buddie, A.G., Cafá, G. & Crozier, J. (2017) Molecular methods to detect Spodoptera frugiperda in Ghana, and implications for monitoring the spread of invasive species in developing countries. Scientific Reports, 7 (4103), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04238-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04238-y
  9. Dognin, P. (1910) Hétérocères nouveaux de l’Amérique du Sud. Fascicule I. Imprimerie Oberthür, Rennes, 46 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59881
  10. Dognin, P. (1919) Hétérocères nouveaux de l’Amérique du sud. Fascicule XV. Imprimerie Oberthür, Rennes, 10 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59881
  11. Dognin, P. (1923) Hétérocères nouveaux de l’Amérique du Sud. Fascicule XXIII. Imprimerie Oberthür, Rennes, 34 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59881
  12. Druce, H. (1885) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera Heterocera, chiefly from South America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1885 (3), 518–536, pls. 32–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07859.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07859.x
  13. Druce, H. (1895) Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera from the Eastern Islands and tropical America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 15 (85), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508677846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508677846
  14. Druce, H. (1900) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Heterocera from tropical South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 5 (30), 507–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930008678325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930008678325
  15. Druce, H. (1907) Descriptions of new species of Heterocera belonging to the families Syntomidae, Hypsidae, Cyllopodidae, Dioptidae, and Erateininae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 19 (112), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930709487269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930709487269
  16. Druce, H. (1911) Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera from tropical South America, and two new species of Geometridae from West Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7(39), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931108692938 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931108692938
  17. Drury, D. (1782) Illustrations of Natural History. Wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty [two hundred and twenty; two hundred] figures of exotic insects, according to their different genera; very few of which have hitherto been figured by any author, being engraved and coloured from nature, with the greatest accuracy, and under the author’s own inspection, on fifty copper-plates. With a particular description of each insect: interspersed with remarks and reflections on the nature and properties of many of them. Vol. 3. B. White, London, xxvi + 76 + [2] pp., 50 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61910
  18. Felder, C. & Felder, R. (1874) s.n. In: Felder, C., Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A.F., Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Atlas. (4). Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien, pls. 75–107. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1597
  19. Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39 (4), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
  20. Fujiwara, H. & Nishikawa, H. (2016) Functional analysis of genes involved in color pattern formation in Lepidoptera. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 17, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2016.05.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2016.05.015
  21. Gosula, V.S. [bellbird20] (2021) Calodesma collaris. iNaturalist observations: 75084629 (penultimate instar caterpillar); 75509401, 76030857 (final instar caterpillar); 76993289 (new pupa); 76994027 (cast final caterpillar skin); 77659352 (pupa); 78315641 (pupa with wing markings visible); 78352721 (adult newly emerged); emerged pupa (78422815). Available from: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&taxon_id=247550&user_id=bellbird20&verifiable=any (accessed 20 February 2022)
  22. Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
  23. Hering, E.M. (1925) Pericopinae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Macrolepidoptera of the World. II. Division: The Macrolepidoptera of the American Region. Vol. 6. The American Bombyces and Sphinges. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 425–455, pls. 49 + 60–66. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149696
  24. Hering, E.M. (1926) Neue südamerikanische Heteroceren im Berliner Museum. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 40 (2/3), 129–134.
  25. Hering, E.M. (1930) Neue und alte Lepidopteren. Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 16(4), 513–522, pls. 7–8.
  26. Hübner, J. (1816–[1825]) Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge. Jacob Hübner, Augsburg, 431 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48607
  27. Janzen, D.H. & Hallwachs, W. (2022) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Available at http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu (accessed 14 July 2022)
  28. Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Blandin, P., Burns, J.M., Cadiou, J.-M., Chacon, I., Dapkey, T., Deans, A.R., Epstein, M.E., Espinoza, B., Franclemont, J.G., Haber, W.A., Hajibabaei, M., Hall, J.P.W., Hebert, P.D.N., Gauld, I.D., Harvey, D.J., Hausmann, A., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, D., Landry, J.-F., Lemaire, ., Miller, J.Y., Miller, J.S., Miller, L., Miller, S.E., Montero, J., Munroe, E., Green, S.R., Ratnasingham, S., Rawlins, J.E., Robbins, R.K., Rodriguez, J.J., Rougerie, R., Sharkey, M.J., Smith, M.A., Solis, M.A., Sullivan, J.B., Thiaucourt, P., Wahl, D.B., Weller, S.J., Whitfield, J.B., Willmott, K.R., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Wilson, J.J. (2009) Integration of DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of complex tropical biodiversity. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9 (Supplement 1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x
  29. Kaye, W.J. & Lamont, N. (1927) A catalogue of the Trinidad Lepidoptera Heterocera (moths). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago, 3, 1–144.
  30. Kaye, W.J. (1923) New species of Trinidad moths. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1922, 991–998, plate 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1922.tb07094.x
  31. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
  32. Laguerre, M. (2017) Review at the genus level of Hypocrita Hübner, [1807], Thyrgis Walker, 1854, and Chetone Boisduval, 1870. Descriptions of two new genera and two new species (Lepidoptera Erebidae Arctiinae Pericopina). Antenor, 4 (2), 90–106.
  33. Lamas, G. (2017) An annotated checklist of the Pericopina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini). Zootaxa, 4319 (2), 263–316. https://doi.org/10.11646/Zootaxa.4319.2.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/Zootaxa.4319.2.2
  34. McMillan, W.O., Livraghi, L., Concha, C. & Hanly, J.L. (2020) From patterning genes to process: unraveling the gene regulatory networks that pattern Heliconius wings. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8 (221), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00221
  35. Miller, S.E., Hausmann, A., Hallwachs, W. & Janzen, D.H. (2016) Advancing taxonomy and bioinventories with DNA barcodes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, Biological Science, 371 (20150339), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0339
  36. Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2013) A DNA-based registry for all animal species: the Barcode Index Number (BIN) System. PLoS ONE, 8 (8), e66213, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066213
  37. Rutz, B.T., Sturza, V.S., Heiden, G. & Nava, D.E. (2020) First report and damage description of Calodesma collaris (Drury, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) caterpillars on Aechmea winkleri Reitz, 1975 (Bromeliaceae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 64 (2), e20200032, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2020-0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2020-0032
  38. Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4 (4), 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
  39. Stoll, C. (1780–1782) s.n. In: Cramer, P., De uitlandische Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l’Asie, l’Afrique et l’Amérique. Vol. 4. J. S. Baalde, Amsteldam & Barthelemy Wild, Utrecht, pp. 29–252, pls. 305–400 [earlier parts of this work were authored by Cramer, P.]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65748
  40. Tamura, K., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2004) Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 11030–11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101
  41. Toulgoët, H. de (1988) Description de nouvelles espèces d’arctiides d’Amérique latine et centrale (25e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Pericopinae). Revue française d’Entomologie, New Series, 10(1), 17–24.
  42. Vincent, B. & Laguerre, M. (2014) Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zoosystema, 36, 137–533. https://doi.org/10.5252/z2014n2a1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/z2014n2a1
  43. Walker, F. (1854) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 2. British Museum, London, [4] + pp. 279–582. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58221
  44. Walker, F. ([1865]) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 31. British Museum, London, [4] + 321 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58221
  45. Watson, A. & Goodger, D.T. (1986) Catalogue of the Neotropical Tiger-moths. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 1, 71pp.
  46. Westwood, J.O. (1837–1842) Illustrations of exotic entomology, containing upwards of six hundred and fifty figures and descriptions of foreign insects, interspersed with remarks and reflections on their nature and properties by Dru Drury. A new edition, brought down to the present state of the science, with the systematic characters of each species, synonyms, indexes, and other additional matter. Vol. 1–3. London, Henry G. Bohn, xxvi + 123 pp., 50 pls. ([August 1837]), vi + 100 pp., 50 pls. (1840) & vi + 94 pp., 50 pls. (1842). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12137
  47. Zahiri, R., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J.D. & Wahlberg, N. (2011) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 40 (2), 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x
  48. Zencker, M.M. DeVries, P.J., Penz, C.M., Teston, J.A., Freitas, A.V.L. & Pie, M.R. (2015) Diversity and composition of Arctiinae moth assemblages along elevational and spatial dimensions in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Journal of Insect Conservation, 19, 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-015-9753-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-015-9753-x