Abstract
Investigations in the 1970s of Leucocytozoon tawaki Fallis, Bisset & Allison, a blood parasite of New Zealand’s Fiordland Crested Penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Gray) parasites normally transmitted by female simuliids resulted in the trapping of some 20 thousand female Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) adults, attracted to captive penguins. Three species were involved: Austrosimulium (A.) australense (Schiner), A. (A.) dumbletoni Crosby and A. (A.) ungulatum Tonnoir. Of those adults trapped, 24 were gynandromorphs; one other was obtained from elsewhere. Austrosimulium dumbletoni has only its female adult described; the two other species have all their stages known. Eight gynandromorphs of A. dumbletoni have been identified and elsewhere will be used formally to describe, for the first time, the male of this species. Here, synoptic descriptions of the gynandromorphs are provided.References
Adler, P.H., Currie D.C. & Wood, D.M. (2004) The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, New York. 941 pp.
Allison, F.R., Desser, S.S. & Whitten, L.K. (1978) Further observations on the life cycle and vectors of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon tawaki and its transmission to the Fiordland crested penguin. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 5, 371–374.
Batson, B.S. (1983) A light and electron microscopic study of Hirsutusporos austrosimulii Gen. N., Sp. N., (Microspora : Nosematidae), a parasite of Austrosimulium sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New Zealand. Protistologica, 19, 263–280.
Craig, D.A. & Craig, R.E.G. (1986) Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) of Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 13, 357–366.
Crosby, T.K. (1973) A gynandromorph of Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) australense (Schiner) from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Natural History, 7, 629–631.
Crosby, T.K. (1974) Life history stages and taxonomy of Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) tillyardianum (Diptera: Simuliidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1, 5–28.
Crosby, T.K. (1976) Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) dumbletoni n. sp. from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 3,17-19.
Crosby, T.K. (1988) Activity of three Austrosimulium species in South Westland (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Parasitology, 15, 331
Crosskey, R.W. (1990) The natural history of blackflies. Wiley & Sons, Toronto. 711 pp.
Davies, L. (1965) On spermatophores in Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (A), 40, 30–34
Desser, S.S. & Allison, F. (1979) Aspects of the sporogonic development of Leucocytozoon tawaki of the Fiordland Crested Penguin in its primary vector Austrosimulium ungulatum: an ultrastructural study. Journal of Parasitology, 65, 737–744.
Downes, J.A. (1958) The feeding habits of biting flies and their significance in classification. Annual Review of Entomology, 3, 249–266.
Dumbleton, L.J. (1973) The genus Austrosimulium Tonnoir (Diptera: Simuliidae) with particular reference to the New Zealand fauna. New Zealand Journal of Science, 15, 480–584. (1972).
Fallis, A.M., Bisset, S.A. & Allison, F.R. (1976) Leucocytozoon tawaki n. sp. (Eucoccida: Leucocytozoidae) from the penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, and preliminary observations on its development in Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 3, 11–16.
Fredeen, F.J.H. (1970) Sexual mosaics in the black fly Simulium arcticum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Entomologist, 102, 1585–1592.
Heming, B.S. (2003) Insect development and evolution. Cornel University Press. New York. 444 pp.
Hunter, D.M. & Moorehouse, D.E. (1976) Sexual mosaics and mermithid parasitism in Austrosimulium bancrofti (Tayl.) (Diptera, Simuliidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 549–553.
Poinar, Jr, G.O. (1990) Austromermis n. gen. and Blepharimermis n. gen. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) from New Zealand Simuliidae and Blephariceridae (Diptera). Revue de Nématologie, 13, 395–402.
Puri, I.M. (1933) A case of gynandromorphism in Simulium. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 20, 801–802.
Smart, J. (1945) The classification of Simuliidae (Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 463–528.
Sublette, J.E. & Martin, J. (1995) Morphological variation in secondary sexual characteristics of gynandromorphic Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans Fabricus (Diptera, Chironomidae). In Chironomids: from genes to ecosystems (ed. P. S. Cranston), pp 343–354. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Chironomidae. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Tonnoir, A.L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213–255.
Warham, J. (1974) The Fiordland Crested penguin Eudytes pachyrhychus. The Ibis, 116, 1–26.
Wenk, P. (1981) Bionomics of adult blackflies. pp 259–279. In Laird, M. (Editor) Blackflies: the future for biological methods in integrated control. Academic Press, London.