Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5296 No. 2: 26 May 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-05-26
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.2
Page range: 147-178
Abstract views: 423
PDF downloaded: 31

Inventory of chiton species (Polyplacophora) from the rocky intertidal of the Northern Gulf of California, with an illustrated taxonomic key

Doctorado en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas. Departamento de Botánica y Zoología
Departamento de Ecología Aplicada
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad de Guadalajara; Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100; Zapopan; Jalisco; 45200; México
Laboratorio de Invertebrados Bentónicos; Unidad Académica Mazatlán; Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad de Guadalajara; Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100; Zapopan; Jalisco; 45200; México
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad de Guadalajara; Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100; Zapopan; Jalisco; 45200; México
Mollusca Dichotomous key Sea of Cortez Molluscamorphology taxonomy check–list

Abstract

This work presents an inventory of the Polyplacophora species registered in December 2019 in the intertidal environment of 10 sampling sites of the Northern Gulf of California, México. Fifteen species were obtained from a total of 33 species previously reported throughout the Gulf. Acanthochitona avicula, Ischnochiton guatemalensis, Lepidozona serrata, and Dendrochiton lirulatus are rare with only 1 to 3 specimens recorded of each species. Stenoplax mariposa and Lepidozona subtilis were the most abundant with 162 and 284 specimens, respectively. Acanthochitona avicula, I. guatemalensis, Lepidozona serrata, and Lepidochitona beanii are rare and each was only recorded at one sampling site. For a better recognition of these species, we provide a dichotomous identification key, which is complemented with high-resolution photographs and images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, habitat data and taxonomic comments are included to facilitate a better understanding of the habitat preferences, relationships and current taxonomic position of these species.

 

References

  1. Abbott, R.T. (1974) American seashells. The marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, New York, 663 pp.
  2. Adams, C.B. (1845) Specierum novarum conchyliorum, in Jamaica repertorum, Synopsis. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2, 1–17.
  3. Ashby, E. (1925) Monograph on Australian fossil Polyplacophora (Chitons). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 37 (2), 170–205.
  4. Bergenhayn, J.R.M. (1930) Kurze Bemerkungen zur Kenntnis der Schalenstruktur und Systematik der Loricaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, 3 (9), 1–54.
  5. Bergenhayn, J.R.M. (1955) Die Fossilen Schwedichen Loricaten Nebst Einer Vorlaufigen Revision des Systems der ganzen Klasse Loricata. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 51 (8), 1–41.
  6. Berry, S.S. (1911) A new Californian chiton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 63, 487–492.
  7. Berry, S.S. (1919) Preliminary notes of some new west American chitons. Lorquinia, 2, 4–7.
  8. Berry, S.S. (1946) A re-examination of the chiton, Stenoplax magdalenensis (Hinds), with description of a new species. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 26, 161–166.
  9. Berry, S.S. (1956) Diagnoses of new eastern Pacific chitons. Leaflets in Malacology, 1, 71–74.
  10. Berry, S.S. (1963) Diagnoses of new eastern Pacific chitons II. Leaflets in Malacology, 1, 135–138.
  11. Brusca, R.C., Findley, L.T., Hastings, P.A., Hendrickx, M.E., Torre, J. & Van Der Heiden A.M. (2005) Macrofaunal diversity in the Gulf of California. In: Cartron, J.L.E., Caballos, G. & Felger, R.S. (Eds.), Biodiversity, Ecosystems and Conservation in Northern México. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 179–203.
  12. Bullock, R.C. (1985) The Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832) species complex in the New World (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae). The Veliger, 27 (3), 291–307.
  13. Bullock, R.C. (1988) The genus Chiton in the new world (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae). The Veliger, 31, 141–191.
  14. Carpenter, P.P. (1857a) Monograph of the shells collected by T. Nutall on the Californian coast in the years 1834–5. Proceedings of Zoological Society of London, 248 (314), 209–224; 24 (315), 225–229.
  15. Carpenter, P.P. (1857b) s.n. In: Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlán shells in the British Museum: collected by Fredericl Reigen. British Museum of London, London, pp. i–iv + ix–xvi + 1–552. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100008
  16. Carpenter, P.P. (1864) Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1863, 517–686.
  17. Clark, R.N. (1994) Review of the genus Placiphorella Dall, 1879, ex Carpenter MS (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae) with descriptions of two new species. The Veliger, 37 (3), 290–311.
  18. Clark, R.N. (2000) The chiton fauna of the Gulf of California rhodolith beds (with description of four new species). Neumoria, 43, 1–8.
  19. Clark, R.N. (2008) Two new chitons of the genus Tripoplax Berry, 1919 from the Monterey Sea Canyon. American Malacological Bulletin, 25, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.4003/0740-2783-25.1.77 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4003/0740-2783-25.1.77
  20. Dall, W.H. (1871) Descriptions of sixty new forms of mollusks from the west coast of North America and the North Pacific Ocean, with notes on others already described. American Journal of Conchology, 7, 93–160.
  21. Dall, W.H. (1879) Report on the limpets and chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic regions, with descriptions of genera and subspecies believed to be new. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1 (48), 281–344. [for 1878] https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1-48.281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1-48.281
  22. Dall, W.H. (1889) Report on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877–78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879–80), by the U.S. coast survey steamer ‘‘Blake’’, Lieutenant-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Commander J.R. Bartlett, U.S.N., commanding, 29, Report on the Mollusca. 2 Gastropoda and Scaphopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 18, 1–492.
  23. Dall, W.H. (1909) Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of the Pacific Coast. I. The Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 59, 1–278. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/pp59
  24. Dall, W.H. (1919) Descriptions of new species of chitons from the Pacific coast of America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 5, 499–516. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.55-2283.499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.55-2283.499
  25. Decaisne, J. (1842) Essais sur une classification des algues et des polypiers calcifères de Lamouroux. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Seconde Série, 17, 297–380.
  26. Eernisse, D.J. (2004) Revival of the genus Cyanoplax Pilsbry, 1982 for a clade of West Coast chitons (abstract). In: Martinez, J.C. & Yomans, R.V. (Eds.), Program and Abstracts of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists, Ensenada, Baja California, México, 2004, pp. 33–35
  27. Eernisse, D.J. (2007) Chiton phylogeography and new species discovery along the Baja California Peninsula [Abstract]. Meeting Program for the 40th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 26–30 July 2007, 32–33.
  28. Ferreira, A.J. (1972) Stenoplax circumsenta in the Gulf of California. The Veliger, 15, 55–56.
  29. Ferreira, A.J. (1974) The genus Lepidozona in the Panamic Province, with the description of two new species. The Veliger, 17 (2), 162–180.
  30. Ferreira, A.J. (1978) The genus Lepidozona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the Temperate Eastern Pacific, Baja California to Alaska, with the description of a new species. The Veliger, 20 (1), 19–44.
  31. Ferreira, A.J. (1979) The genus Callistochiton Dall, 1879 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the eastern Pacific, with the description of a new species. The Veliger, 21 (4), 444–466.
  32. Ferreira, A.J. (1982) The family Lepidochitonidae Iredale, 1914 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the northeastern Pacific. The Veliger, 25 (2), 97–138.
  33. Ferreira, A.J. (1983a) The genus Chaetopleura Shuttleworth, 1853 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the warm temperate and tropical eastern Pacific, southern California to Perú, with the description of two new species. The Veliger, 25 (3), 203–224.
  34. Ferreira, A.J. (1983b) The Chiton fauna of the Revillagigedo Archipielago, México. The Veliger, 25, 307–322.
  35. Ferreira, A.J. (1984) A new species of Ischnochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the Gulf of California. The Veliger, 26 (3), 179–182.
  36. Ferreira, A.J. (1985) Three new species of Lepidozona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Gulf of California. The Veliger, 27 (4), 423–429.
  37. Flores-Garza, R.L., Galeana-Rebolledo, L., Reyes-Gómez, A., García-Ibáñez, S., Torreblanca-Ramírez, C., Flores-Rodríguez, P. & Valdés-González, A. (2012) Polyplacophora species richness, composition and distribution of its community associated with the intertidal rocky substrate in the marine priority region No. 32 in Guerrero, México. Open Journal of Ecology, 24, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2012.24023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2012.24023
  38. Galeana–Rebolledo, L., Flores-Garza, R., Reyes-Gómez, A., García-Ibáñez, S., Flores- Rodríguez, P., Torreblanca-Ramírez, C. & Valdés-González, C. (2014) Species richness and community structure of Class Polyplacophora at the intertidal rocky shore on the marine priority region no. 33, México. Open Journal of Ecology, 4 (2), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2014.42006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2014.42006
  39. García-Ríos, C.I. & Álvarez-Ruiz, M. (2007) Comunidades de quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) de la Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 55 (1), 177–182.
  40. García-Ríos, C.I., Álvarez-Ruiz, M., Barraza, J.E., Rivera, A.M. & Hasbún, C.R. (2007) Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) de El Salvador, América Central. [Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from El Salvador, Central America]. Revista de Biología Tropical, 55 (1), 171–176.
  41. García-Ríos C.I., Pérez-Pérez, N., Fernández-López, J. & Fuentes, F. (2014) Calibrating the chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) molecular clock with the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene. Revista Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 49, 193–207. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572014000200003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572014000200003
  42. Gray, J.E. (1821) A natural arrangement of Mollusca according to their internal structure. London Medical Repository, 15, 221–239.
  43. Gray, J.E. (1828) Spicilegia Zoologica; Original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. Part 1. British Museum, London, 8 pp.
  44. Gray, J.E. (1847) On the genera of the family Chitonidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1847.tb00157.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1847.tb00157.x
  45. Gould, A.A. (1846) On the shells collected by the United States Exploring Expedition, commanded by Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2, 141–145. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3318
  46. Hendrickx, M.E. & Brusca, R.C. (2007) Distribución de invertebrados marinos endémicos en el golfo de California, México. Memorias del XII Congreso Latino-Américano de Ciências do Mar XII COLACMAR, Florianópolis, Brasil, 15–19 Abril, 1–4.
  47. Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., Cordero, M. & Ramírez, G.R. (2007) Marine and brackish-water molluscan biodiversity in the Gulf of California, México. Scientia Marina, 71, 4. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2007.71n4637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2007.71n4637
  48. Hinds, R.B. (1844–1845) The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. ‘Sulphur,’ under the command of Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, during 1836–1842. Zoology. 2. Mollusca. Smith, Elder & Co., London, 72 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53764
  49. Iredale, T. (1914) Some more notes on Polyplacophora. Part I. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 9, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1573-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1573-2
  50. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. (1985a) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 1. Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina). E. J. Brill, Leiden, 240 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431676
  51. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. (1985b) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 2. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae. Schizoplacinae, Callochitoninae and Lepidochitoninae. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 198 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431683
  52. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. (1987) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 3. Suborder Ischnochitonidae. Chaetopleurinae and Ischnochitoninae. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 302 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431690
  53. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. (1990) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 298 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431706 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431706
  54. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. (1994) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 5. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded); Callistoplacinae; Mopaliidae. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 402 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431713
  55. Keen, M.A. (1958) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Marine Mollusks from Lower California to Colombia. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 624 pp.
  56. Keen, M.A. (1968) West American mollusk types at the British Museum (Natural History) IV. Carpenter’s Mazatlan Collection. The Veliger, 10, 389–439.
  57. Kilias, R. (1995) Polyplacophora-Typen und-Typoide (Mollusca) im Zoologischen Museum in Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 71, 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19950710118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19950710118
  58. Leloup, E. (1954) Chaetopleura unilineata n. sp., chiton de L´Equateur. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique, 30 (40), 1–6.
  59. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio Decima, reformata [10th Revised Edition]. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
  60. Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom. 1. Pars 2. Ed. Duodecima Reformata. Vermes III Testacea, genus 300. Chiton. Impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 533–1327.
  61. Middendorff, A.T. von. (1847) Vorläufige Anzeige bisher unbekannter Mollusken, als Vorarbeit zu einer Malacozoologia Rossica. Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, 6 (8), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.141927
  62. Ortíz-Arellano, M.A. & Flores-Campaña, L.M. (2008) Catálogo descriptivo e ilustrado de los moluscos de la zona intermareal de las Islas de la Bahía de Navachiste, Sinaloa, México. [Descriptive and illustrated catalog of mollusks from the intertidal zone of the Navachiste Bay Island, Sinaloa, México]. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa y Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mazatlán, 160 pp.
  63. Pennant, T. (1777) British Zoology. Vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea. Printed for Benj. White, London, viii + 154 pp.
  64. Pilsbry, H.A. (1892–1893) Monograph of the Polyplacophora. In G. W. Tryon, Manual of Conchology, XXXIV. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelfia, 14 & 15, 129–350 (1892) & 1–64 (1893).
  65. Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Self-published, Palermo, 224 pp. [book] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.106607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.106607
  66. Reeve, L.A. (1847–1848) s.n. In: Conchologia iconica or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Monograph of the genus Chitonellus; Monograph of the genus Chiton. Reeve, Brothers, London, pls. 1–27 (1847) + 28 (1848) [pages unnumbered].
  67. Reyes-Gómez, A. (2016) The Polyplacophora from the Mexican Pacific. Supplement to The Festivus, 48, 1–50.
  68. Reyes-Gómez, A., Barrientos-Lujan, N.A., Medina-Bautista, J. & Ramírez-Luna, S. (2010) Chitons from the coralline area of Oaxaca, México (Polyplacophora). Bolletino Malacologico, 46, 111–125.
  69. Reyes-Gómez, A., Ortigosa, D. & Simões, N. (2017) Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) from Alacranes Reef, Yucatan, México. Zookeys, 665, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.665.10476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.665.10476
  70. Reyes-Gómez, A., Flores-Garza, R., Galeana-Rebolledo, L., Hernández-Vera, G., Galván-Villa, C. M., Torreblanca-Ramírez, C., Flores-Rodríguez, P., García-Ibañez, S. & Ríos-Jara, E. (2022). Intertidal chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the rocky coastline of Guerrero, México, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa, 5155 (4), 451–492. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.4.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.4.1
  71. Reyes-Gómez, A., Ríos-Jara, E., del Pilar Zamora-Tavares, M., Díaz-Pérez, L., Galván-Villa, C., Ayón-Parente, M., Vargas-Ponce, O. (2023) DNA barcoding of the intertidal chitons of the genera Stenoplax Dall, 1879 and Callistochiton Carpenter in Dall, 1879 from the Mexican Tropical Pacific with the description of two new species. Marine Biodiversity, 53 (10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01308-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01308-x
  72. Ríos-Jara, E., Galván-Villa, C.M., Esqueda-González, M., Ayón-Parente, M., Rodríguez Zaragoza, F.A., Bastida-Izaguirre, D. & Reyes-Gómez, A. (2020) Species richness and biogeographical affinities of the marine molluscs from Bahía de Chamela, México. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e59191. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e59191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e59191
  73. Shuttleworth, R.J. (1853) Diagnosen neuer Mollusken, 4 Ueber den Bau der Chitoniden, mit Aufzählung der die Antillen und die Canarischen Inseln bewohnenden Arten. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bernhttps, 286–291, 169–207
  74. Sirenko, B. & Clark, R.N. (2008) Deshayesiella spicata (Berry, 1919) (Mollusca: Polyplacopora), a valid species. Ruthenica, 18 (1), 1–17.
  75. Skoglund, K. (2001) Panamic province molluscan literature additions and changes from 1971 through 2000, I Bivalvia and II Polyplacophora. The Festivus, San Diego, 139 pp.
  76. Smith, A.G. (1960) Amphineura. In: Moore, R.C., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. I. Mollusca. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, ‎Kansas‎, pp. 141–176.
  77. Smith, A.G. (1977) Rectification of West Coast chiton nomenclature. The Veliger, 19, 215–258.
  78. Smith, A.G. & Ferreira, A.J. (1977) Chiton fauna of the Galapagos Islands. The Veliger, 20, 82–97.
  79. Sowerby, G.B. I (1832–1833) Descriptions of new species of shells from the collection formed by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among the islands of the southern Pacific Ocean. In: Proceedings of the Committee of Science and correspondence of the Zoological Society of London, Part II for 1832, 25–33. [21 April 1832].
  80. Sowerby, G.B. II (1832–1840) s.n. In: The conchological illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. Parts. George Odell, London, pp. 38–45 + 104–105 + 159–176. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51602
  81. Stebbins, T.D. & Eernisse, D.J. (2009) Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) known from benthic monitoring programs in the Southern California Bight. The Festivus, 41, 53–100.
  82. Thiele, J. (1909) Revision des Systems der Chitonen. Zoologica Stuttg, 22 (1), 1–70. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11245
  83. Thiele, J. (1929) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Loricata, Jena, 1 (1), 1–22.
  84. Thorpe, S.R. (1971) Class Polyplacophora. In: Keen, A.M., Seashells of Tropical West America, Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. 2nd Edition. Stanford University Press, pp. 861–882
  85. Van Belle, R.A. (1977) Sur la classification des Polyplacophora. Informations de Société belge de Malacologie, 6 (1), 3–28.
  86. Vendrasco, M.J., Eernisse, D.J., Powell, C.L. & Fernandez, C.Z. (2012) Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the San Diego formation: a remarkable assemblage of fossil chitons from the Pliocene of Southern California. Contributions in Science, 520, 15–72. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.241291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.241291
  87. von Middendorff, A.T. (1847) Beiträge zu einer Malacozoologica Rossica. I. Chitonen. Mémemoires de Science Naturelle, Academie Imperiale des Sciences, St. Pétersburg, 6, 3–151. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.141927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.141927
  88. Watters, T. (1981) Two New species of Acanthochitona from the New World (Polyplacophora: Cryptoplacidae). The Nautilus, 95, 171–177.
  89. Watters, T. (1990) A review of the recent Eastern Pacific Acanthochitoninae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Cryptoplacidae) with the description of a New Genus, Americhiton. The Veliger, 33 (3), 241–271.