Abstract
The genus Agrostocynips Diaz is redescribed, as well as two species endemic to the Nearctic: Agrostocynips diastrophi (Ashmead) and A. robusta (Ashmead). Previous to this study, only Neotropical species of Agrostocynips were well diagnosed both taxonomically and biologically. Agrostocynips belongs to the Zaeucoila group of genera, which are Neotropical eucoilines that principally parasitize Agromyzidae (Diptera); among these genera, species of Agrostocynips are some of the few representatives that are found in the Nearctic. Detailed host records and biological notes are provided for the Nearctic species.References
Ashmead, W.H. (1894) Cynipidae IN: Report upon the parasitic Hymenoptera of the Island of St. Vincent. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 27, 61–78.
Ashmead, W.H. (1896) Descriptions of new Parasitic Hymenoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23, 179–234.
Braman, S.K. & Pendley, A.F. (1993) Phenology and parasitism of Phytomyza ilicicola (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Georgia. Journal of Entomological Science, 28, 82–84.
Buffington, M.L. (2002) A description of Aegeseucoela Buffington, new name, with taxonomic notes on the status of Gronotoma Förster. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 589–601.
Buffington, M.L. (2004) The description of Preseucoela Buffington, new genus, with notes on the status of Nearctic species of Agrostocynips Diaz (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae). Zootaxa, 408, 1–11.
Buffington, M.L. (2006) The description of Moritiella Buffington, new genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae). Zootaxa, 1237, 61–68.
Buffington, M.L., Nylander, J.A.A. & Heraty, J. (2007) The phylogeny and evolution of Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). Cladistics, 23, 1–29.
Chandler, L.D. & Gilstrap, F.E. (1989) Dispersion patters of parasitized Liriomiza trifolii larvae in bell peppers. Southwestern Entomologist, 14, 1–8.
De Santis, L. & Diaz, N. (1975) Himenópteros Chalcidoideos y Cynipoideos de la Isla Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea & Chalcidoidea). Studia Entomologica, 18, 193–200.
De Santis, L., Diaz, N.B. & Redolfii, I. (1976) La mosca del girasol (Diptera, Agromyzidae) y sus himenópteros parasitoides. Dusenia, 9, 31–38.
Diaz, N. & Gallardo, F.E. (1997) Revisión sistemática de las especies del género Zaeucoila (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Eucoilidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomología, 39, 31–40.
Diaz, N. & Gallardo, F.E. (1998) Revision sistematica del genero Moneucoela (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 57, 111–113.
Diaz, N. & Valladares, G. (1979) Nota sobre Agrostocynips clavatus y los agromícidos hospedantes (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Neotropica, 25, 23–26.
Fontal-Cazalla, F.M., Buffington, M.L., Nordlander, G., Liljeblad, J., Ros-Farré, P., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Pujade-Villar, J. & Ronquist, F. (2002) Phylogeny of the Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae). Cladistics, 18, 154–199.
Gallardo, F.E. & Diaz, N.B. (1999) Revision sistematica de las especies del genero Lopheucoila Weld (Figitidae, Eucoilinae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomología, 47, 15-23.
Galle, F.C. (1997) Hollies: the Genus Ilex. Timber press, Inc. Portland, Oregon.
Hara, A.H. (1986) Effects of certain insecticides on Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoids on Chrysanthemums in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 26, 65–70.
Hara, A.H., & Matayoshi, S. (1990) Parasitoids and predators of insect pests on Chrysanthemum in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaii Entomological Society, 30, 53–58.
Harding, J.A. (1965) Parasitism of the leaf miner Liriomyza munda in the Winter Garden area of Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology, 58, 442–443.
Harris, R. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture, Occasional Papers in Entomology, 28, 1–31.
Issa, S. & Marcano, R. (1994) Dinámica poblacional de Liriomyza sativae y sus parásitos en tomate. Turrialba, 44, 24–30.
Johnson, M.W. (1987) Parasitization of Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) infesting commercial watermelon plantings in Hawaii. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 56–61.
Johnson, M.W. & Mau, R.F.L. (1986) Effects of intercropping beans and onions on populations of Liriomyza spp. and associated parasitic Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 27, 95–103.
Kahn, D.M. & Cornell, H.V. (1989) Leafminers, early leaf abscission and parasitoids: a tritrophic interaction. Ecology, 70, 1219–1226.
Kulp, L.A. (1968) The taxonomic status of dipterous holly leaf miners (Diptera: Agromyzidae). University of Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin, A-155, 1-42.
Lewis, O., Memmott. J., LaSalle, J., Lyal, C.H.C., Whitefoord, C. & Godfray, H.C. (2002) Structure of a diverse tropical forest insect-parasite community. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 855–873.
Lynch, J.A. & Johnson, M.W. (1987) Stratified Sampling of Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromydae) and associated hymenopterous parasites on watermelon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 1254–1261.
Mason, G.A. & Johnson, M.W. (1988) Tolerance to permethrin and fenvalerate in
Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Journal of Economic Entomology, 81, 123–126.
Nordlander, G. (1976) Studies on Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) I. A revision of the North-western European species of Cothonaspis Htg. with a description of a new species and notes on some other genera. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 97, 65–77.
Nordlander, G. (1978) Revision of genus Rhoptromeris Förster, 1869 with reference to north-western European species. Studies on Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) II. Entomologica Scandinavica, 9, 47–62.
Nordlander, G. (1980) Revision of the genus Leptopilina Förster, 1869 with notes on the status of some other genera (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 11, 428–453.
Nordlander, G. (1981) A review of the genus Trybliographa Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 381–402.
Nordlander, G. (1982a) Identities and relationships of the previously confused genera Odonteucoila, Coneucoela and Trichoplasta (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 13, 269–292.
Nordlander, G. (1982b) Systematics and phylogeny of an interrelated group of genera within the family Eucoilidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Stockholm, Sweden. 34 pp.
Petcharat, J. & Johnson, M. (1988) Biology of the leafminer parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis Beardsley (Hymenoptera. Eucoilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81, 477–480.
Potter, D.A. & Gordon, F.C. (1985) Parasites associated with the native holly leafminer, Phytomyza ilicicola Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae), on American holly in Kentucky. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 58, 727–730.
Potter, D.A. & Kimmerer, T.W. (1986) Seasonal allocation of defense investment in Ilex opaca Aiton and constraints on a specialist leafminer. Oecologia, 69, 217–224.
Rathman, R.J., Johnson, M.W & Tabashnik, B.E. (1991) Production of Ganaspidium utilis (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) for biological control of Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Biological Control, 1, 256–260.
Rathman, R.J., Johnson, H.W., Tabashnik, B.E. & Spollen, K.H. (1995) Variation in susceptability to insecticides in the leafminer parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis (Hymenoptera, Eucoilidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88, 475–479.
Ronquist, F. (1999) Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta, 28, 139–164.
Ronquist, F. & Nordlander, G. (1989) Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 33, 1–60.
Saito, T., Ikeda, F. & Ozawa, A. (1996) Effect of pesticides on parasitoid complex of serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in Shizuoka Prefecture. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 40, 127–133.
Salvo, A., Fenoglio, M.S. & Videla, M. (2005) Parasitism of a leafminer in managed versus natural habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109, 213–220.
Scheffer, S.J. (2002) New host record, new range information, and a new pattern of voltinism: possible host races within the holly leafminer Phytomyza glabricola Kulp (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 571–575.
Scheffer, S.J. & Hawthorne, D.J. (2007) Molecular evidence of host-associated genetic divergence in the holly leafminer Phytomyza glabricola (Diptera: Agromyzidae): apparent discordance among marker systems. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2627–2637.
Scheffer, S.J. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2000) Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae: Phytomyza): species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 244–255.
Wene, G.P. (1955) Effect of some insecticides on the population levels of the serpentine leaf miner and its parasites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 48, 596–597.