Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5318 No. 1: 18 Jul. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-07-18
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.1.5
Page range: 97-129
Abstract views: 232
PDF downloaded: 19

Revision of the western Nearctic spider genus Cybaeina including the description of Neocybaeina gen. nov. and Rothaeina gen. nov. (Araneae: Cybaeidae: Cybaeinae)

Department of Entomology; Natural History Section; Royal British Columbia Museum; 675 Belleville Street; Victoria; British Columbia; Canada V8W 9W2
Department of Entomology; Natural History Section; Royal British Columbia Museum; 675 Belleville Street; Victoria; British Columbia; Canada V8W 9W2
Department of Entomology; Natural History Section; Royal British Columbia Museum; 675 Belleville Street; Victoria; British Columbia; Canada V8W 9W2
Araneae arachnida Rta clade morphology spiders taxonomy species descriptions endangered species short-range endemic species

Abstract

This paper is the last in a series revising the Nearctic Cybaeinae spider fauna (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) exclusive of Cybaeozyga Chamberlin & Ivie. The forested habitats of the west coast of North America are home to a diverse array of endemic Cybaeinae spider taxa. Many of these have very restricted distributions, especially within an area of the western United States of America from the Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington to the northern half of the California Floristic Province of California, a well-known biodiversity hotspot. Here we revise the genus Cybaeina Chamberlin & Ivie recognizing three species: the type species Cybaeus minutus Banks (= Cybaeina minuta (Banks)), C. confusa Chamberlin & Ivie, and a single new species C. dixoni Bennett spec. nov. We describe Neocybaeina Bennett gen. nov. with type species Cybaeina xantha Chamberlin & Ivie (= Neocybaeina xantha (Chamberlin & Ivie) comb. nov.) and a single new species N. burnetti spec. nov. Finally we describe Rothaeina Bennett gen. nov. with type species Cybaeina sequoia Roth (= Rothaeina sequoia (Roth) comb. nov.) and four new species R. beaudini Bennett spec. nov., R. jamesi Bennett spec. nov., R. mackinleyi Bennett spec. nov., and R. petersoni Bennett spec. nov. In addition to descriptions of the genera and both sexes of their included species (except for N. burnetti spec. nov. and R. beaudini Bennett spec. nov. which are known from females only), we provide diagnoses, illustrations, distribution maps, and, for the three species of Cybaeina and the five of Rothaeina gen. nov., identification keys. In closing, we discuss conservation implications for this cryptic and infrequently collected group of western Nearctic Cybaeinae, several of which are short-range endemic species.

 

References

  1. Banks, N. (1892) A classification of North American spiders. The Canadian Entomologist, 24, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent2488-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent2488-4
  2. Banks, N. (1906) Descriptions of new American spiders. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 7, 94–100.
  3. Bennett, R.G. (1988) The spider genus Cybaeota (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology, 16, 103–119.
  4. Bennett, R.G. (1991) The systematics of the North American cybaeid spiders (Araneae, Dictynoidea, Cybaeidae). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph, 308 pp.
  5. Bennett, R.G. (1992) The spermathecal pores of spiders with special reference to dictynoids and amaurobioids (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Araneoclada). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 123, 1–21.
  6. Bennett, R.G. (2005) Cybaeidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V.D. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: an Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society, pp. 85–90.
  7. Bennett, R.G. (2006) Ontogeny, variation, and synonymy in North American Cybaeus spiders (Araneae: Cybaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 138 (4), 473–492. https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-804
  8. Bennett, R.G. (2017) Cybaeidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V.D. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: an Identification Manual, 2nd ed. American Arachnological Society, pp. 96–101.
  9. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2016) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the Nearctic species of the Holarctic clade. Zootaxa, 4164 (1), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4164.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4164.1.1
  10. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2019) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the adenes species group of the Californian clade. Zootaxa, 4711 (2), 245–274. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.2
  11. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2020) Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California. Zootaxa, 4845 (3), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4845.3.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4845.3.8
  12. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2021a) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the aspenicolens species group of the Californian clade. Zootaxa, 4926 (2), 224–244. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.4
  13. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2021b) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the consocius species groups of the Californian clade. Zootaxa, 4965 (3), 401–436. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4965.3.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4965.3.1
  14. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2021c) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the devius and tardatus species group of the Californian clade. Zootaxa, 5026 (4), 451–479. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.1
  15. Bennett, R., Copley, D.R. & Copley, C.R. (2021d) Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 118, 25–52. Available from: https://journal.entsocbc.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/2553/2769 (accessed 14 April 2023)
  16. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2022a) Pseudocybaeota (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new spider genus endemic to coastal Pacific Northwestern United States of America. Zootaxa, 5169 (6), 563–576. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5169.6.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5169.6.3
  17. Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2022b) The Californian clade of Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) in the Nearctic: the septatus species group and three unplaced species. Zootaxa, 5100 (2), 189–223. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.2
  18. Bonnet, P. (1956) Bibliographia Araneorum. Douladoure, Toulouse, Tome 2, pp. 919–1926.
  19. Brodo, I.M. & Sloan, N.A. (2004) Lichen zonation on coastal rocks in Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 118, 405. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i3.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i3.11
  20. Burke Museum (2023) Arachnology & Entomology Collections. Available from: https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/arachnology-and-entomology (accessed 14 April 2023)
  21. Byun, A.S., Koop, B. & Reimchen, T.E. (1999) Coastal refugia and postglacial recolonization routes: a reply to Demboski, Stone, and Cook. Evolution, 53, 2013–2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04585.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04585.x
  22. Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council. (2022) Wild Species 2020: The General Status of Species in Canada. National General Status Working Group. Available from: https://www.wildspecies.ca/reports (accessed 4 January 2023)
  23. CBC News (2023) California’s reservoirs swell in the wake of winter storms. Available from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/california-reservoirs-refill-storms-1.6803398 (accessed 14 April 2023)
  24. Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1932) A review of the North American spiders of the genera Cybaeus and Cybaeina. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 23 (2), 1–43.
  25. Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1937) New spiders of the family Agelenidae from western North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 30 (2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/30.2.211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/30.2.211
  26. Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1942) A hundred new species of American spiders. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 32 (13), 1–117.
  27. Ciaccio, E., Debray, A. & Hedin, M. (2022) Phylogenomics of paleoendemic lampshade spiders (Araneae, Hypochilidae, Hypochilus), with the description of a new species from montane California. ZooKeys, 1086, 163–204. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1086.77190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1086.77190
  28. Copley, C.R., Bennett, R. & Perlman, S.J. (2009) Systematics of Nearctic Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 367–401. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09001
  29. COSEWIC (2013) COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Haida Gwaii Slug Staala gwaii in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. x + 44 pp. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/haida-gwaii-slug-2013.html#_doc (accessed 21 April 2023)
  30. Exline, H. (1938) The Araneida of Washington: Agelenidae and Hahniidae. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 9 (1), 1–44.
  31. Gorley, A. & Merkel, G. (2020) A New Future For Old Forests: A Strategic Review Of How British Columbia Manages For Old Forests Within Its Ancient Ecosystems. Available from: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/forestry/stewardship/old-growth-forests/strategic-review-20200430.pdf (accessed 21 April 2023)
  32. Harvey, M.S. (2002) Short-range endemism amongst the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/ISv16n4_FW
  33. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Available from: https://www.cbd.int/gbf/ (accessed 14 April 2023)
  34. Martin, T.G. & Watson, J.E.M. (2016) Intact ecosystems provide best defence against climate change. Nature Climate Change 6, 122–124. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2918
  35. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403 (6772), 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
  36. Ogilvie, R.T. (1989) Disjunct vascular flora of northwestern Vancouver Island in relation to Queen Charlotte Islands’ endemisms and Pacific coast refugia. In: Scudder, G.G.E. & Gessler, N. (Eds.), The Outer Shores of Queen Charlotte Islands. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press, Skidegate, British Columbia, pp. 127–130.
  37. Price, K., Daust, D., Daust, K. & Holt, R. (2023) Estimating the amount of British Columbia’s “big-treed” old growth: Navigating messy indicators. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5, 958719. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2022.958719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2022.958719
  38. Ramírez, M. (2014) The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 390, 1–374. https://doi.org/10.1206/821.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/821.1
  39. Ramirez, R. & Miller, M. (2023) Record snowpack, nearly full reservoirs: Here’s the state of California’s drought after an epic winter. CNN Online News. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/23/us/atmospheric-river-winter-california-drought-climate/index.html (accessed 14 April 2023)
  40. Roewer, C.F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae 2a. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 923 pp.
  41. Roth, V.D. (1952) Notes and a new species in Cybaeina. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 28, 195–201.
  42. Roth, V.D. & Brame, P.L. (1972) Nearctic genera of the spider family Agelenidae (Arachnida, Araneida). American Museum Novitates, 2505, 1–52.
  43. Roth, V.D. & Brown, W.L. (1986) Catalog of Nearctic Agelenidae. The Museum Texas Tech University Occasional Papers, 99, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142809
  44. Schalk, R. & Yesner, D. (1988) Paleoenvironments of the Olympic Peninsula. In: Schalk, R. (Ed.), the Evolution and diversification of native land use systems on the Olympic peninsula—a research design. Report Submitted to the National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Contract No. CX-900-4-E075. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Washington. Available from: https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/olym/schalk/chap5.htm (accessed 14 April 2023)
  45. Spider Collector’s Journal (2023) Narratives of spider collecting trips. Available from: https://crawford.tardigrade.net/journal/index.html (accessed 14 April 2023)
  46. U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management (2023) Mature and old-growth forests: definition, identification, and initial inventory on lands managed by the forest service and bureau of land management. Fulfillment of executive order 14072, Section 2(b). Available from: https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/mature-and-old-growth-forests-tech.pdf (accessed 21 April 2023)
  47. U.S. Drought Monitor (2023) Available from: https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?total (accessed 14 April 2023).
  48. Wells, R.W., Lertzman, K.P. & Saunders, S.C. (1998) Old-growth definitions for the forests of British Columbia, Canada. Natural Areas Journal, 18, 279–292. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911782 (accessed 14 April 2023)
  49. World Spider Catalog (2023) World Spider Catalog. Version 24. Natural History Museum, Bern. Available from: https://wsc.nmbe.ch/ (accessed 5 March 2023) https://doi.org/10.24436/2