Abstract
Of the three superfamilies of Ostracoda present in fresh water, only the Cytheroidea had thus far no records in terrestrial environments. Here, we report on a new genus and species, Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp., of the ostracod superfamily Cytheroidea, from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil. Judging from morphological similarities, this new genus is believed to be closely related to the genus Elpidium. Possible pathways that led to the colonisation of terrestrial habitats are discussed, and an overview is given on the distribution of the known terrestrial ostracod lineages. The present findings strengthen the idea that terrestrial ostracods are more common than previously thought, at least in tropical areas.References
Baird, W. (1845) Arrangement of the British Entomostraca, with a list of species, particularly noticing those which have as yet been discovered within the bounds of the club. Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, 2, 145–158.
Baird, W. (1850) The natural history of British Entomostraca. London: The Ray Society, 364 pp.
Boxshall, G.A. (2004) The evolution of arthropod limbs. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 79, 253–300.
Brady, G.S. & Norman, A.M. (1889) A monograph of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda of the North Atlantic of northwestern Europe. Section I. Podocopa. Royal Dublin Society, Scientific Transactions, series 2, 4, 63–270.
Bronshtein, Z.S. (1947) Fauna of the USSR, Crustaceans, Vol. 2, Number 1, Freshwater Ostracoda. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow.
Chapman, A. (1961) The terrestrial ostracod of New Zealand, Mesocypris audax sp. nov. Crustaceana, 2, 255–261.
Colin, J.P. & Danielopol, D.L. (1980) Sur la morphologie, la systématique, la biogeography et l’évolution des ostracodes Timiriaseviinae (Limnocytheridae). Paleobiologie Continentale, 11, 1–51.
Danielopol, D.L. (1975) Remarques sur la diversification de trois nouvelles espèces d’Elpidium (Ostracoda) à Cuba. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 65, 47–60.
Danielopol, D.L. & Betsch, J.M. (1980) Ostracodes terrestres de Madagascar: systématique, origine, adaptations. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 17, 87–123.
De Deckker, P. (1980) On Scottia audax. Stereo Atlas of Ostracod Shells, 7, 3–44.
De Deckker, P. (1983) Terrestrial ostracods in Australia. In: Lowry, J. K. (Ed.), The conference on the biology and evolution of Crustacea. Memoirs of the Australian National Museum, 18, 87–100.
Delorme, L.D. (2001) Ostracoda. In: Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (eds) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 2ªEd. San Diego, California. Academic Press. 1056 p.
Einar, E. (2000) The quantitative influence of enchytraeids (Oligochaeta) and microarthropods on decomposition of coniferous raw humus in microcosms. Pedobiologia, 44, 132–147.
Fiers, F. & Ghene, V. (2000) Cryptozoic copepods from Belgium: diversity and biogeographic implications. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 130, 11–19.
Graeter, E. (1908) Beitäge zur Kenntnis der schweizerischen Höhlenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33, 45–49.
Harding, J.P. (1953) The first known example of a terrestrial ostracod, Mesocypris terrestris sp. nov. Annals of the Natal Museum, 12, 359–365.
Hiruta, S.F., Hiruta, S. & Mawatari, S.F. (2007) A new interstitial species of Terrestricythere (Crustacea: Ostracoda) and its microdistribution at Orito Beach, northeastern Sea of Japan. Hydrobiologia 585, 43–56.
Horne, D.J., Cohen, A. & Martens, K. (2002) Taxonomy, morphology and biology of Quaternary and living Ostracoda. In: Holmes, J. A. & Chivas, A. (Eds.) The Ostracoda: applications in Quaternary research. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph Series, 131, 5–36.
Horne, D.J., Smith, R. J., Whittaker, J. E. & Murray, J. W. (2004) The first British record and a new species of the Superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142, 253–288.
Karanovic, I. (2005) Comparative morphology of the Candoninae antennula, with remarks on the ancestral state in ostracodes (Crustacea, Ostracoda) and proposed new terminology. Spixiana, 28, 141–160.
Kaufmann, A. (1900) Cyprididen und Darwinuliden der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 8, 209–423.
Klie, W. (1938) Krebstiere oder Crustacea 3: Ostracoda, Muschelkrebse. In: Dahl, F., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise, 34, 1–230, figs 1–786.
Krivtsov, V., Garside, A., Bezginova, T., Thompson, J., Palfreyman, J. W., Salmond, R., Liddell, K., Brendler, A., Griffiths, B.S., Watling, R. & Staines, H.J. (2006) Ecological study of the forest litter meiofauna of a unique Scottish woodland. Animal Biology, 56, 69–93.
Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes, vol. 3, F. Dufart, Paris, 467 p.
Little, T.J. & Hebert, P.D.N. (1996) Endemism and ecological islands: the ostracods from Jamaican bromeliads. Freshwater Biology, 36, 327–338.
Lopez, L.C.L., Filizola, B., Deiss, I. & Rios, R.I. (2005) Phoretic behaviour of bromeliad annelids (Dero) and ostracods (Elpidium) using frogs and lizards as dispersal vectors. Hydrobiologia, 549, 15–22.
Mandelstam, M.I. (1960) Superfamily Cytheracea. 397. In: Orlov, J. A. (ed.), Fundamentals of Paleontology (8), Arthropoda, Trilobita and Crustacea. All Union Geological Research Institute, Moscow, 515 p.
Martens, K., De Deckker, P. & Rossetti, G. (2004) On a new terrestrial genus and species of Scottiinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Australia, with a discussion on the phylogeny and the zoogeography of the subfamily. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 243, 21–36.
Martens, K., Horne, D.J. & Griffiths, H.I. (1998) Age and diversity of non-marine ostracods. In: Martens, K. (ed.), Sex and parthenogenesis: evolutionary ecology of reproductive modes in non-marine ostracods, 37–55, Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Martens, K., Schön, I., Meisch, C. & Horne, D. J. (2008) Global diversity of ostracods (Ostracoda, Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 185–193.
Müller, F. (1880) Wasserthire in Baumwipfeln Elpidium bromeliarum. Kosmos, 6, 386–388.
Müller, G.W. (1894) Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-abschnitte. Fauna und Flora Neapel, Monographie, 21, 1–404.
Pinto, I.D. & Kotzian, C.B. (1961) Novos Ostrácodes da Família Darwinulidae e a variação das impressões musculares, Boletim do Instituto de Ciências Naturais de Porto Alegre, 11, 5–64.
Pinto, I.D. & Purper. I. (1970) A neotype for Elpidium bromeliarum Müller, 1880 (type species for the genus) and a revision of the genus Elpidium (Ostracoda). Escola Geológica de Porto Alegre, Publicação Especial, 19, 1–23, pl. I–XI.
Pinto, R.L., Rocha, C.E.F. & Martens, K. (2004) On the genus Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Darwinulidae) from (semi-) terrestrial habitats in São Paulo State (Brazil), with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History, 38, 2567–2589.
Pinto, R.L., Rocha, C.E.F. & Martens, K. (2005a) On new terrestrial ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Brazil, primarily from São Paulo State. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145,145–173.
Pinto, R.L., Rocha, C.E.F. & Martens, K. (2005b) On the evolution of the genus Microdarwinula Danielopol, 1968 (Ostracoda, Darwinulidae) with the description of a new species from semi-terrestrial habitats in São Paulo State (Brazil). Crustaceana, 78, 975–986.
Rossetti, G. & Martens, K. (1996) Redescription and morphological variability of Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson, 1870) (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Bulletin de L’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 66, 73–92.
Rossetti, G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de L’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55–110.
Ruan, H., Li, Y. & Zou, X. (2005) Soil communities and plant litter decomposition as influenced by forest debris: Variation across tropical riparian and upland sites. Pedobiologia, 49, 529–538.
Sars, G.O. (1866) Oversigt af Norges marine ostracoder. Forhandlinger i videnskabs-selskabet i Christiania 1865, 1–130. (In Norwegian)
Schornikov, E.I. (1969) A new family of Ostracoda from the supralittoral zone of the Kuril Islands. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 48, 494–498. (In Russian with English abstract)
Schornikov, E.I. (1980) Ostracods in terrestrial biotopes. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 59, 1306–1319. (In Russian with English abstract)
Tressler, W.L. (1941) Ostracoda from Puerto Rican bromeliads. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 31, 263–269.
Tressler, W.L. (1956) Ostracoda from bromeliads in Jamaica and Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 46, 333–336.