Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5343 No. 5: 12 Sept. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-09-12
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5343.5.2
Page range: 439-470
Abstract views: 331
PDF downloaded: 23

Epibiontic life on intertidal Setaphyes kielensis and S. dentatus (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) from Sylt, North Sea, Germany, with a description of a new species of Trematosoma (Ciliophora, Acinetidae) and a redescription of Cothurnia buetschlii (Ciliophora, Vaginicolidae)

Museum für Naturkunde Berlin–Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science; Invalidenstr. 43; D–10115 Berlin; Germany
Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003; China
Kyushu University; Faculty of Arts and Science; Center 3 goukan room 3310; Motooka 744; J-819-0395; Fukuoka; Nishi-ku; Fukuoka city; Japan
Complutense University of Madrid (UCM); Faculty of Biology; Department of Biodiversity; Ecology and Evolution (BEE); Madrid; Spain
Protist Kinorhyncha epizoa Ciliata Suctoria taxonomy

Abstract

Specimens of two species of Kinorhyncha, Setaphyes dentatus and S. kielensis, were collected in 1988, 1998, and 2016 at two intertidal sites on the island of Sylt, North Sea, and investigated as preserved material by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for their epibionts. One species of Acinetidae (Suctoria), one species of Vaginicolidae (Peritrichia), and two species of bacteria were traced. The most abundant ciliate species with 705 specimens was Trematosoma husselae sp. nov. occurring with 1–46 specimens on a basibiont, mainly on the ventral side and here especially on segment 1. Cothurnia buetschlii was found as 14 specimens. Trematosoma husselae sp. nov. agreed with T. amphiasci and T. pusilla in the calyciform shape of the lorica and with most species in the general size of the body except for the much larger T. constricta and T. pusilla. The new species could be distinguished from T. amphiasci, T. complatana, T. constricta, T. falcata, T. ovata, and T. pusilla by the short length of its stalk and agreed with T. bocqueti and T. rotunda in this character. Cothurnia buetschlii was redescribed for the first time after the descriptions by Zelinka (1914, 1928).

 

References

  1. Adrianov, A.V. & Higgins, R.P. (1996) Pycnophyes parasanjuanensis, a new kinorhynch (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida: Pycnophyidae) from San Juan Island, Washington, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 109, 236–247.
  2. Adrianov, A.V. & Maiorova, A. (2019) Echinoderes ultraabyssalis sp. nov. from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench—the first hadal representative of the Kinorhyncha (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Progress in Oceanography, 178 (102142), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102142
  3. Alder, J. (1851) An account of three new species of animalcules. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Series 2, 7, 426–427.
  4. Allgén, C. (1951) Über zwei neue antarktische Suctorien aus dem Graham Land. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Förhandlingar, 21, 173–176.
  5. Bates, J.W. (1997) The slide-sealing compound “Glyceel”. Journal of Nematology, 29, 565–566.
  6. Batisse, A. (1972) Premières observations sur l’ultrastructure de Trematosoma bocqueti (Guilcher), Batisse (Ciliata, Suctorida). Protistologica, 8, 477–495.
  7. Batisse, A. (1975) Propositions pour une nouvelle systematique des Acinetiens (Ciliophora, Kinetofragminophora, Suctorida). Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Séances de I’Académic des Sciences, Série D, 280, 1797–1800 + 2121–2124.
  8. Brown, R. (1985) Developmental and taxonomic studies of Sydney harbour Kinorhyncha. Ph.D. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, 193 pp.
  9. Cepeda, D., Gayet, N., Spedicato, A., Michaud, E. & Zeppilli, D. (2022a) Two new species of the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from a low human-impacted mangrove swamp in French Guiana (western Atlantic Ocean). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 301, 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.008
  10. Cepeda, D., González-Casarrubios, A., Sánchez, N., Spedicato, A., Michaud, E. & Zeppilli, D. (2022b) Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 301, 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.09.001
  11. Cepeda, D., Sánchez, N., Sørensen, M.V. & Landers, S.C. (2022c) Leiocanthus quinquenudus sp. nov. and L. satanicus sp. nov., two new species of pycnophyid Kinorhyncha (Allomalorhagida: Pycnophyidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa, 5093 (3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.3.3
  12. Chatterjee, T., Dovgal, I. & Nanajkar, M. (2020) Report of ciliate epibionts (Ciliophora, Suctorea) on meiobenthic invertebrates from the Indian coast near Karwar, Karnataka. Protistology, 14, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.21685/1680-0826-2020-14-2-5
  13. Chatterjee, T., Sautya, S., Dovgal, I., Gaikwad, S., Khokher, S. & Choudhury, A. (2022) Report of deep-sea epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora) from more than 1000 m depth of the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 5120 (3), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5120.3.8
  14. Claparède E. & Lachmann J. (1858) Études sur les infusoires et les rhizopodes. Mémoires de l'Institute Genevois, 5 et 6, 1–482.
  15. Collin, B. (1909) Diagnoses préliminaires d’Acinétiens nouveaux ou mal connus. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 149, 1094–1095.
  16. Collin, B. (1912) Étude monographique sur les Acinétiens, II: Morphologie, physiologie, systematique. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 51, 1–457.
  17. Curds, C.R. (1985) A revision of the Suctoria (Ciliophora, Kinetofragminophora). 1. Acineta and its morphological relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum (NaturalHistory), Zoology Series, 48, 75–129. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.23462
  18. de Fromentel, É. (1874) Études sur les microzoaires, ou infusoires proprement dits: comprenant de nouvelles recherches sur leur organisation, leur classification et la description des espèces nouvelles ou peu connues. G. Masson, Pari, VII + 364 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15023
  19. de Puytorac, P., Batisse, A., Bohatier, J., Corliss, J.O., Deroux, G., Didier, P., Dragesco, J., Fryd-Versavel, G., Grain, J., Grollière, C.-A., Hovasse, R., Iftode, F., Laval, M., Roque, M., Savoie, A. & Tuffrau, M. (1974) Proposition d'une classification du phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 278, 2799–2802.
  20. Doflein, F. (1901) Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger nach biologischen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt. Fischer, Jena, XIII + 274 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1043
  21. Dons, C. (1918) Neue marine Ciliaten und Suctorien. Tromsø Museums Aarschefter, 38–39, 75–100.
  22. Dovgal, I.V. (2002) Evolution, phylogeny and classification of Suctorea (Ciliophora). Protistology, 2, 194–270.
  23. Dovgal, I.V. & Lozowskiy, V. L. (2008) Limnoricus ponticus sp. n.: a new suctorian species (Ciliophora, Suctorea) from the harpacticoid copepode of genus Tisbe. Vestnik zoologii, 42, 167–170.
  24. Dovgal, I., Chatterjee, T., Ingole, B. & Nanajkar, M. (2008) First report of Limnoricus ponticus Dovgal & Lozowskiy (Ciliophora: Suctorea) as epibionts on Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha) from the Indian Ocean with key to species of the genus Limnoricus. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 49, 381–385.
  25. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1832) Űber die Entwicklung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere nebst ferneren Beyträgen zu einer Vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1831, 1–154, pls. I–IV.
  26. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1834) Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniß großer Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes. Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1832, 145–336, pls. I–XI.
  27. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. Nebst einem Atlas von vierundsechzig colorirten Kupfertafeln, gezeichnet vom Verfasser. Verlag Leopold Voss, Leipzig, 547 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58475
  28. Entz, G. (1876) A tordai és szamosfalvi sóstavak ázalagfaunája. A Magyar orvosok és termeszét vizsgálók nagygyülésenék évkönyvei. s.n., Budapest, 18 pp. [citation from Entz 1884]
  29. Entz, G. (1884) Über Infusorien des Golfes von Neapel. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 5, 289–444.
  30. Fernandez-Leborans, G., Chatterjee, T. & Grego, M. (2012) New records of epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora) on Harpacticoida (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Bay of Piran (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 53, 53–63.
  31. Fernandez-Leborans, G., Dávila, P., Cerezo, E. & Contreras, C. (2013) Epibiosis and hyperepibiosis on Pagurus bernhardus (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the west coast of Scotland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93, 1351–1362. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315412001610
  32. Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Gabilondo, R. (2006) Taxonomy and distribution of the hydrozoan and protozoan epibionts on Pagurus bernhardus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crustacea, Decapoda) from Scotland. Acta Zoologica, 87, 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00218.x
  33. Ghosh, M. & Mandal, S. (2019) Living with nematode: an epibiont Trematosoma rotunda associated with basibiont Desmodora scaldensis from Matla Estuary, Sundarbans, India. Thalassas, 35, 619–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-019-00129-3
  34. González-Casarrubios, A., Cepeda, D., Neuhaus, B., García-Cobo, M., Pardos, F., Ürkmez, D. & Sánchez, N. (2023) The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 303, 90–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.004
  35. Gruber, A. (1884) Die Protozoen des Hafens von Genua. Nova Acta Leopoldina, 46, 475–539.
  36. Guilcher, Y. (1950) Sur quelques acinétiens nouveaux ectoparasites de copépodes harpacticides. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 87, 24–30.
  37. Herranz, M. & Leander, B. (2016) Redescription of Echinoderes ohtsukai Yamasaki and Kajihara, 2012 and E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977 from the northeastern Pacific coast, including the first report of a potential invasive species of kinorhynch. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.02.004
  38. Herranz, M., Yangel, E. & Leander, B. (2018) Echinoderes hakaiensis sp. nov.: a new mud dragon (Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean with the redescription of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0726-z
  39. Higgins, R.P. (1964) A method for meiobenthic invertebrate collection. American Zoologist, 4, 291.
  40. Higgins, R.P. (1974) Chapter 11. Kinorhyncha. In: Giese, A.C. & Pearce, J.S. (Eds.), Reproduction of marine invertebrates. Vol. I. Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. Academic Press, New York, New York, pp. 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-282501-9.50016-8
  41. Higgins, R.P. (1988) Kinorhyncha. In: Higgins, R.P. & Thiel, H. (Eds.), Introduction to the study of meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 328–331.
  42. Higgins, R.P. (1990) Zelinkaderidae, a new family of cyclorhagid Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 500, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.500
  43. Hooper, D.J. (1970) Handling, fixing and mounting nematodes. In: Southey, J.F. (Ed.), Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technical Bulletin, 2, pp. 39–54.
  44. Jankowski, A.V. (1978) Phylogeny and divergence of suctorians. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 242, 493–496. [in Russian]
  45. Jankowski, A.V. (1981) New species, genera and families of tentacled Infusoria (class Suctoria). Transactions of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 107, 80–115. [in Russian]
  46. Kahl, A. (1933) Ciliata libera et ectocommensalia. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Vol. 2, c3–4. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, pp. 29–146.
  47. Kahl, A. (1935) Urtiere oder Protozoa, I. Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Eine Bearbeitung der freilebenden und ectocommensalen Infusorien der Erde, unter Ausschluss der marinen Tintinnidae. 3. Ordnung Peritricha Stein, 1859 emend. In: Dahl, M. & Bischoff, H. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile. Vol. 30. Verlag Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 651–799 + 843–864.
  48. Küsters, E. (1974) Ökologische und systematische Untersuchungen der Aufwuchsciliaten im Königshafen bei List/Sylt. Archiv für Hydrobiology, 45 (Supplement), 121–211.
  49. Lemburg, C. (2002a) A new kinorhynch Pycnophyes australensis sp. n. (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida: Pycnophyidae) from Magnetic Island, Australia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241, 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1078/S0044-5231(04)70072-8
  50. Lemburg, C. (2002b) Erratum. A new kinorhynch Pycnophyes australensis sp. n. (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida: Pycnophyidae) fromMagnetic Island, Australia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241 (3), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1078/S0044-5231(04)70072-8
  51. Lynn, D.H. (1996) My journey in ciliate systematics. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 43, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb03988.x
  52. Matthes, D. (1958) Der peritriche Ciliat Cyclodonta bipartita (Stokes) nov. gen. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 102, 481–500.
  53. Maupas, E. (1881) Contribution a l’étude des Acinétiens. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, Histoire Naturelle, Morphologie, Histologie, Évolution des Animaux, 9, 299–369.
  54. Mereschkowsky, C. (1881) XVIII.―On some new or little-known Infusoria. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 7, 39, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938109459496
  55. Müller, G.W. (1894) 21. Monographie: Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. In: Zoologische Station zu Neapel (Ed.), Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Verlag von Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, pp. 1–404.
  56. Müller, O.F. (1786) Animalcula Infusoria Fluviatilia et Marina, quae detexit, systematice descripsit et ad vivum delineari curavit. Typis N. Mölleri, Hauniae, 367 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.129933
  57. Neuhaus, B. (1993) Postembryonic development of Pycnophyes kielensis and P. dentatus (Kinorhyncha) from the North Sea. Microfauna Marina, 8, 163–193.
  58. Neuhaus, B. (1995) Postembryonic development of Paracentrophyes praedictus (Homalorhagida): neoteny questionable among the Kinorhyncha. Zoologica Scripta, 24, 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00398.x
  59. Neuhaus, B. (2013) Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera. Vol. 1. Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 181–348. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272536.181
  60. Neuhaus, B. (2023a) World Kinorhyncha Database. Pycnophyes communis Zelinka, 1908. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/kinorhyncha/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101137 (accessed 19 September 2022)
  61. Neuhaus, B. (2023b) World Kinorhyncha Database. Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) Sánchez, Yamasaki, Pardos, Sørensen & Martínez, 2016. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/kinorhyncha/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1433402 (accessed 19 September 2022)
  62. Neuhaus, B. (2023c) World Kinorhyncha Database. Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928) Sánchez, Yamasaki, Pardos, Sørensen & Martínez, 2016. Available from: https://www.marinespecies.org/kinorhyncha/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1433405 (accessed 19 September 2022)
  63. Neuhaus, B. & Blasche, T. (2006) Fissuroderes, a new genus of Kinorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the deep sea and continental shelf of New Zealand and from the continental shelf of Costa Rica. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 245, 19–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.03.003
  64. Ostmann, A., Nordhaus, I. & Sorensen, M.V. (2012) First recording of kinorhynchs from Java, with the description of a new brackish water species from a mangrove-fringed lagoon. Marine Biodiversity, 42, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-011-0094-z
  65. Post, F.J., Borowitzka, L.J., Borowitzka, M.A., Mackay, B. & Moulton, T. (1983) The protozoa of a Western Australian hypersaline lagoon. Hydrobiologica, 105, 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00025180
  66. Precht, H. (1935) Epizoen der Kieler Bucht. Nova Acta Leopoldina, Neue Folge, 3, 405–474.
  67. Pritchard, A. (1852) A history of infusorial animalcules, living and fossil. London, Whittaker & Co., pp. 1–704. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12194
  68. Reinhard, W. (1881) Über Echinoderes und Desmoscolex der Umgebung von Odessa. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 4 (97), 588–592.
  69. Sørensen, M.V. (2023) New data on the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae): A new species from New Caledonia mangroves, and a redescription of E. bengalensis (Timm, 1958). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 302, 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.11.009
  70. Sørensen, M.V., Accogli, G. & Hansen, J.G. (2010) Postembryonic development of Antygomonas incomitata (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). The Journal of Morphology, 271, 863–882. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10844
  71. Sørensen, M.V., Heiner, I. & Ziemer, O. (2005) A new species of Echinoderes from Florida (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 118, 499–508. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[499:ANSOEF]2.0.CO;2
  72. Sørensen, M.V. & Landers, S.L. (2017) Description of a new kinorhynch species, Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with differential notes on one additional, yet undescribed species of the genus. Zootaxa, 4242 (1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.3
  73. Stein, F. (1859) Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. Vol. II. Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 206 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3933
  74. Stokes, A.C. (1885) Notices of fresh-water Infusoria.―III. The American Monthly Microscopical Journal, 6, 121–127.
  75. Stokes, A.C. (1893) VII—Notices of some undescribed infusoria from the brackish waters of the eastern United States. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1893, 298–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1893.tb05977.x
  76. Warren, A. & Paynter, J. (1991) A revision of Cothurnia (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) and its morphological relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum, Natural History, Zoology, 57, 17–59.
  77. Westheide, W. & Purschke, G. (1988) Organism processing. In: Higgins, R.P. & Thiel, H. (Eds), Introduction to the study of meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 146–160.
  78. Yamasaki, H. & Kajihara, H. (2012) A New brackish-water species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Species Diversity, 17, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.12782/sd.17.1.109
  79. Zelinka, C. (1908) Zur Anatomie der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33 (19/20), 629–647.
  80. Zelinka, C. (1914) Zwei Ektoparasiten der Echinoderen aus der Klasse der Ciliaten. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft deutscherNaturforscher und Arzte. Vol. 85. 2. Teil. 1. Hälfte. IV. Nr. 13. Versammlung zu Wien, Wien, pp. 680–683. [22. September 1913]
  81. Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 396 pp., 27 pls.