Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5359 No. 1: 24 Oct. 2023
Type: Monograph
Published: 2023-10-24
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1
Page range: 1-96
Abstract views: 211
PDF downloaded: 169

Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)

State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart; Entomology; Rosenstein 1; D-70191 Stuttgart; Germany; University of Hohenheim; Systematic Entomology (190n); Garbenstr. 30; D-70599 Stuttgart; Germany
SNSB-ZSM; Bavarian State Collection of Zoology; Münchhausenstr. 21; D-81247 Munich; Germany
Finnish Museum of Natural History; Zoology Unit; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 17; FI-00014
Grupo Biología Evolutiva; Department of Biology; Universidad de Sucre; Sincelejo; Sucre; Colombia
Finnish Museum of Natural History; Zoology Unit; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 17; FI-00014
State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart; Entomology; Rosenstein 1; D-70191 Stuttgart; Germany
Lepidoptera Cinglis DNA barcoding Middle East new combinations new synonyms Problepsis Pseudocinglis Scopula Scopuloides Somatina Zygophyxia

Abstract

The Iranian taxa of the tribe Scopulini are taxonomically revised. The systematic positions of the genera Cinglis Guenée, 1858, Glossotrophia Prout, 1913, Pseudocinglis Hausmann, 1994 and Scopuloides Hausmann, 1994, with uncertain validity and/or position within the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 (Lepidoptera: Sterrhinae), are further elucidated by use of one mitochondrial and up to nine protein-coding nuclear gene regions. Available type specimens of the described species and more than 2,600 additional specimens were morphologically investigated. In addition, over 400 genitalia preparations were made and examined together with distribution data and DNA barcodes. As a result of the multi-gene analysis, the genera Cinglis stat. rev. and Scopuloides stat. rev. are re-validated at the genus level. The genus Pseudocinglis syn. nov. is regarded as a junior synonym of the genus Cinglis stat. rev. and Glossotrophia syn. nov. is regarded as a junior synonym of the genus Scopula. Cinglis eurata (Prout, 1913) comb. nov. and Cinglis benigna (Brandt, 1941) comb. nov. are combined with the genus Cinglis. Additionally, Cinglis benigna amseli (Wiltshire, 1967) syn. nov. is regarded as a synonym of C. benigna. Scopula adulteraria (Erschov, 1874) stat. nov. is raised from subspecies to species rank; Scopula iranaria Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937 syn. nov. is synonymized with S. flaccidaria (Zeller, 1852); S. transcaspica taftanica Brandt, 1941 syn. nov. is synonymized with S. transcaspica Prout, 1935; S. diffinaria asiatica (Brandt, 1938) syn. nov. is synonymized with S. diffinaria (Prout, 1913) and Glossotrophia bullata Vojnits, 1986 syn. nov. is synonymized with Scopula sacraria ariana (Ebert, 1965). The female genitalia of Scopula lactarioides Brandt, 1941 are described and illustrated for the first time. In total, the presence of 33 species of Scopulini in Iran is confirmed. Wing patterns, male and female genitalia and diagnostic characters of most Iranian Scopulini species are depicted and their distribution ranges are mapped.

 

References

  1. Ban, X., Jiang, N., Cheng, R., Xue, D. & Han, H. (2018) Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the linnean Society, 184 (3), 653–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly013
  2. Barou, P.J. (1967) Contribution à la connaissance la faune des Lépidoptères de l’Iran. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, 26, 41–58.
  3. Beljaev, E.A. (2016) Fam. Geometridae—Pyadenitzi. In: Lelei, A.S. (Ed.), Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. 2. Lepidoptera. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 518–666. [in Russian]
  4. Bienert, Th. (1869) Lepidopterologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Persien in den Jahren 1858 und 1859. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der philosophischen Doctorwürde, an der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 56 pp.
  5. Brandt, W. (1938) Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Iran. Neue Gattungen, Arten und Formen (Macrolepidoptera). Entomologische Rundschau, 55 (49), 567–574.
  6. Brandt, W. (1939) Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Iran. Neue Gattungen, Arten und Formen (Macrolepidoptera). Entomologische Rundschau, 56 (14), 139–142.
  7. Brandt, W. (1941) Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Iran (4). Einige neue Geometriden. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 31 (3), 864–886.
  8. Brehm, G., Murillo-Ramos, L., Sihvonen, P., Hausmann, A., Schmidt, B.C., Õunap, E., Moser, A., Mörtter, R., Bolt, D., Bodner, F., Lindt, A., Parra, L.E. & Wahlberg, N. (2019) New World geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): molecular phylogeny, biogeography, taxonomic updates and description of 11 new tribes. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (3), 457–486. https://doi.org/10.26049/ASP77-3-2019-5
  9. Choi, S.W. & Kim, S.S. (2016) A checklist of the genus Scopula (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) including description of a new species and three newly recorded species from Korea. Zootaxa, 4178 (1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.6
  10. Christoph, H.T. (1873) Weiterer Beitrag zum Verzeichnisse der in Nord-Persien einheimischen Schmetterlinge. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 10, 3–55.
  11. Christoph, H.T. (1876–1877) Sammelergebnisse aus Nordpersien, Krasnowodsk in Turkmenien und dem Daghestan. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 12, 181–299.
  12. Covell, C.V. (1970) A revision of the North American species of the genus Scopula (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 96, 101–221.
  13. Eskandarzadeh, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Fathinia, B., Bahmani, Z., Hamidi, K. & Gholamifard, A. (2018) Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran. Zoosystema, 40 (sp1), 507–537. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2018v40a24
  14. Feizpour, S., Fekrat, L., Namaghi, H.S., Stadie, D. & Rajaei, H. (2018) Combination of morphological characters and DNA-barcoding confirms Problepsis cinerea (Butler, 1886) (Geometridae: Sterrhinae: Scopulini) as a new genus and species for the fauna of Iran. Integrative Systematics, 1, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.18476/insy.v01.a6
  15. Gholamifard, A. (2011) Endemism in the reptile fauna of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics, 7 (1), 13–29.
  16. Hausmann, A. (1993) Zweiter Beitrag zur Taxonomie und Systematik der Gattung Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Mitteilungen der Münchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 83, 77–107.
  17. Hausmann, A. (1994) Dritter Beitrag zur Revision der Gattung Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 nebst Beschreibung zweier neuer Gattungen (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Nota Lepidopterologica, 16, 195–211.
  18. Hausmann, A. (1996) Zwei neue Geometridenarten aus Vorderasien (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Spixiana Supplement, 22, 3–10.
  19. Hausmann, A. (2004) The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 2. Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 600 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004322554
  20. Hausmann, A. & Dötterl, S. (2004) Nectar-plants and larval food-plants of the genus Glossotrophia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae): studies on pollen grains attached to museum specimens. Nota Lepidopterologica, 26 (3/4), 127–136.
  21. Hausmann, A. & László G.M. (1999) Taxonomic and faunistic studies on Turkmenian Sterrhinae. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 60, 317–324.
  22. Hausmann, A., Miller, S.E., Holloway, J.D., deWaard, J., Pollock, D., Prosser, S.W.J. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2016a) Calibrating the taxonomy of a megadiverse family on BOLD: 3000 DNA barcodes from geometrid type specimens (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Genome, 59 (9), 671–684. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0197
  23. Hausmann, A., Stadie, D. & Fiebig, R. (2016b) Family Geometridae Leach, [1815]. In: Hacker, H. (Ed.), Systematic and illustrated catalogue of the Macroheterocera and superfamilies Cossoidea Leach, [1815], Zygaenoidea Latreille, 1809, Thyridoidea Herrich-Schäffer, 1846 and Hyblaeoidea Hampson, 1903 of the Arabian Peninsula, with a survey of their distribution (Lepidoptera). Esperiana, 20 (1), pp. 61–138.
  24. Hausmann, A., Kravchenko, V. & Müller, G. (2020) The Lepidoptera of Israel. Vol. 3. Geometridae. Proceedings of the Museum Witt Munich, 9, 1–256.
  25. Hufnagel, J.S. (1767) Fortsetzung der Tabelle von den Nachtvoegeln, welche die 3te Art derselben, nehmlich die Spannenmesser (Phalaenas Geometras Linnaei) enthält. Berlinisches Magazin, 4 (5), 504–527.
  26. Ivanova, N.V., deWaard, J.R. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.x
  27. Jiang, N., Li, X.X., Hausmann, A., Cheng, R., Xue, D.Y. & Han, H.X. (2017) A molecular phylogeny of the Palaearctic and Oriental members of the tribe Boarmiini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Invertebrate Systematics, 31 (4), 427– 441. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17005
  28. Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
  29. Kalali, Gh.-H. (1976) A List of Lepidoptera from Province of Khorasan (Iran). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 3, 131–135.
  30. Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
  31. Kouznetsov, V.J. (1959) Sur la Faune des Lépidoptères du Sud de l’Iran. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Mulhouse, 15, 65–70.
  32. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (6), 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
  33. Lederer, J. (1871) Nachtrag zum Verzeichnisse der von Herrn Jos. Haberhauer bei Astrabad in Persien gesammelten Schmetterlinge. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 8, 3–28.
  34. Lehmann, L., Stadie, D. & Zahiri, R. (2009) Zum Winteraspekt der Makrolepidopterenfauna Südirans mit Anmerkungen zur Biologie einiger Arten (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea, Papilionoidea, Geometroidea, Noctuoidea). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Neue Folge, 30 (3), 105–119.
  35. Lehmann, L. & Zahiri, R. (2011) Results of a lepidopterological expedition to North and Northwest Iran in summer 2007 with new records for Iran (Lepidoptera). Esperiana, 16 135–165.
  36. Makhov, I. (2023) Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the Baikal region: identification keys and annotated catalogue with notes to DNA barcoding. Part 2. Archiearinae, Geometrinae, Sterrhinae. Zootaxa, 5294 (1), 1–120. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5294.1.1
  37. Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, Louisiana, 11705685. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
  38. Müller, B., Erlacher, S., Hausmann, A., Rajaei, H., Sihvonen, P. & Skou, P. (2019) Ennominae II. In: Hausmann, A., Rajaei, H., Shivonen, P. & Skou, P. (Eds.), The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 6. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1–906. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485
  39. Murillo-Ramos, L., Brehm, G., Sihvonen, P., Hausmann, A., Holm, S., Reza Ghanavi, H., Õunap, E., Truuverk, A., Staude, H., Friedrich, E., Tammaru, T. & Wahlberg, N. (2019) A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies. PeerJ, 7, e7386. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7386
  40. Noori, S., Wanke, D. & Rajaei, H. (2023) A gazetteer of elusive localities of Iranian Lepidoptera records. In: Rajaei, H. & Karsholt, O. (Eds.), Lepidoptera Iranica. Integrative Systematics, 6 (Special Issue), pp. 91–129. https://doi.org/10.18476/2023.997558.6
  41. Noroozi, J., Talebi, A., Doostmohammadi, M., Manafzadeh, S., Asgarpour, Z. & Schneeweiss, G.M. (2019) Endemic Diversity and Distribution of the Iranian Vascular Flora across Phytogeographical Regions, Biodiversity Hotspots and Areas of Endemism. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49417-1
  42. Õunap, E. (2010) Systematic studies on the subfamily Sterrhinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Academic Dissertation, University of Tartu, Tartu, 111 pp. [ISBN 978-9949-19-361-5]
  43. Õunap, E., Viidalepp, J. & Truuverk, A. (2016) Phylogeny of the subfamily Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): integrating molecular data and traditional classifications. Systematic Entomology, 41, 824–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12195
  44. Prosser, S.W.P., deWaard, J.R., Miller, S.E. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2016) DNA barcodes from century-old type specimens using next-generation sequencing. Molecular Ecology Resources, 16 (2), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12474
  45. Prout, L.B. (1912–1916) Die spannerartigen Nachtfalter. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 4. A. Kernen verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1–479.
  46. Prout, L.B. (1921) Moths of Mesopotamia and N. W. Persia, Part III. Geometridae. Journal Bombay Natural History Society, XXVIII (1 & 2), 187–191.
  47. Rajaei, H., Hausmann, A., Scoble, M., Wanke, D., Plotkin, D., Brehm, G., Murillo-Ramos, L. & Sihvonen, P. (2022): An online taxonomic facility of Geometridae (Lepidoptera), with an overview of global species richness and systematics. Integrative Systematics, 5 (2), 145–192. https://doi.org/10.18476/2022.577933
  48. Rajaei, H., Aarvik, L., Arnscheid, W.R., Baldizzone, G., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Bidzilya, O., Buchner, P., Buchsbaum, U., Buszko, J., Dubatolov, V.V., Erlacher, S., Esfandiari, M., Freina, J.J. De, Gaedike, R., Gyulai, P., Hausmann, A., Haxaire, J., Hobern, D., Hofmann, A., Ignatev, N., Kaila, L., Kallies, A., Keil, T., Kiss, Á., Kitching, I.J., Kun, A., László, G.M., Leraut, G., Mally, R., Matov, A., Meineke, J.-U., Melichar, T., Mey, W., Mironov, V., Müller, B., Naderi, A., Nässig, W.A., Naumann, S., Nazari, V., Nieukerken, E.J. Van, Nuss, M., Pöll, N., Prozorov, A.M., Rabieh, M.M., Rákosy, L., Rindoš, M., Rota, J., Rougerie, R., Schintlmeister, A., Shirvani, A., Sihvonen, P., Simonsen, T.J., Sinev, S.Yu., Skou, P., Sobczyk, T., Sohn, J.-C., Tabell, J., Tarmann, G., Tokár, Z., Trusch, R., Varga, Z., Volynkin, A.V., Wanke, D., Yakovlev, R.V., Zahiri, R., Zehzad, P., Zeller, H.C., Zolotuhin, V.V. & Karsholt, O. (2023a) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Iran. In: Rajaei, H. & Karsholt, O. (Eds.), Lepidoptera Iranica. Integrative Systematics, 6 (Special Issue), pp. 121–459. https://doi.org/10.18476/2023.997558.7
  49. Rajaei, H., Noori, S., Karsholt, O. & Zahiri, R. (2023b) General patterns of the Lepidoptera fauna of Iran. In: Rajaei, H. & Karsholt, O. (Eds.), Lepidoptera Iranica. Integrative Systematics, 6 (Special Issue), pp. 69–81. https://doi.org/10.18476/2023.997558.4
  50. Rajaei, H., Stüning, D. & Trusch, R. (2012) Taxonomic revision and zoogeographical patterns of the species of Gnopharmia Staudinger, 1892 (Geometridae, Ennominae). Zootaxa, 3360 (1), 1–52. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3360.1.1
  51. Rambaut, A. (2012) Figtree. Version 1.4.3. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 6 September 2023)
  52. Reisser, H. (1958) Ergebnisse der Österreichischen Iran-Expedition 1949/50 Lepidoptera I. (Macrolepidoptera). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Abtheilung 1, 167 (10), 519–551.
  53. Romanoff, N.M. (1885) Les Lépidoptères de la Transcaucasie. Deuxième partie. In: Romanoff, N.M. (Ed.), Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères, 2, pp. 1–118.
  54. Sannino, L. & Espinosa, B., (1999) Aspetti morfologici ed etologici di Scopula turbidaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Fragmenta entomologica, Roma, 31 (2), 377–395.
  55. Schwingenschuss, L. (1939) Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna von Iran (Persien) insbesondere des Elbursgebirges in Nordiran. (Fortsetzung). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 53, 200–210.
  56. Scoble, M.J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Vols. 1 & 2. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria and Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1200 pp.
  57. Scoble, M.J. & Hausmann, A. (2007) Online list of valid and available names of the Geometridae of the World. Updated. Available from: https://geometroidea.smns-bw.org/archive/ (accessed 19 Ferbruary 2023)
  58. Sihvonen, P. (2001) Revision of the Scopula cajanderi (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae) species group with description of a new species. The Canadian Entomologist, 133, 467–486. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent133467-4
  59. Sihvonen, P. (2003) Diversity and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Academic Dissertation, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 158 pp. [Edta Prima Oy, ISBN 952-10-1400-8]
  60. Sihvonen, P. & Kaila, L. (2004) Phylogeny and tribal classification of Sterrhinae with emphasis on delimiting Scopulini. Systematic Entomology, 29, 324–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00248.x
  61. Sihvonen, P. (2005a) Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 143, 473–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00153.x
  62. Sihvonen, P. (2005b) Check-list of Chinese Scopula Schrank species and an analysis of species diversity (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 8, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60069-2
  63. Sihvonen, P., Murillo-Ramos, L., Brehm, G., Staude, H. & Wahlberg, N. (2020) Molecular phylogeny of Sterrhinae moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): towards a global classification. Systematic Entomology, 45, 606–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12418
  64. Stadie, D. & Stadie, Ph. (2016): The Problepsis ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845 species lineage - an integrative survey of their morphology, species radiation, distribution and ecology (Lepi- doptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Esperiana, 20 (2), 381–429.
  65. Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30, 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
  66. Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web-servers. Systematic Biology, 75, 758–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
  67. Sobczyk, T. & Gelbrecht, J. (2004) Zur Arealregression der an Thymian (Thymus) gebundenen Arten Scopula decorata ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) und Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1864) in Deutschland (Lepidoptera, Geometridae et Lycaenidae). Märkische Entomologischen Nachrichten, 6 (1), 1–16.
  68. Sutton, S.L. (1963) South Caspian Insect Fauna 1961. I. Systematic List of Lepidoptera with notes. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology, 13 (6), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936308651370
  69. Viidalepp, J. (1988) Geometridae fauna of the Central Asian mountains. Nauka Moscow, 240 pp.
  70. Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U.S.S.R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp.
  71. Wahlberg, N., Peña, C., Ahola, M., Wheat, C.W. & Rota J. (2016) PCR primers for 30 novel gene regions in the nuclear genomes of lepidoptera. Zookeys, 596, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.596.8399
  72. Wahlberg, N. & Wheat, C.W. (2008) Genomic outposts serve the phylogenomic pioneers: designing novel nuclear markers for genomic DNA extractions of Lepidoptera. Systematic Biology, 57, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802033006
  73. Wanke, D., Bigalk, S., Krogmann, L., Wendt, I. & Rajaei, H. (2019) The Fixator—A simple method for mounting of arthropod specimens and photography of complex struc- tures in liquid. Zootaxa, 4657 (2), 385–391. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4657.2.11
  74. Wanke, D., Hausmann, A., Krogmann, L., Petrányi, G. & Rajaei, H. (2020) Taxonomic revision of the genus Nychiodes Lederer, 1853 (Geometridae: Ennominae: Boarmiini) with description of three new species—an integrative approach. Zootaxa, 4812 (1), 1–61. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4812.1.1
  75. Wanke, D., Krogmann, L., Murillo-Ramos, L., Sihvonen, P. & Rajaei, H. (2021b) Systematics of Problepsis wiltshirei (Prout, 1938), comb. nov. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae)—an endemic species to the Zagros Mountains in the Middle East. Nota Lepidopterologica, 44, 175–192. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.67345
  76. Wanke, D. & Rajaei, H. (2018) An effective method for the close up photography of insect genitalia during dissection: a case study on the Lepidoptera. Nota Lepidopterologica, 41 (2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.27831
  77. Wanke D., Ulmer J.M., Wendt I. & Rajaei H. (2021a) Updates on the Fixator—Facilitating the investigation, mounting, and photography of structures and specimens in liquid. Zootaxa, 4999 (4), 397–400. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.4.9
  78. Wehrli, E. (1939–1954) Die Spanner des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 4. Supplement. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 254–766.
  79. Werner, M.J., Hausmann, A., Kostjuk, I., Wanke, D. & Rajaei, H. (2023) Integrative taxonomic revision of the genus Phaselia Guenée, [1858] (Geometridae: Ennominae) in the Middle East and Central Asia. Zootaxa, 5326 (1), 1–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5326.1.1
  80. Wieser, Ch., Huemer, P. & Stangelmaier, G. (2002) In: Gutleb, B. & Wieser, Ch. (2002) Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Exkursion in den Nordiran, 2001. Carinthia II, 192/112, pp. 33–140.
  81. Wieser, Ch. & Stangelmaier, G. (2005) Zwischenergebnisse einer lepidopterologischen Forschungsreise in den Nordiran, Oktober 2003 (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Carinthia II, 195/115, 659–674.
  82. Wiltshire, E.P. (1941) Mesopotamian Desert Lepidoptera. The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 42 (4), 826–842.
  83. Wiltshire, E.P. (1943) Early stages of oriental palearctic Lepidoptera. V. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 43, 621–634.
  84. Wiltshire, E.P. (1948) Middle East Lepidoptera IX: Two new forms or species and thirty-five new records from Cyprus. The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, 60, 79–87.
  85. Wiltshire, E.P. (1957) The Lepidoptera of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Iraq, Baghdad, 162 pp.
  86. Wiltshire, E.P. (1966) Österreichische entomologische Iran-Afghanistan-Expeditionen, Beiträge zur Lepidopterenfauna, Teil 9, Subfamilie Sterrhinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Middle East Lepidoptera XXII. Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 51 (9–11), 113–138.
  87. Wiltshire, E.P. (1967) Middle East Lepidoptera XX. A third contribution to the Fauna of Afghanistan. Beiträge zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Südwestdeutschland, 26 (3), 137–169.
  88. Wiltshire, E.P. (1980) The larger moths of Dhofar and their zoogeographic composition. Journal of Oman Studies, Special Report, 2, 187–216.
  89. Wiltshire, E.P. (1990) An Illustrated. Annotated Catalogue of the Macro-Heterocera of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 11, 91–250.
  90. Züllich, R. (1936) Beitrag zur Macrolepidopterenfauna des Rilogebirges in Bulgarien. Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Entomologischen Vereines Wien, 21 (7/8), 49–55.