Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5360 No. 3: 27 Oct. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-10-27
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.3
Page range: 385-408
Abstract views: 398
PDF downloaded: 183

Re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of four nominal, western Pacific species of tongue soles (Pleuronectoidei: Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossus), with redescription of C. joyneri Günther, 1878

Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou; China
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou; China
National Systematics Laboratory; NMFS/NOAA/OS&T; and Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; MRC–153; Washington; DC; USA
Pisces Cynoglossus lighti Cynoglossus tenuis Cynoglossus tshusanensis morphological variation molecular analyses 16S COI 12S integrative taxonomy intraspecific variation

Abstract

Striking similarities in morphological characters and significant overlap in meristic features have resulted in different hypotheses ­­regarding the taxonomic status of sev­­eral nominal species of northwestern Pacific tongue soles of the genus Cynoglossus, including C. joyneri Günther, 1878, C. lighti Norman, 1925, C. tenuis (Oshima, 1927), and C. tshusanensis Chabanaud, 1951. Previous hypotheses have proposed that each taxon is a valid species; or that C. lighti and C. tshusanensis are junior subjective synonyms of C. joyneri; or that C. tenuis is a junior subjective synonym of either C. joyneri or C. lighti. Although several previous investigations concluded that C. lighti is a synonym of C. joyneri, names of both nominal species still appear in contemporary literature indicating that taxonomic status of these nominal species remains unresolved. To clarify the taxonomic status of these four nominal species, detailed study of morphological characters of 138 specimens collected from 22 localities in Japan and China, and re-examination of type specimens of three of these nominal species was conducted. The molecular barcodes of mitochondrial DNA from six representative specimens featuring morphological variation purportedly useful for distinguishing C. lighti from C. joyneri were also analyzed and then compared with sequences reported for C. joyneri in the literature. Lectotypes of C. joyneri and C. lighti differed in only two morphological characters (body depth and position of posterior tip of rostral hook relative to anterior margin of lower eye). However, when these two characters were examined in 138 recently collected non-type specimens, no differences were found among these nominal species. Our results do not support recognizing these as separate species. Results from genetic analyses also support recognizing only a single species among the material examined. Furthermore, overall similarities in morphological features between the holotype of C. tshusanensis and specimens of C. joyneri support recognizing C. tshusanensis as a junior subjective synonym of C. joyneri. Likewise, values for morphological features of C. joyneri examined in the present study also encompass the range of values reported in the original description of C. tenuis. This finding supports conclusions of previous studies that this nominal species is also a junior synonym of C. joyneri. Based on morphological and genetic evidence, we conclude that only a single species, C. joyneri, should be recognized among the four nominal species included in this study. Cynoglossus joyneri is re-described based on data from 492 specimens collected throughout nearly the entire range of the species.

 

References

  1. Baeck, G.W. & Huh, S.H. (2004) Age and growth of Red Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus joyneri) in the Southern Sea of Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology, 37 (4), 307–311. [in Korean] https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2004.37.4.307
  2. Baeck, G.W., Park, J.M. & Hashimoto, H. (2011) Feeding ecology of three tonguefishes, genus Cynoglossus (Cynoglossidae) in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Animal Cells and Systems, 15 (4), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2011.611173
  3. Chabanaud, P. (1951) XXVI.—Sur divers Cynoglossus de la région Indo-Pacifique. I. Étude de trois espèces du Pacifique Asiatique. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Serie s12, 4 (39), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935108654150
  4. Chapleau, F. (1988) Comparative osteology and intergeneric relationships of the tongue soles (Pisces; Pleuronectiformes; Cynoglossidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66 (5), 1214–1232. https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-177
  5. Chen, J.T.F. & Weng, H.T.C. (1965) A review of the flatfishes of Taiwan. Biological Bulletin, Department of Biology, College of Science, Tunghai University, 25 & 27, 1–103.
  6. Cheng, Q.-T. (1997) Pleuronectiformes. In: Cheng, Q.-T. & Zhou, C.-W. (Eds.), Fauna of Shandong Province. Shandong Science and Technology Press, Jinan, pp. 442–467. [in Chinese]
  7. Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Systematic Biology, 65, 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037
  8. Choi, Y., Kim, J. & Park, J. (2002) Marine fishes of Korea. Kyohaksa Publishing Company Limited, Seoul, 598 pp. [in Korean]
  9. Chyung, M.-K. (1954) Korean fishes. Department of Commerce and Industry, Seoul, 517 pp. [in Korean]
  10. Desoutter, M., Chapleau, F., Munroe, T.A., Chanet, B. & Beaunier, M. (2001) Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (suite). Ordre des Pleuronectiformes. Cybium, 25 (4), 299–368.
  11. Fowler, H.W. (1934) A synopsis of the fishes of China. Part V continued. The cods, opahs, flounders, soles, John dories, berycoids, pipe fishes, silversides, mullets, barracudas and thread fishes. Hong Kong Naturalist, 5 (4), 304–319.
  12. Fricke, R., Golani, D. & Appelbaum-Golani, B. (2017) Cynoglossus crepida, a new species of tonguesole from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Teleostei: Cynoglossidae). Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 25, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.321395
  13. Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Van der Laan, R. (2022) Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (accessed 30 May 2022)
  14. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2023) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Version 2023 February. Available from: http://www.fishbase.org (accessed May 2023)
  15. Gu, S.O., Hwang, H.J. & Kim, J.K. (2009) Morphological description of Cynoglossus joyneri larvae collected from the Yellow Sea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42 (6), 725–728. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2009.42.6.725
  16. Günther, A. (1878) Notes on a collection of Japanese Sea-Fishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1 (6), 485–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937808682368
  17. Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. Edinburgh & London, 405 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59540
  18. Ho, H.-C. & Shao, K.-T. (2011) Annotated checklist and type catalog of fish genera and species described from Taiwan. Zootaxa, 2957 (1), 1–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2957.1.1
  19. Hwang, S.D., Im, Y.J., Song, H.I., Choi, Y.S. & Moon, H.T. (1998) Fishery resources off Youngkwang: 2. Species composition of catch by a otter trawl. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 31 (5), 739–748.
  20. Jiang, Y., Ling, J., Li, J., Yang, L. & Li, S. (2014) Seasonal changes in the demersal nekton community off the Changjiang River estuary. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 32 (2), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-014-3097-3
  21. Jordan, D.S. & Starks, E.C. (1907) A review of the flounders and soles of Japan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 31 (1484), 161–246. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.31-1484.161
  22. Kamohara, T. (1953) Marine fishes newly found in Prov. Tosa, Japan, with descriptions of a new genus and species. Research Reports of the Kôchi University, 2 (11), 1–10.
  23. Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  24. Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C., Thierer, T., Ashton, B., Meintjes, P. & Drummond, A. (2012) Geneious basic: an integrated and extend-able desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28, 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
  25. Kim, I.S. & Choi, Y. (1994) A taxonomic revision of the family Cynoglossidae (Pisces, Pleuronectiformes) from Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 27 (6), 803–813. [in Korean]
  26. Kim, I.S,, Choi, Y, Lee, C.L, Lee, Y.J., Kim, B.J. & Kim, J.H. (2005) Illustrated Book of Korean fishes. Kyohak Publishing, Seoul, 615 pp.
  27. Kong, X.-Y., Dong, X.-L., Zhang, Y.-C., Shi, W., Wang, Z.-M. & Yu, Z.-N. (2009) A novel rearrangement in the mitochondrial genome of tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis: control region translocation and a tRNA gene inversion. Genome, 52, 975–984. https://doi.org/10.1139/G09-069
  28. Koshiishi, Y., Ohsaka, Y., Hayasi, M., Sano, M. & Murai, T. (2001) Distribution and growth of 0-age-group tonguefish (Cynoglossus lighti) in northeast Ariake Sound. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Agency, No. l, 23–34. [in Japanese]
  29. Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 27, 1–663.
  30. Kume, G., Furumitsu, K. & Yamaguchi, A. (2012) Fishery in Ariake Bay. In: Kusuda, T. (Ed.), The recovery of Ariake Bay. Kouseisyakougeikaku, Tokyo, pp. 82–100.
  31. Kume, G., Furumitsu, K., Nakata, H., Suzuki, T., Handa, M. & Yamaguchi, A. (2015) Spatiotemporal occurrence and feeding habits of tonguefish, Cynoglossus lighti Norman, 1925, larvae in Ariake Bay, Japan. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31, 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12498
  32. Kwak, S.N., Huh, S.H. & Kim, H.W. (2012) Change in fish assemblage inhabiting around Dae Island in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment and Safety, 18 (3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2012.18.3.175
  33. Lee, J.B., Lee, J.H., Shin, Y.J., Zhang, C.I. & Cha, H.K. (2010) Seasonal variation of fisheries resources composition in the coastal ecosystem of the middle Yellow Sea of Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology, 46 (2), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.3796/KSFT.2010.46.2.126
  34. Lee, T.W. (1989) Seasonal fluctuation in abundance and species composition of demersal fishes in Cheonsu Bay of the Yellow Sea, Korea. Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society, 22 (1), 1–8.
  35. Li, S.-Z. & Wang, H.-M. (1995) Fauna Sinica: Osteichthyes, Tleuronectiformes. Science Press, Beijing, 433 pp. [in Chinese]
  36. Lindberg, G.U. & Fedorov, V.V. (1993) Fishes of the Sea of Japan and the adjacent areas of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Yellow Sea. Part 6. Teleostomi. Osteichthyes. Actinopterygii. XXI. Pleuronectiformes (Fam. CXCV. Psettodidae—Fam. CCI. Cynoglossidae). Handbook on the Identification of Animals. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy, 166, 1–272. [in Russian]
  37. Liu, C.-X. & Qin, K.-J. (1987) Fauna of Liaoning Province: Osteichthyes, Pleuronectiformes. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, 652 pp. [in Chinese]
  38. Liu, S.-F., Liu, J.-X., Zhuang, Z.-M., Gao, T.-X., Han, Z.-Q. & Chen, D.-G. (2010) Monophyletic origin and synonymic phenomena in the sub-family Cynoglossinae inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Biodiversity Science, 18 (3), 275–282. [in Chinese] https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.275
  39. Lu, K.-X. & Wu, H.-L. (1986) Order Pleuronectiformes. In: The freshwater and estuarine fishes of Hainan Island. Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou, pp. 329–339. [in Chinese]
  40. Matsubara, K. (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Pt. 2. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 1282 pp. [in Japanese] https://doi.org/10.2307/1440449
  41. Menon, A.G.K. (1977) A systematic monograph of the tongue soles of the genus Cynoglossus Hamilton-Buchanan (Pisces, Cynoglossidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 238, 1–129. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.238
  42. Miao, X.-G., Jiang, J.-X., Shi, W., Wang, Z.-M., Wang, S.-Y. & Kong, X.-Y. (2013) Phylogenetic relationship of Cynoglossinae based on COI barcoding marker. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 32 (5), 85–92. [in Chinese] https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-5470.2013.05.012
  43. Miao, X.-Z. (1984) Pleuronectiformes. In: Chu Y.-D. (Ed.), Fauna of Fujian Province. Part II. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 518–563. [in Chinese]
  44. Minami, T. & Tanaka, M. (1992) Life history cycles in flatfish from the Northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to their early life histories. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 29 (1–3), 35–48.
  45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(92)90006-Z
  46. Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37, 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
  47. Munroe, T.A. (2000) Family Cynoglossidae. In: Randall, J.E. & Lim, K.K.P. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 8, pp. 569–667.
  48. Munroe, T.A. (2021) Cynoglossus joyneri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: T146946749A146951616. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T146946749A146951616.en
  49. Ni, I.-H. & Kwok, K.-Y. (1999) Marine fish fauna in Hong Kong waters. Zoological Studies, 38 (2), 130–152.
  50. Norman, J. (1925) Two new fishes from China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9,16 (92), 270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932508633307
  51. Nguyen, N.T. & Nguyen, V.Q. (2006) Biodiversity and living resources of the coral reef fishes in Vietnam marine waters. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi, 120 pp.
  52. Ochiai, A. (1963) Fauna Japonica. Soleina (Pisces). Biogeographical Society of Japan, National Science Museum, Tokyo, 139 pp.
  53. Ochiai, A. (1984) Family Cynoglossidae. In: Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (Eds.), The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Text Volume. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 355–356. [English Edition]
  54. Oshima, M. (1927) List of flounders and soles found in the waters of Formosa, with descriptions of hitherto unrecorded species. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 1 (5), 177–204.
  55. Otaki, K. (1896) Classification of Flatfish. Zoological Society of Japan, Tokyo, 8 (97), 418–421. [in Japanese]
  56. Ping, P. & Liu, J. (2014) Biodiversity and zoogeography of fish in the Yellow Sea with emphasis on dominant species. Chapter 14. In: Sun, S., Andrey, A.V., Konstantin, L.A. & Sun, X.-X. (Eds.), Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 209–214.
  57. Regan, C.T. (1910) The origin and evolution of the Teleostean fishes of the order Heterosomata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 6 (35), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931008692879
  58. Ruijing, W., Feng, Z., Xiujuan, S. & Shan, S. (2010) Impacts of variability of habitat factors on species composition of ichthyoplankton and distribution of fish spawning ground in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30 (3), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2010.04.006
  59. Shao, K.T. (2023) The fish database of Taiwan. http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw (accessed 9 September 2023)
  60. Shao, K.-T., Ho, H.-C., Lin, P.-L., Lee, P.-F., Lee, M.-Y., Tsai, C.-Y., Liao, Y.-C., Lin, Y.-C., Chen, J.-P. & Yeh, H.-M. (2008) A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 19, 233–271.
  61. Shen, S.-J. (1984) Coastal fishes of Taiwan. Rongming Press, Taipei, 190 pp.
  62. Shen, S.-J. (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Taiwan, 896 pp. [in Chinese]
  63. Shen, S.-C., Lee, S.-C., Shao, K.-T., Mok, H.-C., Chen, C.-H. & Chen, C.-C. (1993) Fishes of Taiwan. Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, 960 pp. [in Chinese]
  64. Shuozeng, D. (1995a) Food utilization of adult flatfishes co-occurring in the Bohai Sea of China. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 34 (1–3), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(95)90026-8
  65. Shuozeng, D. (1995b) Life history cycles of flatfish species in the Bohai Sea, China. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 34 (1–3), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(95)90027-6
  66. Song, C., Yu, Y.-A., Zhang, T., Yang, G. & Zhang, L.-Z. (2015) Phylogenetic analysis of Cynoglossidae in the Yangtze Estuary based on partial sequence of mitochondrial COI. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 7 (6), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.13859/j.cjz.201405011
  67. Sun, C., Chen, L., Zhao, S., Guo, W., Luo, Y., Wang, L., Tang, L., Li, F. & Zhang, J. (2021) Seasonal distribution and ecological risk of phthalate esters in surface water and marine organisms of the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169 (Article 112449), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112449
  68. Tanaka, M. (1955) Japanese fishes in life colors. Kazamshobo, Tokyo, 355 pp. [in Japanese]
  69. Wang, L., Wu, Z., Liu, M., Liu, W., Zhao, W., Liu, H. & You, F. (2018) DNA barcoding of marine fish species from Rongcheng Bay, China. PeerJ, 6, e5013. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5013
  70. Wang, Z.-M., Munroe, T.A. & Kong, X.-Y. (2016) A new species of tongue sole (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossus) from coastal waters of the South China Sea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 129 (1), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-129.Q2.129
  71. Wu, H.-W. (1932) Contribution a l'etude morphologique, biologique et systematique des poissons heterosomes de la Chine. Thèses présentées à la faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Paris, Paris, 179 pp.
  72. Xu, H., Li, J., Kong, X.-Y., et al. (2008) Sequence length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 in six species of the tongue sole subfamily Cynoglossinae. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 39 (1), 35–41. [in Chinese] https://doi.org/10.11693/hyhz200801006006
  73. Yagi, Y., Kinoshita, I., Fujita, S., Ueda, H. & Aoyoma, D. (2009) Comparison of the early life histories of two Cynoglossus species in the inner estuary of Ariake Bay, Japan. Ichthyological Research, 56, 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-009-0109-y
  74. Yamada, U. (2000) Family Cynoglossidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan: with pictorial keys to the species, second edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1388–1392. [in Japanese]
  75. Yamada, U. (2002) Family Cynoglossidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan: with pictorial keys to the species, second edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1388–1392. [English Edition]
  76. Yamada, U. & Yagishita, N. (2013) Family Cynoglossidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan: with pictorial keys to the species, third edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1693–1698. [in Japanese]
  77. Yamaguchi, A. & Kume, G. (2004) Age, growth and maturity of the tonguefish Cynoglossus lighti in Ariake Sound. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries of Nagasaki University, 85, 9–12.
  78. Yamamoto, M., Katayama, S., Makino, H. & Takemori, H. (2009) Age and growth of Red Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus joyneri) in the Central Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Aquaculture Science, 57 (2), 341–342.
  79. Yokogawa, K., Endo, H. & Sakaji, H. (2008) Cynoglossus ochiaii, a new tongue sole from Japan (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Series A, Supplement 2, 115–127.
  80. Yoon, H.S., An, Y.K., Hwang, J.H., Lim, H.S., Lee, W.K., Han, K.H., Lee, S.H. & Choi, S.D. (2013) Length-weight relationships for 14 species of the Suer River estuary in southern Korea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29 (2), 468–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12097
  81. Zhang, C.-L. & Wang, W.-B. (1963) Pleuronectiformes. In: Zhu, Y.-D., Zhang, C.-L. & Cheng, Q.-T. (Eds.) Fauna of East China Sea. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 510–545. [in Chinese]
  82. Zheng, B.-S. (1955) Pleuronectiformes. In: Zhang, C.-L., Cheng, Q.-T., Zheng, B.-S., Li, S.-Z., Zheng, W.-L. & Wang, W.-B. (Eds.), Fishes of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 274–305. [in Chinese]
  83. Zheng, B.-S. (1962) Pleuronectiformes. In: Fauna of South China Sea, Part III. Institute of Zoology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Fisheries Institute, Science Press, Beijing, pp. 950–1014. [in Chinese]
  84. Zhou, X.-M., Guo, S.-X., Song, N. & Zhang, X.-M. (2017) Identification of Cynoglossus joyneri eggs and larvae by DNA barcoding and morphological method. Biodiversity Science, 25 (8), 847–855. [in Chinese] https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017094