Abstract
The trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae) includes 11 described species, 10 of which are endemic to California. Aliatypus species are known from most physiographic provinces in California, with the noticeable absence of described species from the southern Coast Ranges. This paper describes a new species (Aliatypus coylei, sp. nov.) that is shown to occur at more than 20 locations, most of which are in the southern Coast Ranges. This species is morphologically most similar to members of the A. erebus species group (A. erebus Coyle and A. torridus Coyle), but males differ from those of these latter species in several features. Female specimens are more difficult to distinguish from A. erebus and A. torridus, but can be easily separated using DNA characters. Collection of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from 21 sites shows that A. coylei is genetically very divergent from all described Aliatypus species, and reveals extreme population subdivision across the fragmented southern Coast Range landscape.References
Bond, J.E. & Opell, B.D. (2002) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 487–534.
Bond, J.E. & Stockman, A.K. (2008) An integrative method for delimiting cohesion species: Finding the population: species interface in a group of Californian trapdoor spiders with extreme genetic divergence and geographic structuring. Systematic Biology, 57, 628–646.
Bond, J.E., Hedin, M.C., Ramirez, M.G. & Opell, B.D. (2001) Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus. Molecular Ecology, 10, 899–910.
Bowersox, J.R. (2005) Reassessment of extinction patterns of Pliocene molluscs from California and environmental forcing of extinction in the San Joaquin Basin. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 221, 55–82.
Coyle, F.A. (1968) The mygalomorph spider genus Atypoides (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Psyche, 75, 157–194.
Coyle, F.A. (1971) Systematics and natural history of the mygalomorph spider genus Antrodiaetus and related genera (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 141, 269–402.
Coyle, F.A. (1974) Systematics of the trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Psyche, 81, 431–500.
Coyle, F.A. (1994) Cladistic analysis of the species of the trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 22, 218–224.
Coyle, F.A. & Icenogle, W.R. (1994) Natural history of the Californian trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 22, 225–255.
Davis, E.B., Koo, M.S., Conroy, C., Patton, J.L. & Moritz, C. (2008) The California hotspots project: identifying regions of rapid diversification of mammals. Molecular Ecology, 17, 120–138.
Gertsch, W.J. (1940) in Comstock, J. H. 1940. The Spider Book, revised and edited by W. J. Gertsch. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, xi + 727 pp.
Hall, C.A.J. (2002) Nearshore marine paleoclimate regions, increasing zoogeographic provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines, California: late Oligocene (27 Ma) to late Pliocene (2.5 Ma). Geological Society America, Special Paper, 357, v-489.
Hedin, M. & Bond, J.E. (2006) Molecular phylogenetics of the spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18S and 28S): Conflict and agreement with the current system of classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 454–471.
Hendrixson, B.E. & Bond, J.E. (2005) Testing species boundaries in the Antrodiaetus unicolor complex (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Antrodiaetidae): “paraphyly” and cryptic diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36, 405–416.
Hendrixson, B.E. & Bond, J.E. (2007) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of an ancient Holarctic lineage of mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae: Antrodiaetus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 738–755.
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
Jockusch, E.L. & Wake, D.B. (2002) Falling apart and merging: diversification of slender salamanders (Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the American West. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76, 361–391.
Jockusch, E.L., Yanev, K.P. & Wake, D.B. (2001) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of slender salamanders, genus Batrachoseps (Amphibia: Pletodontidae), from central coastal California with descriptions of four new species. Herpetological Monographs, 15, 54–99.
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
Kraft, N.J.B., Baldwin, B.G. & Ackerly, D.D. (2010) Range size, taxon age and hotspots of neoendemism in the California flora. Diversity and Distributions, 16, 403–413.
Maddison, D.R. & Maddison, W.P. (2003) MacClade 4.06: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 4.06. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA.
Page, B.M., Thompson, G.A. & Coleman, R.G. (1998) Late Cenozoic tectonics of the central and southern Coast Ranges of California. GSA Bulletin, 110, 846–876.
Parham, J.F. & Papenfuss, T.J. (2009) High genetic diversity among fossorial lizard populations (Anniella pulchra) in a rapidly developing landscape (Central California). Conservation Genetics 10, 169–176.
Platnick, N.I. & Ubick, D. (2001) A revision of the North America spiders of the new genus Socalchemmis (Araneae, Tengellidae). American Museum Novitates, 3339, 1–25.
Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1253–1256.
Ramirez, M. & Chi, B. (2004) Cryptic speciation, genetic diversity and gene flow in the California turret spider Antrodiaetus riversi (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82, 27–37.
Raven, R.J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1–180.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. & van der Mark, P. (2005) MrBayes 3.1 Manual, Draft 5/26/2005, online at http://mrbayes.csit.fsu.edu/manual.php (last accessed 4 February, 2011).
Satler, J., Starrett, J., Hayashi, C. & Hedin, M.(2011) Inferring species trees from gene trees in a radiation of California trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus). In review.
Schoenherr, A.A. (1992) A Natural History of California, University of California Press.
Starrett, J. & Hedin, M. (2007) Multilocus genealogies reveal multiple cryptic species and biogeographical complexity in the California turret spider Antrodiaetus riversi (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae). Molecular Ecology, 16, 583–604.
Stebbins, G.L. & Major, J. (1965) Endemism and speciation in the California flora. Ecological Monographs, 35, 1–35.
Stockman, A.K. & Bond, J.E. (2007) Delimiting cohesion species: extreme population structure and the role of ecological interchangeability. Molecular Ecology, 16, 3374–3392.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Ubick, D. & Briggs, T.S. (2008) The harvestman family Phalangodidae 6. Revision of the Sitalcina complex (Opiliones, Laniatores). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 59, 1–108.
Wake, D. (1997) Incipient species formation in salamanders of the Ensatina complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 94, 7761–7767.