Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5389 No. 4: 21 Dec. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-12-21
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.4.1
Page range: 401-433
Abstract views: 179
PDF downloaded: 9

SEA PENS (CNIDARIA: OCTOCORALLIA: PENNATULOIDEA) FROM THE MAR DEL PLATA SUBMARINE CANYON AND OUTSKIRTS

Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; “Bernardino Rivadavia”- CONICET. Av. Ángel Gallardo 470; Buenos Aires; Argentina
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; “Bernardino Rivadavia”- CONICET. Av. Ángel Gallardo 470; Buenos Aires; Argentina
Coelenterata Octocorallia Argentina corals diversity deep-sea

Abstract

During this work, over 200 specimens of sea pens (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Pennatuloidea), collected in the Mar del Plata submarine canyon and outskirts (38ºS, up to 3500 m depth) during 2012 and 2013 were analyzed. Of the total, about 160 were identified in seven species of Anthoptilum, Distichoptilum, Kophobelemnon, Pseudumbellula, Solumbellula and Umbellula. Three of those represent new records for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean off Argentina.

 

References

  1. Acuña, F.H. & Zamponi, M.O. (1992) Pennatulacea (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) de la región subantártica: nuevos taxa y registros. IHERINGIA Serie Zoologica, 73, 47–53.
  2. Asbjørnsen, P.C. (1856) Description du Kophobelemnon Mülleri. Un nouveau genre des plumes marines. Fauna littoralis Norvegiæ, 2, 81–85.
  3. Balss, H. (1910) Japanische Pennatuliden. In: Doflein, F. (Ed), Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physischen Classe der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Vol. 1 (Supplement 10).
  4. Bayer, F.M. (1973) Colonial organization in octocorals. Animal Colonies, 69–93.
  5. Bayer, F.M. & Grasshoff, M. (1997) Umbellula Cuvier, [1797] (Cnidaria, Anthozoa): proposed conservation as the correct original spelling, and corrections to the entries relating to Umbellula Lamark, 1801 on the Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54 (1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.56
  6. Bravo, M.E., Fiori, S.M., Aliotta, S., Amodeo, M.R. & Ginsberg, S. (2020) Assessment of the impacts of shallow gas on taxonomic structure of benthic communities in Bahía Blanca estuary (Argentina). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 244, 103924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106924
  7. Bravo, M.E., Levin, L.A., Fiori, S.M., Aliotta, S. & Ginsberg, S. (2021) Can no-bubble methane seeps affect biological traits of benthic macroinvertebrates in coastal systems?. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 261, 107525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107525
  8. Breedy, O. & Cortes, J. (2008) Octocorals (Coelenterata: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) of Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56 (2), 71–77.
  9. Castro, C.B. (1990) Revisão dos Octocorallia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) do litoral Sul-Americano: da foz do Rio Amazonas à foz do Rio da Prata. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
  10. Cuvier, G. (1798) Tableau elementarie de I'historie nauturelle des animax. Paris: Baudouin. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11203
  11. Cuvier, G. (1800) Leçons d’anatomic compare de G. Cuvier. Rcueillies et publiées sous ses yeux, par C. Duméril, París, 1 (32), 521. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49450
  12. Cuvier, G. (1816 [1817]) Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. ournal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, Deterville, Paris, 8 (1), 31. Tome 1, pp. 540; Tome 2, pp. 528; Tome 3, pp. 653; Tome 4, pp. 255, pl 15.
  13. Danielssen, D.C. & Koren, J. (1884) Pennatulida. Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876-1878. Zoologi, 12, 1–84.
  14. Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 253–286. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348
  15. del Rio Iglesias, J.L. et al. (2012) Estudio de los ecosistemas marinos vulnerables en aguas internacionales del Atlántico Sudoccidental. Instituto Español de Oceanografía y Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Editor). del Rio Iglesias, J. L. (Coord.).
  16. Dolan, E. (2008) Phylogenetics, systematics and biogeography of deep-sea Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Evidence from molecules and morphology. Universidad de Southampton. Facultad de ingeniería, ciencia y matemáticas. Colegio de Ciencias del Océano y la Tierra. PhD Dissertation.
  17. Dolan, E., Tyler, P.A., Yesson, C. & Rogers, A.D. (2013) Phylogeny and systematics of deep-sea pens (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69, 610–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.018
  18. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1834) Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1, 225–380.
  19. Ellis, J. (1753) Concerning a cluster-polype, found in the sea near the coast of Greenland. Transactions of the Royal Society, 48, 305. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1753.0046
  20. Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander, London, 4, 1–206. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64985
  21. FAO. (2009) Report of the technical consultation on international guidelines for the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas. Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report Nº 881.
  22. García-Cárdenas, F.J., Drewery, J. & López-González, P.J. (2019) Resurrection of the sea pen genus Ptillela Gray, 1870 and description of Ptillela grayi n. sp. from the NE Atlantic (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). Scientia Marina, 83(3) https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04845.26A.
  23. Grasshoff, M. (1972) Eine Seefeder mit einem einzigen Polypen: umbellula thieli n. sp. Die von F.S. ‘Meteor’ 1967 – 1970 im östlichen Nordatlantik gedreschten Pennatularia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Meteor Forschungsergebnisse D, 12, 1–11.
  24. Gray, J.E. (1860) Revision of the family Pennatulidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3 (5), 20 – 25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697169
  25. Gray, J.E. (1870) Catalogue of sea-pens or Pennatulariidae in the collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11307
  26. Greathead, C.F., Donnan, D.W., Mair, J.M. & Saunders, G.R. (2007) The sea pens Virgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea and Funiculina quadrangularis: distribution and conservation issues in Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407056238
  27. Herklots, J.A. (1858) Notices pour server à l’étude des polypiers nageurs ou pennatulides. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 7, 1 [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s12526-010-0063-y31.] https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-00701001
  28. Hickson, S.J. (1916) The pennatulacea of the Siboga Expedition, with general survey of the order. Siboga expeditie Monographs, 14 (7), 1–265.
  29. Jungersen, H.F.E. (1904) The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Pennatulida. Copenhagen, 5:1.
  30. Keller, N.B., Pasternak, F.A. & Naumov, D.V. (1975) Bottom deep-sea Coelenterata from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Scientific studies Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and adjacent waters. Transactions of the P. P. Shirsov Institute of Oceanology, 100, 147–159.
  31. Kner, R. (1858) Ueber Virgularia multiflora, n. sp. aus der Familie der Seefedern, Pennatulina. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 8, 295–298.
  32. Kölliker, R.A. von. (1870) Anatomisch-systematishe Beshreibung der Alcyonarien. Erste Abt. Die Pennatuliden. I-II, Abhandl. d. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt a. M., 7, 111–225; 487–602; 8, 85–275.
  33. Kölliker, R.A. von. (1872) Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien. Die Pennatuliden. Abhandlungen, herausgegeben von der senkckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft, 32, 85–205.
  34. Kölliker, R.A. von. (1874) Die Pennatulidae Umbellula und Zwei neue Typen der Alcyonarien. Festschrift zu Feier des fünfundzwanzigjährigen Bestehens der Physikalischmedizinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg, 1–23.
  35. Kölliker, R.A. von. (1880) Report on the PENNATULIDA dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology, 1 (2), 1–41.
  36. Koren, J. & Danielssen, D.C. (1883) Nye Alcyonider, Gorgonider og Pennatulider tilhørende Norges Fauna. Bergens Museum Skrifter, 2, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60111
  37. Kükenthal, W. (1902) Diagnosen neuer Alcyonarien aus der Ausbeute der Seutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25, 299–303.
  38. Kükenthal, W. (1910) Pennatuliden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger 36 (1), 51–65.
  39. Kükenthal, W. (1915) Pennatularia. Das Tierreich, 43, 1–132. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1092
  40. Kushida, Y. & Reimer, J.D. (2019) Molecular phylogeny and diversity of sea pens (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea) with a focus on shallow water species of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 131, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.032
  41. Lamarck, J.-B.M. de. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome second. Paris: Verdière.
  42. Legeckis, R. & Gordon, A.L. (1982) Satellite observations of the Brazil and Falkland currents- 1975 to 1976 and 1978*. Deep-sea Research, 29 (3A), 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90101-7
  43. Leonardi, A.G. & Ewing, M. (1971) Sediment transport and distribution in the Argentine Basin. 4. Bathymetry of the continental margin, Argentine Basin and other related provinces. Canyons and sources of sediments. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 8, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(71)90016-4
  44. Lindhal, J.A. (1874) Om pennatulid-slaget. Umbellula cuv. Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, 13 (3), 1–22.
  45. Linné, C. (1758) Systema naturae. Estocolmo.
  46. Linné, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Estocolmo.
  47. López-González, P.J. & Williams, G.C. (2002) A new genus and species of sea pen (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Stachyptillidae) from the Antarctic Peninsula. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 919–929. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT01027
  48. López-González, P.J., Gili, J.M. & Fuentes, V. (2009) A new species of shallow-water sea pen (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Kophobelemnidae) from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 32, 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0591-8
  49. López-González, P.J. & Williams, G.C. (2011) A new deep-sea pennatulacean (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Chunellidae) from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic). Helgoland Marine Research, 65, 309–318. [https://hmr.biomedcentral.com/ ] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-010-0224-1
  50. López-González, P.J. & Drewery, J. (2022) When distant relatives look too alike: a new family, two new genera and new species of deep-sea Umbellula-like sea pens (Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Pennatulacea). Invertebrate Systematics, 36 (3), 199–225 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS21040
  51. Marshall, M.D. (1883) Report on the Pennatulida dreged by H.M.S. “Triton”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 32 (1), 119–152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800026697
  52. Marshall, A.M. & Fowler, G.H. (1887) Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H.M.S. "Porcupine". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 33 (2), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800028039
  53. Martos, P. & Piccolo, M.C. (1998) Hydrography of the Argentine continental shelf between 38° and 42° S. Continental Shelf Research, 8 (9), 1043–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(88)90038-6
  54. May, W. (1899) Alcyonarien. Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise, Hamburg, 1 – 22.
  55. McFadden, C.S., van Ofwegen, L.P. & Quattrini, A.M. (2022) Revisionary systematics : of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) guided by phylogenomics. Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists, 1 (3), 8735. https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v1i3.8735
  56. Müller, O.F. (1776) Zoologiæ Danicæ Prodromus, deu animalium Daniæ et Norvegiæ indigenarm, Caracteres, Nomina et Synonyma, Londres, 1–282. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13268
  57. Pallas, P.S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Fransiscum Varrentrapp, Hagae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6595
  58. Pasternak, F.A. (1960) The deep-sea Pennatularia from the Bering Sea and Kuril-Kamtschatka Trench. Trudy Instituta okeanologii, Akademya nauk SSSR, 34:329-335- [In Russian]
  59. Pasternak, F.A. (1964) The deep-sea pennatularians and antipatharians obtained by R/S “Vitjaz” in the Indian Ocean and the resemblance between the fauna of pennatularians of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Trudy Instituta okeanologii Akademiya nauk SSSR, 69, 183–215 [In Russian]
  60. Pasternak, F.A. (1975) Deep-sea pennatularian genus Umbellula from the Caribbean Sea and Puerto Rican Trench. Vol. 1000: Scientific studies Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and adjacent waters. Transactions of the P. P. Shirsov Institute of Oceanology, 160–173 [In Russian, with abstract in English]
  61. Pérez, C.D. & Silva, B.T. (2003) Taxonomic status of Pennatula argentina Acuña y Zamponi, 1992 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Zootaxa, 324, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootax.324.1.1
  62. Pérez, C.D. & Zamponi, M.O. (2004) New record of octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the south western Atlantic Ocean, with zoogeographic considerations. Zootaxa, 630, 1–12.
  63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.630.1.1
  64. Pérez, C.D., Cordeiro, R.T.S., Williams, G.C. & Braga, P. (2021) Revised nomenclature of the sea pen genus Balticina Gray, 1870 (= Halipteris Kölliker, 1870) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Zootaxa, 4966 (2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.10
  65. Piola, A. R. & Matano, R.P. (2001) Brazil and Falklands (Malvinas) currents. Academic Press, 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0358
  66. Prada, C., Schizas, N.V. & Yoshioka, P.M. (2008) Phenotypic plasticity or speciation? A case from a clonal marine organism. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-47
  67. Richiardi, S. (1869) Monografia della famiglia dei Pennatularii. Archivio per la zoologia, l'anatomia e la fisiologia (Turin), 1(2), 1–150. [https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/Vta2/bsb10306574/bsb:4319620?page=11]
  68. Risaro, J., Williams, G.C., Pereyra, D. & Lauretta, D. (2020) Umbellula pomona sp. nov., a new sea pen from Mar del Plata Submarine Canyon (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). European Journal of Taxonomy, 720, 121–143. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.720.1121
  69. Roule, M.L. (1905) Notice préliminaire sur les Pennatulides regueillies pas le Travailleur et le Talisman, dans l’Océan Atlantique, au large du Maroc. Bulletin Muséum d’histoire naturelle No 1, 454–458.
  70. Schejter, L., Acuña, F.H., Garese, A., Cordeiro, R.T.S. & Pérez, C.D. (2018) Sea Pens (Cnidaria: Pennatulacea) from Argentine Waters: new distributional records and first report of associated anemones. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 13 (4), 292–301.
  71. Schejter, L., Genzano, G., Pérez, C.D., Acuña, F., Cordeiro, R.T.S. & Silva, R.A. (2020) Check list of benthic cnidaria in the SW Atlantic Ocean (54ºS-56ºS). Zootaxa, 4878 (2), 201–239 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.1.
  72. Servetto, N., Torre, L. & Sahade, R. (2013) Reproductive biology of the Antarctic “sea pen” Malacobelemnon daytoni (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea, Kophobelemnidae). Polar research, 32, 1 https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.20040
  73. Servetto, N. & Sahade, R. (2016) Reproductive seasonality of the Antarctic sea pen Malacobelemnon daytoni (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea, Kophobelemnidae). PloS One, 11 (10), e0163152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163152
  74. Studer, T. (1878) Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S.M.S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden. Monatsbericht der K. preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 632–688.
  75. Studer, T. (1879) Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S.M.S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden. Moatsbericht der K. preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 632–688.
  76. Studer, T. (1894) Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commision stramer “Alvatros”, during 1891. Lieut. Commaner Z. L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. X. Note préliminaire sur les alcyonaires. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 25 (5), 53–69.
  77. Thomson, J.S. (1915) The Pennatulacea of the Cape of Good Hope and Natal. Memories and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society, 59 (1), 1–26.
  78. Thomson, J.A. & Henderson, W.D. (1905) Preliminary notice of the deep-sea Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 7, 15, 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745480509442850
  79. Thomson, J.A. & Henderson, W.D. (1906) An account of the Alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean (volume I). The Alcyonarians of the deep sea, Calcuta. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8279
  80. Thomson, J.A. & Rennet, N.I. (1927) Report on Japanese pennatulids. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 182 (4, Zoology) 1(2), 115–143.
  81. Tixier-Durivault, A. (1965) Quelques octocoralliaires australiens. Bulletin du Muséum National D’historie Naturellie, Paris 37,2 (1), 705–716.
  82. Verrill, A.E. (1864) List of the polyps and corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology to other institutions in exchange, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 29–60.
  83. Verrill, A.E. (1868) Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 377–422.
  84. Verrill, A.E. (1879) Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. The American Journal of Science and Arts, 17 (97–102), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-17.99.239
  85. Verrill, A. E. (1882) “a”. ART. XXXIII. Notice of the remarkable Marine Fauna occupying the outer banks off the Southern Coast of New England, No. 5. American Journal of Science (1880-1910), 23 (136), 312. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-23.136.309
  86. Verrill, A. E. (1882) “b”. ART. XL.--Notice of the remarkable Marine Fauna occupying the outer banks off the Southern Coast of New England, No. 7, and of some additions to the Fauna of Vineyard Sound. American Journal of Science (1880-1910), 24 (143), 362.
  87. Verrill, A.E. (1883) Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional Species dredged by the “Blake” in 1877-1879, and by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Fish Hauk” in 1880-82. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 11(1) Harvard, New York.
  88. Verrill, A.E. (1884) Notice of the remarkable Marine Fauna occupying the outer banks off the Southern Coast of New England, No. 9. Brief Contibutions to Zoology from the Museum of Yale Collage No. LV. American Journal of Science (James, D., E.S. Dana, and B. Silliman Editors) Vol. XXVLLL. New Haven. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-28.165.213
  89. Verrill, A.E. (1885) Results of the explorations made by the steamer “Albatross” off the northern coast of the United Sates, in 1883. Report of The Commissioner for 1883, part XI. Washington. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12059
  90. Violante, R.A. et al. (2014) Chapter 6 The Argentine continental shelf: morphology, sediments, processes and evolution since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 41, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1144/M41.6
  91. Violante, R.A., Laprida, C. & Garcia Chapori, N.L. (2017) The Argentina Continental Margin: A potential paleoclimatic-palaeoceanographic archive for the Southern Ocean. Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04196-4
  92. Voigt, I., Henrich, R., Preu, B.M., Piola, R.A., Hanebuth, T.J.J., Schwenk, T. & Chiessi, C. (2013) A submarine canyon as a climate archive- Interaction of the Antarctic Intermediate Water with the Mar del Plata Canyon (Southwest Atlantic). Marine Geology, 341, 46–57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.002
  93. West, J.M. (1997) Plasticity in the Sclerites of a Gorgonian Coral: Tests of Water Motion, Light Level, and Damage Cues. Biological Bulletin, 192, 279–289.
  94. West, J.M, Harvell, C.D. & Walls, A.M. (1993) Morphological plasticity in a gorgonian coral (Briareum asbestinum) over a depth cline. Marine Ecology Progress series, 94, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps094061
  95. Williams, G.C. (1990) The Pennatulacea of Southern Africa (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 99(4), 31–119.
  96. Williams, G.C. (1992) Biogeography of the octocorallian coelenterate fauna of southern Africa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 46, 351–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00869.x
  97. Williams, G.C. (1995) Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): illustrated key and synopses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113, 93–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00929.x
  98. Williams, G.C. (2011) The global diversity of sea pens (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). Plos One, 6, 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022747
  99. Williams, G.C. (2015) A new genus and species of pennatulacean octocoral from equatorial West Africa (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Virgulariidae). Zookeys, 546, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6344
  100. Williams, G.C. & Alderslade, P. (2011) Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa, 3001, 33–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3001.1.2
  101. Williams, G.C., Hoeksema, B.P. & van Ofwegen, P.L. (2012) A fifth morphological polyp in pennatulacean octocorals, with a review of polyp polymorphism in the genera Pennatula and Pteroeides (Anthozoa: Penatulidae). Zoological Studies, 51 (7), 1006–1017.
  102. Williams, G.C. & Matsumoto, A.K. (2015) A review of the Pennatulacean genus Stylatula, with the description of a new species from Japan (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 62 (8), 275–266.
  103. Zamponi, M.O. (2008) La Corriente de Malvinas: ¿Una vía de dispersión para cnidarios bentónicos de aguas frías? Revista Real Academia Galega de Ciencias, 27, 183–203.
  104. Zamponi, M.O. & Pérez, C.D. (1995) Revision of the genus Renilla Lamarck, 1816 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), with descriptions of two new species from the Sub-Antarctic region. Miscellanea Zoologica, 18.
  105. Zamponi, M.O. & Pérez, C.D. (1996) La presencia de la familia Virgulariidae Verrill, 1868 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea) en aguas de plataforma continental argentina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”, 91, 65–79.