Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5389 No. 5: 22 Dec. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-12-22
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.5.1
Page range: 501-544
Abstract views: 260
PDF downloaded: 11

Parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonoidea) collected from faba bean fields, Kharga Oasis, New Valley, Egypt, with new records and the description of a new species

Entomology Department; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza; Egypt
Entomology Department; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza; Egypt
Plant Protection Department; Desert Research Center; Cairo Egypt
Plant Protection Department; Desert Research Center; Cairo Egypt
Hymenoptera Braconidae Ichneumonidae Darwin wasps new records new species

Abstract

A faunistic inventory of ichneumonoid wasps collected from faba bean fields (Vicia faba L.) in Kharga Oasis, New Valley, Egypt is presented. Fourteen species of Braconidae in 11 genera and five subfamilies (Aphidiinae, Braconinae, Euphorinae, Microgastrinae, and Opiinae); and six ichneumonid species in five genera and three subfamilies (Campopleginae, Diplazontinae, and Ichneumoninae) were collected and identified. Among those, three genera Barichneumon Thomson, and Virgichneumon Heinrich (Ichneumoninae, Ichneumonidae), and Centistes Haliday (Euphorinae, Braconidae), and five species: Cotesia icipe Fernández & Fiaboe, 2017 (Microgastrinae) (Braconidae), Diadegma trochanteratum (Thomson, 1887), and Sinophorus tibialis Sanborne, 1984 (Campopleginae), Barichneumon bilunulatus (Gravenhorst, 1829), and Virgichneumon callicerus (Gravenhorst, 1820) (Ichneumoninae, Ichneumonidae) are new records to the Egyptian fauna. A new species, Trioxys khargaiensis Gadallah & Edmardash (Aphidiinae: Braconidae) is described and illustrated. A faunistic list comprising diagnostic characters and distribution in the Middle East and North Africa is provided. Illustrations of species’ characters are also provided.

 

References

  1. Aamer, N.A. & Hegazi, E.M. (2014) Parasitoids of the leaf miners Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) attacking faba bean in Alexandria, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 24 (2), 301–305.
  2. Abdallah, F.E., Bleih, S.B., El-Naggar, M.A. & Gameh, G.N. (2000) Susceptibility of some faba bean varieties, insecticides alternatives and yield loss estimation due to Liriomyza congesta (Beck.) and Aphis craccivora (Koch). Minufiya Journal of Agricultural Research, 25 (4), 999–1016.
  3. Abd El-Gawad, H.A. (2000) Studies on entomopathogenic fungi for controlling certain lepidopterous insects on corn. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Cairo University, Egypt, p 182pp.
  4. Abdel-Rahman, M.A.A. (2005) The relative abundance and species composition of hymenopterous parasitoids attacking cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting wheat plants at Upper Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 83(2), 633-645.
  5. Abdel-Rahman, H.A., Shaumar, N.F., Soliman, Z.A. & El Agoze, M.M. (1977) Survey and taxonomy of parasites and predators of stored grain and grain products insects. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d’Egypte, 61, 53–74.
  6. Abdel-Rahman, M.A.A., Nasser, M.A.K. & Ali, A.M. (2000) Incidence of hymenopterous parasitoids attacking cereal aphids in wheat fields in Upper Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31 (2), 317–328.
  7. Abdel-Samad, S.S. & Ahmad, M.A. (2009) Population fluctuations of Aphis craccivora and Liriomyza trifolii endoparasitoids on faba bean varieties. In: Kumari, S., Bayaa, B., Makkouk, K., El-Ahmed Haidar, M., Dawabah, A., Shehab, A. & Abu-Jawdeh, Y. (Eds.), 10th Arab Congress of Plant Protection. Arab Society for Plant protection, Beirut, 131 pp.
  8. Abou El-Ela, A.S., Dessoky, E.S., Masry, S., Arshad, A., Munawar, A., Qamer, S., Abdelkhalek, A., Behiry, S. & Kordy, A. (2021) Plasticity in life features, parasitism and super-parasitism behavior of Bracon hebetor an important natural enemy of Galleria mellonella and other lepidopteran host species. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 28 (6), 3351–3361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.082
  9. Adly, D. & El-Gantiry, A. (2014) Defence reactions of the grape aphid Aphis illinoissensis (Homoptera: Aphididae) to parasitoid species Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 3, 683–690.
  10. Adly, D. & Marzouk, W. (2019) Efficacy of the larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under laboratory and field conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 29, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0193-x
  11. Akhtar, M.S. & Ramanurthy, V.V. (2011) A new species of Habrobracon Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with notes on Indian species. Oriental Insects, 45 (2–3), 194–201.
  12. Al-Azawi, A.F. (1970) Some aphid parasites from central and south Iraq with notes on their occurrence. Bulletin of Iraq Natural History Museum, 4, 27–31.
  13. Ali, S. (2014) Parasitism percentages on Aphis craccivora Koch. on faba bean and cowpea plants in newly reclaimed land in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 92 (3), 885–898. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2014.156346
  14. Aşlan, M.M., Uygun, N. & Starý, P. (2004) A survey of aphid parasitoids in Kahramanmaras, Turkey (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Phytoparasitica, 32 (3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979820
  15. Austin, A. & Dowton, M. (2000) Hymenoptera: evolution, biodiversity, and biological control. CSIRO, Canberra, 512 pp. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643090088
  16. Awadallah, K.T., Tawfik, M.F.S. & Abdella, M.M.H. (1985) Population studies on flour insect pests and their natural enemies at four localities of Egypt. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d’Egypte, 64, 95–110.
  17. Azidah, A.A., Fitton, M.G. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2000) Identification of Diadegma species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90 (5), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300000511
  18. Barahoei, H., Madjdzadeh, S.M. & Mehrparvar, M. (2012) Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and their tritrophic relationships in Kerman province, Southeastern Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics, 8 (1), 1–14.
  19. Barahoei, H., Rakhshani, E., Madjdzadeh, S.M., Alipour, A., Taheri, S., Nader, E., Mitrovski Bogdanovi, C.A., Obradovi, V.O., Starý, P., Kavallieratos, N.G. & Tomanović, Z. 2013. Aphid parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of central submountains of Iran. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 9, 70–93.
  20. Bandyan, S.K., Peters, R.S.M., Kadir, N.B., Ferrer-Suay, M. & Kirchner, W.H. (2021) A survey of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera) on six crops in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 81, 9–21. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.81.59784
  21. Belokobylskij, S.A. (1992) Revision of the genus Centistes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) of the USSR far East and neighbouring territories. Zoologische Mededelingen, 66, 199–237.
  22. Bennett, A.M.R., Cardinal, S., Gauld, I.D. & Wahl, D.B. (2019) Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 71, 1–156. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.71.32375
  23. Broad, G. (2015) Identification key to the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Available from: https://nocturnalichs.myspecies.info/files/Ich_subfamily_key_April_2015.pdf (accessed 4 December 2023)
  24. Broad, G.R., Shaw, M.R. & Fitton, M.G. (2018) Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): Their Classification and Biology. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 7 (12), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800625471.0000
  25. Chen, X.X. & van Achterberg, C. (1997) Revision of the subfamily Euphorinae (excluding the tribe Meteorini Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from China. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 313, 1–217.
  26. Constantineanu, M.I. & Voicu, M.C. (1982) [Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) bred from insect pests of pasture from the nature reserves Ponoare and Frumoasa Suceava region (note 4)] Studii sicercetari de Biologie Seria Zoologie, 34 (1), 12–17.
  27. Cortez-Mondaca, E. & Marciás-Cervante, J. (2007) [Natural parasitism of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. in canola (Brassica napus L.) in northern Sinaloa, Mexico]. Agrociencia Montecillo, 41 (3), 347–354.
  28. Dweck, H.K.M. & Gadallah, N. S. (2008) Description of the antennal sensilla of Habrobracon hebetor. Biocontrol (Dordrecht), 53 (6), 841–856.
  29. Dweck, H.K., Gadallah, N.S. & Darwish, E. (2008) Structure and sensory equipment of the ovipositor of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Micron, 39, 1255–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2008.03.012
  30. Eid, A.E., El-Heneidy, A.H., Hafez, A.A., Shalaby, F.F. & Adly, D. (2018) On the control of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on cucumber in greenhouses. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28 (64), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0065-9
  31. El-Defrawi, G.M., Emam, A.K., Marzouk, I.A. & Rizkalla, L. (2000) Population dynamics and seasonal distribution of A. craccivora Koch and associated natural enemies in relation to virus disease incidence in faba bean fields. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 78 (2), 627–641. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2000.321976
  32. El-Fatih, M.M. (2006) Seasonal abundance and certain biological aspects of cereal aphids on barley in Egypt (Giza region). Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, 146 pp.
  33. El-Gantiry, A.M., El-Maghraby, M.M.A., El-Zohairy, M.M. & Ali, A.M. (2009) Aphids and their associated aphidophagous insects on pear and mango trees in newly reclaimed sandy area in Egypt. Egypt Journal of Agricultural Research, 87 (5), 1203–1273.
  34. El-Heneidy, A.H. & Abdel-Samad, S.S. (2001) Tritrophic interaction among Egyptian wheat plant, cereal aphids and natural enemies. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 11 (2), 119–125.
  35. El-Heneidy, A.H., González, D., Starý, P., Adly, D. & El-Khawas, M.A. (2001) A survey of primary and secondary parasitoid species of cereal aphids on wheat in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 11 (2), 193–194.
  36. El-Heneidy, A.H., González. D., Starý, P. & Adly, D. (2002) Significance of hyperparasitization of primary cereal aphid parasitoids in Egypt “Hymenoptera Parasitica”. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 12 (2), 109–114.
  37. El-Heneidy, A.H., Agamy, E.A., El-Husseini, M.M. & Adly, D. (2003) Seasonal occurrence of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius matricariae Hal. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) in Egyptian wheat fields. Agriculture Research Journal of Suez Canal University, 2 (1), 103–108.
  38. El-Heneidy, A.H., Sobhy, H.M., Abd-El-Wahed, S.M.N. & Mikhail, W.Z.A. (2004) Biological aspects and life table analysis of cereal aphid species and their parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 14 (1), 43–51.
  39. El-Sayed, E.G.A, Salman, A.M.A. & Abdel-Rahman, M.A.A. (2021) Incidence of certain insect pests infesting faba bean cultivars under some agriculture practices. Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute, 4 (3), 440–444.
  40. El-Sherif, S.I., Mostafa, F.F., Zaki. F.N. & Saleh, M.E. (1987) Biocontrol studies on corn borers in Egypt: 2- parasitism on Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) in maize field. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 358 (2), 551–557.
  41. Fernández-Triana, J.L. & van Achterberg, C. (2017) Order Hymenoptera, family Braconidae, subfamily Microgastrinae from the Arabian Peninsula. In: van Harten, A. (Ed.), Arthropod fauna of the UAE. Department of the President’s Affairs, Abu Dhabi, pp. 275–321.
  42. Fiaboe, K.K.M., Fernández-Triana, J., Nyamu, F.W. & Agbodzavu, K.M. (2017) Cotesia icipe sp. n., a new Microgastrinae wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of importance in the biological control of Lepidoptera pests in Africa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 61, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.61.21015
  43. Fischer, M. (1989) Ein neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Sitzugsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlische Classe, 197, 75–118.
  44. Fischer, M. (1997) Die paläarktischen Opiinae (Madenwespen) der Zoologischen Stäatssammlang München (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomofauna, 18 (14), 137–194.
  45. Fischer, M. & Beyarslan, A. (2013) Additional contributions to the Opiinae fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37 (5), 525–583. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1204-9
  46. Gadallah, N.S., El-Heneidy, A.H., Mahmoud, S.M. & Kavallieratos, N.G. (2017) Identification key, diversity and host associations of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of aphids attacking cereal crops in Egypt. Zootaxa, 4312 (1), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.6
  47. Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari. H., Shaw, S.R. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2022a) Chapter 1. Introduction of the Braconidae of the Middle East. In: Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (Eds.), Braconidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera): Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Biocontrol Benefits of Parasitoid Wasps. Academic Press, London, pp. 2–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96099-1.00009-1
  48. Gadallah, N.S., Peris Felipo, F.J., Ghahari, H. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2022b) Chapter 24. Subfamily Opiinae. In: Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (Eds.), Braconidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera): Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Biocontrol Benefits of Parasitoid Wasps. Academic Press, London, pp. 454–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96099-1.00014-5
  49. Gadallah, N.S., Kavallieratos, N.G., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (2022c) Chapter 4. Subfamily Aphidiinae. In: Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (Eds.), Braconidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera): Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Biocontrol Benefits of Parasitoid Wasps. Academic Press, London, pp. 92–155.
  50. Gahukar, R.T. & Reddy, G.V.P. (2018) Management of insect pests in the production and storage of minor pulses. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 111 (4), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sax077
  51. Gamal, E., Salman, A.M.A & Abdel-Rahman, M.A.A. (2022) Impact of hymenopterous parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) attacking the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting broad bean plant at Assiut governorate. Journal of Souhag Agriscience, 7 (1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsasj.2022.245697
  52. Gauld, I.D. (1984) An introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History) Publication No.895. 413 pp.
  53. Ghanim, A. & El-Adl, M. (1983) Aphids infesting wheat and the effect of their predators in suppressing their populations in fields at Mansoura district Egypt. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8 (4), 958–968.
  54. Georgen, G., Lava, K.P., Sankung, S.B., Togola, A.S. & Tamò, M. (2016) First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): A new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. PLoS ONE, 11, e0165632. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632
  55. Hafez, M., Afifi, A.M. & Daoud, D.S. (1969) On the population dynamics of the cotton bollworms in U.A.R. Technical Bulletin of the Ministry of Agriculture, 11, 1–74.
  56. Horstmann, K. (1969) Typenrevision der europäischen Arten der Gattungen Diadegma Förster (Syn. Angitia Holmgren). Beiträge zur Biologie, 19, 413–472. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.19.3-6.413-472
  57. Horstmann, K. (1970) Bemerkungen zur Systematik einiger Gattungen der Campopleginae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 19, 77–84.
  58. Horstmann, K. (1973) Nachtrage zur Revision der europäischen Diadegma-Arten (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Beiträge zur Biologie, 23, 131–150.
  59. Horstmann, K. (1986) Die westpaläarktischen Arten der Gattung Gelis Thunberg, 1827, mit macropteren oder brachypteren Weibchen (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Entomofauna, 7 (30), 389–424.
  60. Hosny, M.M., Assem, M.A.H. & El-Sayed, A.N. (1966) Agricultural pests. s.n., s.l., 1124 pp. [in Arabic]
  61. Ibrahim, A.M.A. & Amal, I.A. (1993) Population dynamics of the mealy plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni (Geoff.) and its associated parasitoids on peach. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 3 (2), 207–212.
  62. Imam , A. (2013) Life tables of the larval parasitoid; Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on different host larvae. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 23 (2), 225–228.
  63. Jabbar, A.S., Saleh, A.A., Lokma, N. & Amer, S.A. (2020) Efficacy of the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) to control Aphis craccivora (Koch). Euro-Asian Journal of Bioscience, 14, 1511–1522.
  64. Jasso-Martínez, J.M., Santos, B.F., Zaldívar-Riverón, A., Fernández-Triana, J.L., Sharanowski, B.J., Richter, R., Dettman, J.R., Blaimer, B.B., Brady, S.G. & Kula, R.R. (2022) Phylogenomics of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) sheds light on classification and the evolution of parasitoid history traits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 173, 107–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107452
  65. Kamel, A.H. (1981) Faba bean pests in Egypt. Proceedings of Faba Bean Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 7–11 March, 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7499-9_28
  66. Khalafallah, S.A. (2012) Role of the larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the control of Cadra (Ephestia) cautella and Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Egypt. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Biological Sciences, Zoology, 7.
  67. Khajeh, N., Rakhshani. E., Peris-Felipo, F.J. & Zikić, V. (2014) Contributions to the Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Eastern Iran with updated checklist of Iranian species. Zootaxa, 3784 (2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3784.2.3
  68. Kittel, R.N. & Maeto, K. (2019) Revalidation of Habrobracon brevicornis stat. rest. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on the CO1, 16S, and 28S gene fragments. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112, 906–911. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy368
  69. Klopfstein, S. (2014) Revision of the western Palaearctic Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Zootaxa, 380 1(1), 1–143. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3801.1.1
  70. Laamari, M., Chaouche, S.T., Benferhat, S., Sara, B.A., Merouani, H., Ghodbane, S., Khenissa, N. & Starý, P. (2011) Tritrophic interactions: plant-aphid-hymenopteran parasite observed in natural environments and cultures of East Algeria. Entomologie Faunistique, 63 (3), 115–120.
  71. Laamari, M., Chaouche, S.T., Halimi, C.W., Benferhat, S., Abbas, S.B., Khenissa, N. & Starý, P. (2012) A review of aphid parasitoids and their associations in Algeria (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae; Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). African Entomology, 20 (1), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.020.0120
  72. Long, K.D. & Dzung, D.T. (2014) Synopsis of Cotesia species, biological agents for pest control on vegetables in Vietnam, with description of one new species. Tijdschrift Entomologische, 157, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-00002042
  73. Lutfallah, R. & Esmat, A.K. (1988) Ecological and biological observations on Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a parasitoid on corn borers Sesamia cretica and Ostrinia nubilalis in Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, 68, 187–193.
  74. Mansour, A.N. & Saber, M. (2017) Effects of Palpita unionalis and Galleria mellonella larval densities on functional response, egg dispersion and progeny sex ratio of Habrobracon hebetor. Biocontrol Science Technology, 27 (7), 821–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2017.1348488
  75. Mansour, R., Brévault, T., Chailleux, A., Cherif, A., Grissa-Lebdi, K., Haddi, K., Mohamed, S.A., Nofemela, R.S., Oke, A., Sylla, S., Tonnang, H.E.Z., Zappala, L., Kenis, M., Desneux, N. & Biondi, A. (2018) Occurrence, biology, natural enemies and management of Tuta absoluta in Africa. Entomological Genetics, 38 (2), 83–112. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2018/0749
  76. Megahed, H.E.A. (2000) Studies on aphids. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 206 pp.
  77. Mesbah, H.A., El Kady, M.B. & El Sayed, N.A.A. (1998) Survey and population studies on pests of date palm trees in Siwa Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt). Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 25 (E), 99–117.
  78. Mescheloff, E. & Rosen, D. (1988) Biosystematic studies on the Aphidiidae of Israel (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea), 1. Introduction and key to genera. Israel Journal of Entomology, 22, 61–73.
  79. Mescheloff, E. & Rosen, D. (1989) Biosystematic studies on the Aphidiidae of Israel (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). 2. The genera Ephedrus and Praon. Israel Journal of Entomolology, 23, 75–100.
  80. Mescheloff, E. & Rosen, D. (1990a) Biosystematic studies on the Aphidiidae of Israel (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): 3. The genera Adialytus and Lysiphlebus. Israel Journal of Entomology, 24, 35–50.
  81. Mescheloff, E. & Rosen, D. (1990b) Biosystematic studies on the Aphidiinae of Israel (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea), 3. The genera Pauesia, Diaeretus, Aphidius and Diaeretiella. Israel Journal of Entomology, 24, 51–91.
  82. Mescheloff, E. & Rosen, D. (1993) Biosystematic studies on the Aphidiinae of Israel (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea), 5. The genera Trioxys and Binodoxys. Israel Journal of Entomology, 27, 31–47.
  83. Meyer, N.F. (1933) Keys to parasitic Hymenoptera (family Ichneumonidae) of the USSR and adjacent countries. Vol. 1. Introduction and Ichneumoninae. ZIAS of the USSR, 9 (1), 1–458.
  84. Minkenberg, O.J.M. & Van Lanteren, J.C. (1986) The leafminers Liriomyza bryioniae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), their parasites and host plants: A review. Agriculture University Wagen Papers, 86 (2), 1–50.
  85. Mohamed, A.M. & Salman, F.A.A. (2001) Susceptibility of some broad bean varieties to natural infestation with Aphis craccivora Koch. and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) at upper Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32 (1), 167–173.
  86. Mohamed, S.A., Wamalwa, M., Obala, F., Tonnang, H.E.Z., Tefera, T., Calatayud, P.A., Subramanian, S. & Ekesi, S. (2021) A deadly encounter: Alien invasive Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa and indigenous natural enemy Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). PLoS ONE, 16 (7), e0253122. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253122
  87. Mossadegh, M.S., Starý, P. & Salehipour, H. (2011) Aphid parasitoids in a dry lowland of Khuzestan, Iran (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 4 (2), 175–181. [https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajbs.2011.175.181] https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2011.175.181
  88. Nazari, Y., Zamani, A.A., Masoumi, S.M., Rakhshani, E., Petrović, O.O., Tomanović, S., Starý, P. & Tomanović, Z. (2012) Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 52, 559–584.
  89. Nixon, G.E.J. (1972) A revision of the north-westen European species of the laevigatus-group of Apanteles Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 61, 701–743.
  90. Obala, F., Mohamed, S.A., Magomere, T.O. & Subramanian, S. (2023) Old and new association of Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with alien invasive and native Spodoptera species and key stemborer species: Implication for their management. Pest Management Science, 97 (10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7740
  91. Papp, J. (1978) A survey of the European species of Apanteles Först. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) II. The laevigatus-group, 1. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 70, 265–301.
  92. Peixoto, L., Allen, G.R., Ridenbaugh, R.D., Quarrell, S.R., Withers, T.M. & Sharanowski, B.J. (2018) When taxonomy and biological control researchers unite: species delimitation of Eadya parasitoids (Braconidae) and consequences for biological control of invasive paropsine pests of Eucalyptus. PLoS One, 13, e0201276. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201276
  93. Putman, L.G. (1973) Effects of the larval parasites Diadegma insularis and Microplitis plutellae on the abundance of the diamondback moth in Saskatchewan rape and mustard crops. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 53 (4), 911–914. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps73-174
  94. Quicke, D.L.J. (1987) The Old World genera of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Natural History, 21, 43–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938700770031
  95. Quicke, D.L.J. (2015) The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps. Biology, systematics, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 681 pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118907085
  96. Quicke, D.L.J., Laurenne, N.M., Fitton, M.G. & Broad, G.R. (2009) A thousand and one wasps: a 28S rDNA and morphological phylogeny of the Ichneumonidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) with an investigation into alignment parameter space and elision. Journal of Natural History, 43 (23–24), 1305–1421. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930902807783
  97. Quicke, D.L.J., Ward, D.F., Belokobylskij, S.A. & Butcher, B.A. (2020) Zealastoa Quicke and Ward, gen. nov., a new basal cyclostome braconid wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from New Zealand. Austral Entomology, 59, 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12463
  98. Quicke, D.L.J., Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (2022) Chapter 6. Subfamily Braconinae Nees von Esenbeck, 1811. In: Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (Eds.), Braconidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera): Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Biocontrol Benefits of Parasitoid Wasps. Academic Press, London, pp. 178–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96099-1.00004-2
  99. Ragab, M.E. (1996) Biology and efficiency of Trioxys angelicae Hal. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) a newly recorded parasitoid of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 6 (1), 7–11.
  100. Ragab, M.E., Gahanim, A.A., Abou EL-Naga, A.M. & Saleh, A.A. (2002) Effect of host aphid species, temperature and food supply on some biological characteristics of the two aphid parasitoids Diaeretiella rapae and Aphidius sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Journal of Agricultural Science, Mansoura University, 27 (7), 4997–5002. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2002.253928
  101. Rakhshani, E., Talebi, A.A., Kavallieratos, N.G., Rezwani, A., Manzari, S. & Tomanović, Z. (2005) Parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in Iran. Journal of Pest Science, 78, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-004-0080-3
  102. Rakhshani, E., Talebi, AA., Manzari, S., Tomanoviç, Z., Stary, P. & Rezwani, A. (2007) Preliminary taxonomic study of the genus Praon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and its host associations in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 26 (2), 19–34.
  103. Rakhshani, E., Talebi, A.A., Starý, P., Tomanović, Z., Manzari, S. & Kavallieratos, N.G. (2008) A review of Aphidius Nees (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) in Iran: host associations, distribution and taxonomic notes. Zootaxa, 1767 (1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1767.1.2
  104. Rakhshani, E., Barahoei, H., Ahmad, Z., Starý, P., Ghafouri-Moghaddam, M., Mehrparvar, M., Kavallieratos, N.G., Ckrkic, J. & Tomanović, Z. (2019) Review of Aphidiinae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of the Middle East and north Africa: key to species and host associations. European Journal of Taxonomy, 552, 1–132. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.552
  105. Sanborne, M. (1984) A revision of the world species of Sinophorus Förster (Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 38, 1–403.
  106. Sharanowski, B.J., Dowling, A.P.G. & Sharkey, M.J. (2011) Molecular phylogenetics of Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea), based on multiple nuclear genes, and implications for classification. Systematic Entomology, 36, 549–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00580.x
  107. Sharanowski, B.J., Ridenbaugh, R.D., Piekarski, P.K., Broad, G.R., Burke, G.R., Deans, A.R., Lemmon, A.R., Moriarty Lemmon, E.C., Diehl, G.J., Whitfield, J.B. & Hines, H.M. (2021) Phylogenomics of Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) and implications for evolution of mode of parasitism and viral endogenization. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 156, 107023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107023
  108. Sharkey, M. (2007) Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Zootaxa, 1668 (1), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25
  109. Sharkey, M.J., Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H., Quicke, D.L.J. & Shaw, S.R. (2022) Chapter 13. Subfamily Euphorinae Foerster, 1863. In: Gadallah, N.S., Ghahari, H. & Shaw, S.R. (Eds.), Braconidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera): Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Biocontrol Benefits of Parasitoid Wasps. Academic Press, London, pp. 314–344 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96099-1.00019-4
  110. Shaumar, N. (1966) Les Ichneumonides d’Égypte. Entomophaga, 11, 441–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02390698
  111. Shaw, M.R. (1985) A phylogenetic study of the subfamilies Meteorinae and Euphorinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomography, 3, 277–370.
  112. Shuja-Uldin (1973) Three species of Trioxys Haliday (Hym.: Aphidiinae) recorded from India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 35, 9–14.
  113. Slman, F.A.A. (2006) Incidence of cereal aphids and seasonal abundance of their parasitoids in wheat fields in Sohag (Upper Egypt). Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 37, 211–220.
  114. Smits van Burgst, C.A.L. (1913) Tunisian Hymenoptera. Privatdruck, Den Haag, 73 pp.
  115. Smits van Burgst, C.A.L. (1918) [Verzeichnis der in der Ichneumonen-Sammlung der Niederlande Vorhandenen Genera and Species der Familie Ichneumonidae]. Luctor et Emergo, Ginneken, 48 pp.
  116. Sobhy, H.M., El-Heneidy, A.H., Abd-El-Wahed, S.M.N. & Mikhail, W.Z.A. (2004) Seasonal occurrence of aphid parasitoids Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) in the Middle Delta Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 14, 213–216.
  117. Starý, P. (1962) Faunistic notes on the Aphidiidae of Bulgaria. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 8, 83–86.
  118. Starý, P. (1969) Aphid-ant-parasite relationship in Iraq. Insects Society, 16 (4), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2006.274194
  119. Starý, P. (1976) Aphid parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) of the Mediterranean area. Dr.W. Junk b.v., The Hague Academia, Prague, 95 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1561-5
  120. Starý, P. & Erdelen, C. (1982) Aphid parasitoids (Hym.: Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae) from the Yemen Arab Republic. Entomophaga, 27, 105–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371943
  121. Starý, P. & Kaddou, I.K. (1971) Fauna and distribution of aphid parasites (Hym. Aphidiidae) in Iraq. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Prague, 14, 179–198.
  122. Starý, P. & Sekkat, A. (1987) Parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphididae) of aphid pests in Morocco. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 23 (2), 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1987.12278819
  123. Starý, P., Remaudière, G. & Leclant, F. (1971) Les Aphidiidae (Hym.) de France et leurs hotes (Hom. Aphididae). Entomophaga. Mémoire, 5, 1–65.
  124. Starý, P., Rakhshani, E., Tomanović, Z., Kavallieratos, N.G. & Havelka, J. (2014) Order Hymenoptera, family Braconidae—Aphidiinae aphid parasitoids of the Arabian Peninsula. In: van Harten, A. (Ed.), Arthropod fauna of UAE. Vol. 5. Al Amal Printing Press, Abu Dhabi, pp. 407–425.
  125. Stoddard, F.L., Nicholas, A.H., Rubiales, D., Thomas, J. & Villegas-Fernandez, A.M. (2010) Integrated pest management in faba bean. Field Crops Research, 115, 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.002
  126. Taheri, S. & Rakhshani, E. (2013) Identification of aphid parasitoids (Hym.: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and determination of their host relationships in Southern Zagros. Journal of Plant Protection. 27 (1). Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, pp. 85–95.
  127. Talebi, A.A., Rakhshani, E., Fathipour, Y., Starý, P., Tomanović, Z. & Rajabi-Mazhar, N. (2009) Aphids and their parasitoids (Hym., Braconidae: Aphidiinae) associated with medicinal plants in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3 (2), 205–219.
  128. Tawfik, M.S. (1977) Natural enemies of Heliothis armigera HB with special reference to the larval parasite, Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, 127 pp.
  129. Temerak, A.S. (1982) Laboruntersuchungen zur Wirtshabitat Wahl von Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae) einem Parasitoiden der Raupen von Sesamia cretica Led (Lep., Noctuidae) in Sorghum-Stengeln. Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz und Umweltschutz, 55 (10), 152–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01902760
  130. Tereshkin, A.M. (2004) [Ichneumon flies of the genus Barichneumon (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of East Europe Forest zone. 1. Taxonomy. Description of Barichneumon scopanator sp. n. and B. scopulatus sp.n.] Euroasian Entomology Journal, 3 (2), 139–150.
  131. Tereshkin, A.M. (2009) Illustrated key to the tribes of subfamilia Ichneumoninae and genera of the tribe Platylabini of world fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 41 (2), 1371–1608.
  132. Tobias, V.I. (1995) Keys to the Fauna of the USSR III, Hymenoptera V. Science Publishers, New Hampshire. [translation from Russian]
  133. Tobias, V.I., Jakimavicius, A. & Kiriyak, I.G. (1986) Alysiinae & Opiinae. In: Medvedev, G.S. (Ed.), Opredelitel Nasekomych Evrospeiskoi Tsasti SSSR 3, Peredpontdatokrylye 4. Opr. Faune SSSR, 147, pp. 7–231.
  134. Tremblay, E., Kawar, N. & Barbagallo, S. (1985) Aphids (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) and aphidiines (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Lebanon. Bolletino del Laboratoria di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’ Portici, 42, 19–32.
  135. Valemberg, J. (2014) Fauna Palearctica. Genera Ichneumonologica. Clef Descriptive-1-Ichneumoninae. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique du Nord de France, Supplement, 1–93.
  136. van Achterberg, C. (1985) The genera and subgenera of Centistini, with description of two new taxa from the Nearctic region (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 59, 348–362.
  137. van Achterberg, C. (1993) Illtustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 283, 1–198.
  138. van Achterberg, C. & Polaszek, A. (1996) The parasites of cereal stem borers (Lepidoptera: Cossidea, Crambidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae) in Africa belonging to the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 304, 1–123.
  139. Wahl, D. (2014) Order Hymenoptera, family Ichneumonidae. Arthropod fauna of the UAE, 5, 341–406.
  140. Yu, D.S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2016) Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015. Ottawa, Ontario. [database on flash-drive]