Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5394 No. 1: 28 Dec. 2023
Type: Monograph
Published: 2023-12-28
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1
Page range: 1-76
Abstract views: 410
PDF downloaded: 16

An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females

Centre for Environmental Research and Studies; Jazan University; P.O. Box 2095; Jazan; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Department of Biology; College of Science; King Khalid University; PO Box 9004; Abha-61413; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh; India
National Museum of Wales; Department of Natural Sciences; Entomology Section; Cardiff; CF10 3NP; UK
Research Center of Health and Environment; School of Health; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology; Mycology and Entomology; School of Medicine; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran
Diptera Anophelinae Culicinae identification keys Middle East southwestern Asia taxonomy

Abstract

Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.

 

References

  1. Abdel-Malek, A. (1960) The culicine mosquitoes of the northern region of the United Arab Republic. Bulletin de la Société entomologique d’Égypte, 44, 111–128.
  2. Abdoon, A.-M.M.O. (2004) First record of three afrotropical Culex species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia. Annals of Medical Entomology, 13 (1–2), 1–9.
  3. Abdoon, A.-M.M.O. & Alshahrani, A.M. (2003) Prevalence and distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in malaria endemic areas of Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 9 (3), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.3.240
  4. Abdoon, A.-M., El-Khidir, E.-T.M. & Dafalla, A.A.R. (2014) Mosquito Ecology in Saudi Arabia: Ecology of larvae in Asir Region. Scholar’s Press, Chisinau, Moldova, 133 pp.
  5. Abu Elzein, E.M., Gameel, A.A., al-Afeleq, A.I., al-Gundi, O., al-Bashier, A.M., Zeedan, A., al-Mageed, H.A. & Abu Khadra, H. (1999) Observations on the recent epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in Saudi Arabia. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 18 (3), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.18.3.1188
  6. Abu-Zoherah, R., Al-Taher, K. & Tilkian, S. (1993) List of insects recorded from Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, National Agriculture and Water Research Center, Riyadh, 394 pp.
  7. Adam, F. & Digoutte, J.P. (2005) Virus d’Afrique (Base de Données). Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Arbovirus et les Virus de Fièvres Hémorrhagiques (CRORA) Dakar, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Sénégal. Available from: http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/banques/CRORA/ (accessed 30 October 2023)
  8. Adawi, S.H.A.A. (2012) Presence of Aedes albopictus in Palestine—West Bank. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 2 (4), 301–310. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2012/2660
  9. Adhami, J. & Reiter, P. (1998) Introduction and establishment of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Albania. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 14 (3), 340–343.
  10. Adugna, N., Petros, B., Woldegiorgis, M., Tilahun, D. & Lulu, M. (1998) A study of the status of A. tenebrosus (Donitz, 1902) in the transmission of malaria in Sille, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 12, 75–80.
  11. Ahmed, A.E. (2015) Tropical diseases in Saudi Arabia. SOJ Immunology, 3 (2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.15226/soji/3/2/00126
  12. Akbar, N.A., Assiri, A.M., Shabouni, O.I, Alwafi, O.M., Al-Raddadi, R., Alzahrani, M.H., Azhar, E.I., Amir, A., Aljiffri, A.M. & Althaqafi, A.O. (2020) The economic burden of dengue fever in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14 (11), e0008847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008847
  13. Akoua-Koffi, C., Diarrassouba, S., Bénié, B.V., Ngbichi, J.-M., Bozoua, T., Bosson, A., Akran, V., Carnevale, P. & Ehouman, A. (2001) Investigation autour d’un cas mortel de fièvre jaune en Côte d’lvoire en 1999. Bulletin de Société de Pathologie exotique, 94 (3), 227–230.
  14. Alahmad, A.M., Al Kuriji, M.A., Kheir, S.M., Al Sogoor, D.A.D. & Salama, H.A.S. (2010) Distribution and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Najran Region, Saudi Arabia. Studia Dipterologica, 17 (1/2), 13–27.
  15. Alahmed, M.A. (2012) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal King Saud University for Science, 24 (1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2010.12.001
  16. Alahmed, M.A., Al Kuriji, M.A., Kheir, S.M. Alahmedi, S.A., Al Hatabbi, M.J. & Al Gashmari, M.A.M. (2009) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) and seasonal activity in Makkah Al Mukarramah Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 39 (3), 991–1013.
  17. Alahmed, A.M., Al Kuriji, M.A., Kheir, S.M., Al Haqawi, H.M. & Sultan, E.A.A. (2010) Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and their seasonal activity in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 9, 136–138.
  18. Alahmed, A.M., Munawar, K., Khalil, S.M.S. & Harbach, R.E. (2019) Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia. Parasites & Vectors, 12, 356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3579-4
  19. Al Ahmed, A.M., Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed, A.-Y., Al Othman, Z.A. & Sallam, M.F. (2013) Identification of wild collected mosquito vectors of diseases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 48, 1170–1177. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.3282
  20. Alarcón-Elbal, P.M., Rodríguez-Sosa, M.A., Newman, B.C. & Sutton, W.B. (2020) The first record of Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Dominican Republic: public health implications of a potential invasive mosquito species in the Americas. Journal of Medical Entomology, 57 (6), 2016–2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa128
  21. Al Awaidy, S.T. & Khamis, F. (2019) Dengue fever: an emerging disease in Oman requiring urgent public health interventions. Oman Medical Journal, 34 (2), 91–93. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2019.18
  22. Alayed, M.S., Qureshi, M.A., Ahmed, S., Alqahtani, A.S., Al-qahtani, A.M., Alshaybari, K., Alshahrani, M. & Asaad, A.M. (2018) Seroprevalence and molecular study of Zika virus among asymptomatic pregnant mothers and their newborns in the Najran region of southwest Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 38 (6), 408–412. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2018.408
  23. Al-Ali, K.H., El-Badry, A.A., Eassa, A.H.A., Al-Juhani, A.M. & Al-Zubiany, S.F. & Ibrahim, E.-K.D. (2008) A study on Culex species and Culex transmitted diseases in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Parasitologists United Journal, 1 (2), 101–108.
  24. Al Ashry, H.A., Kenawy, M.A. & Shobrak, M. (2014) Fauna of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicida [sic]) in Asir Provence [sic], Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 44 (1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.12816/0006457
  25. Al-Eryani, S.M.A., Kelly-Hope, L., Harbach, R.E., Briscoe, A.G., Barnish, G., Azazy, A. & McCall, P.J. (2016) Entomological aspects and the role of human behavior in malaria transmission in a highland region of the Republic of Yemen. Malaria Journal, 15, 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1179-8
  26. Al-Ghamdi, G.M. (2014) Incidence of West nile virus [sic] in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Virology, 10 (2), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2014.163.167
  27. Al-Ghamdi, K., Alikhan, M., Mahayoub, J. & Afifi, Z.I. (2008) Studies on identification and population dynamics of anopheline mosquito from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 1, 19–24.
  28. Alghamdi, T.S., Al Zahrani, M.R, Gharsan, F.N., Al Ghamdi, K.M. & Mahyoub, J.A. (2021) Identification of mosquito species and determination of population density in the Taif governorate, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, 53, 9303. https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2021.9303
  29. Alhaeli, A., Bahkali, S., Ali, A., Househ, M.S. & El-Metwally, A.A. (2016) The epidemiology of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. Journal of Infectioun and Public Health, 9 (2), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.05.006
  30. Al-Hazmi, M., Ayoola, E.A., Abdulrahmen, M., Banzal, S., Ashraf, J., El-Bushra, A., Hazmi, A., Abdullah, M., Aboo, H., Elamin, A., Al-Sammani, E.-T., Gadour, M., Menon, C., Hamza, M., Rahim, I., Hafez, M., Jambavalikar, M., Arishi, M. & Aqeel, A. (2003) Epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36, 245‒252. https://doi.org/10.1086/345671
  31. Al-Houty, W. (1989) Insect fauna of Kuwait. ‎ University of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait, 187 pp.
  32. Al-Houty, W. (1997) Chacklist of the insect fauna of Kuwait. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering, 24, 145–162.
  33. Alikhan, M., Al Ghamdi, K. & Mahyoub, J.A. (2014) Aedes mosquito species in western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Insect Science, 14, 69. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.014.69
  34. Al-Khalifa, M.S., Diab, F.M. & Khalil, G.M. (2007) Man-threatening viruses isolated from ticks in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 28 (12), 1864–1867.
  35. Al-Khalili, Y.H., Katbeh-Bader, A. & Amr, Z. (2000) Distribution and ecology of mosquito larvae in Jordan. Studia Dipterologica, 7 (1), 179–188.
  36. Alkharsah, K.R. & Al-Afaleq, A.I. (2021) Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection among human, horses, and pigeons in Saudi Arabia. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14, 5595–5601. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S348648
  37. Alkhayat, F.A., Ahmad, H.A., Rahim, J., Dieng, H., Ismail, B.A., Imran, M., Sheikh, U.A.A., Shahzad, M.S. Abid, A.D. & Munawar, K. (2020) Characterization of mosquito larval habitats in Qatar. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27 (9), 2358–2365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.006
  38. Alqahtani, A.S. (2020) Investigation of some zoonotic viruses at south western [sic] of Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Animimal and Veterinary Sciences, 15 (2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2020.108.112
  39. Al-Seghayer, S.M., Kenawy, M.A. & Ali, O.T.E. (1999) Malaria in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: epidemiology and control. Journal of King Faisal University for Science, 1 (Special Issue), 6–22.
  40. Al-Sheik, A.A. (2011) Larval habitat, ecology, seasonal abundance and vectorial role in malaria transmission of Anopheles arabiensis in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 41 (3), 615–634.
  41. Alsheikh, A.A., Zafer, M.H., Anaami, A.G., Solan, Y.M., Nourldin, E.M., Mahammed, W.S., Bakhait, O.D., Sahli, A.M., Alattas, M.S., Alzahrani, M.H., Alhakeem, R.F. & Memish, Z.A. (2013) Potential mosquito vectors of arboviral diseases in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 6 (2) 142–149.
  42. Altassan, K.K., Morin, C., Shocket, M.S., Ebi, K. & Hess, J. (2019) Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia; A review of environmental and population factors impacting emergence and spread. Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases, 30, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.04.006
  43. Alten, B., Çaglar, S.S. & Özer, N. (2000) Malaria and its vectors in Turkey. European Mosquito Bulletin, 7, 22–33.
  44. Amer, O.S.O., Waly, M.I., Burhan, I.W., Al-Malki, E.S., Smida, A. & Al-Benasy, K.S. (2020) Epidemiological trends of malaria in the western regions of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 14 (11), 1332–1337. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13246
  45. Amerasinghe, F.P., Mukhtar, M. & Herrel, N. (2002) Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Pakistan. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39 (1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-39.1.28
  46. Amerasinghe, P.H. & Amerasinghe, F.P. (1999) Multiple host feeding in field populations of Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus in Sri Lanka. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 13 (2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00160.x
  47. Ammar, S.E.S., Kenawy, M.A., Abdel-Rahman, H.A., Ali, A.F., Abdel-Hamid, Y.M. & Gad, A.M. (2013) Characterization of the mosquito breeding habitats in two urban localities of Cairo Governorate, Egypt. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, 3 (7), 268–275.
  48. Amr, Z.S., Al-Khalili, Y. & Arbaji, A. (1997) Larval mosquitoes collected from northern Jordan and the Jordan Valley. Journal of the American Mosquito Control association, 13 (4), 375–378.
  49. Anderson, R.C. (2000) Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. 2nd edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 650 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994215.0000
  50. Aqeehal, H.A., Shibani, N. & Annajar, B.B. (2019) Mosquito species composition at a selected area in eastern Tripoli, Libya. International Journal of Entomology Research, 4 (6), 122–125.
  51. Attoui, H., Jaafar, F.M., Belhouchet, M., Aldrovandi, N., Tao, S., Chen, B., Liang, G., Tesh, R.B., de Micco, P. & de Lambailerie, X. (2005) Yunnan orbivirus [sic], a new orbivirus species isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in China. Journal of General Virology, 86, 3409–3417. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81258-0
  52. Aranda, C., Eritja, R. & Roiz, D. (2006) First record and establishment of the mosquito Aedes albopictus in Spain. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 20 (1), 150–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00605.x
  53. Arunachalam, N., Samuel, P.P., Hiriyan, J., Thenmozhi, V. & Gajanana, A. (2004) Japanese Encephalitis in Kerala, South India: can Mansonia (Diptera: Culicidae) play a supplemental role in transmission? Journal of Medical Entomology, 41 (3), 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.456
  54. Azari-Hamidian, S. (2005) Larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes of the genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Caspian Sea littoral, Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 36 (1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2005.10638128
  55. Azari-Hamidian, S. & Harbach, R.E. (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 2078 (1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2078.1.1
  56. Azari-Hamidian, S. & Omrani, S.-M. (2022) Morphological aberrations of the dirofilariasis, Sindbis fever and West Nile fever vector Culex Theileri [sic] (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 16 (3), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12036
  57. Azari-Hamidian, S., Abai, M.-R. & Norouzi, B. (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae), a genus and species new to southwestern Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa, 4772 (2), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.10
  58. Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B. & Harbach, R.E. (2019) A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica, 194, 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.019
  59. Azari-Hamidian, S., Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Javadian, E., Abai, M.R., Mobedi, I., Linton, Y.M. & Harbach, R.E. (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of dirofilariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 23 (2), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00802.x
  60. Bailly-Choumara, H. (1960) Une espèce nouvelle d’anophèle du golfe d’Aden, Anopheles (Myzomyia) azaniae (Diptera, Culicidae), notes morphologique, systématiques et :00écologique. Bulletin de Société de Pathologie exotique, 53 (3), 531–542.
  61. Bakr, R.F.A., Nassar, M.I., El-Barky, N.M., Kotb, T.F., Badrawy, H. & Abdeldayem, M.S. (2014) Prevalence of mosquitoes in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A, Entomology, 7 (2), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2014.12940
  62. Balkew, M., Mumba, P., Dengela, D., Yohannes, G., Getachew, D., Yared, S., Chibsa, S., Murphy, M., George, K., Lopez, K., Janies, D., Choi, S.H., Spear, J., Irish, S.R. & Carter, T.E. (2020) Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3904-y
  63. Becker, N., Pluskota, B., Kaiser, A. & Shaffner, F. (2012) Exotic mosquitoes conquer the world. In: Mehlhorn, H. (Ed.) Arthropods as Vectors of Emerging Diseases. Parasitology Research Monographs. Vol. 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 31–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28842-5_2
  64. Becker, N., Petrić, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3rd Edition. Springer Verlag, Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, 570 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11623-1
  65. Ben Ayed, W., Amraoui, F., M’ghirbi, Y., Schaffner, F., Rhaim, A., Failloux A-B. & Bouattour, A. (2019) A survey of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Tunisia and the potential role of Aedes detritus and Aedes caspius in the tramsmission of Zika virus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 56 (5), 1377–1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz067
  66. Benallal, K.E., Allal-Ikhlef, A., Benhamouda, K. & Schaffner, F. & Harrat, Z. (2016) First report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Oran, west of Algeria. Acta Tropica, 164, 411–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.027
  67. Bennouna, A., Balenghien, T., El Rhaffouli, H., Schaffner, F., Garros, C., Gardès, L., Lhor, Y., Hammoumi, S., Chlyeh, G. & Fassi Fihri, O. (2017) First record of Stegomyia albopicta (= Aedes albopictus) in Morocco: a major threat to public health in North Africa? Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 31 (1), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12194
  68. Bigot, M.J. (1861) Trois diptères nouveaux de la Corse. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1, 227–229.
  69. Bouattour, A., Khrouf, F., Rhim, A. & M’ghirbi, Y. (2019) First detection of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Tunisia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 56 (4), 1112–1115. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz026
  70. Boudemagh, N.E., Bendali-Saoudi, F. & Soltani, N. (2018) Morphometry of three mosquito species vectors of West Nile Culiseta longiareolata Macquart 1838, Culiseta subochrea Edwards 1921 and Culiseta glaphyroptera Schiner 1864 collected at Collo (Northeast Algeria). International Journal of Mosquito Research, 5 (1), 12–18.
  71. Bozorg-Omid, F., Oshaghi, M.A., Vahedi, M., Karimian, F., Seyyed-Zadeh, S.J. & Chavshin, A.R. (2020) Wolbachia infection in West Nile virus vectors of northwest Iran. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 55, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-019-00658-6
  72. Bram, R.A. (1967) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. II. The genus Culex in Thailand (Diptera: Csulicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 2 (1), 1–296.
  73. Brottes, H., Rickenbach, A., Brès, P., Salaün, J.-J. & Ferrara, L. (1966) Les arbovirus au Cameroun. Isolement à partir des moustiques. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 35, 811‒825.
  74. Brunhes, J., Hassaïne, K., Rhaim, A. & Hervy, J.-P. (2000) Les Culicides de l’Afrique méditerranéenne: espèces présentes et répartition (Diptera, Nematocera). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 105 (2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2000.16659
  75. Büttiker, W. (1981) Observation on urban mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. In: Wittmer, W. & Büttiker, W. (Eds.), Fauna of Saudia Arabia. Vol. 3. Pro Entomologia c/o Natural History Museum. Ciba Geigy Ltd, Basle, pp. 472–479.
  76. Buxton, P.A. (1944) Rough notes: Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria in Arabia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 38 (3), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(44)80004-9
  77. Calzolari, M., Zć-Zć, L., Růžek, D., Vázquez, A., Jeffries, C., Defilippo, F., Osório, H.C., Kilian, P., Ruíz, S., Fooks, A.R., Maioli, G., Amaro, F., Tlustý, M., Figuerola, J., Medlock, J.M., Bonilauri, P., Alves, M.J., Šebesta, O., Tenorio, A., Vaux, A.G.C., Bellini, R., Gelbič, I., Sánchez-Seco, M.P., Johnson, N. & Dottori, M. (2012) Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe. Journal of General Virology, 93 (6), 1215–1225. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.040485-0
  78. Cambouliu, M. (1902) Contribution à l’étude des Anopheles de l’ isthme de Suez. Competes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 135 (17), 704–706.
  79. Camp, J.V., Karuvantevida, N., Chouhna, H., Safi, E., Shah, J.N. & Nowotny, N. (2019) Mosquito biodiversity and mosquito-borne viruses in the United Arab Emirates. Parasites & Vectors, 12, 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3417-8
  80. Campos, M., Crepeau, M., Lee, Y., Gripkey, H., Rompão, H., Cornel, A.J. Pinto, J. & Lanzaro, G.C. (2020) Complete mitogenome sequence of Anopheles coustani from São Tomé island. Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 5 (3), 3376–3378. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2020.1823273
  81. Campos, M., Patel, N., Marshall, C., Gripkey, H., Ditter, R.E., Crepeau, M.W., Toilibou, A., Amina, Y., Cornel, A.J., Lee, Y. & Lanzaro, G.C. (2023) Population Genetics of Anopheles pretoriensis in Grande Comore Island. Insects, 14 (1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010014
  82. Cancrini, G., Magi, M., Gabrielli, S., Arispici, M., Tolari, F., Dell’Omodarme, M. & Prati, M.C. (2006) Natural vectors of dirofilariasis in rural and urban areas of the Tuscan region, central Italy. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (3), 574–579. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.3.574
  83. Carpenter, S.J. & LaCasse, W.J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angles, London, viii + 360 pp., 127 pls. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520325098
  84. Cella, E., Benvenuto, D., Donati, D., Garilli, F., Angeletti, S., Pascarella, S. & Ciccozzi, M. (2019) Phylogeny of Culex theileri virus flavivirus in Spain, Myanmar, Portugal and Turkey. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 12 (5), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.259242
  85. Chandra, G., Bhattacharjee, I. & Chatterjee, S. (2010) A review of Anopheles subpictus Grassi‒A biological vector. Acta Tropica, 115 (1‒2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.02.005
  86. Chatterjee, S. & Chandra, G. (2000) Role of Anopheles subpictus as a primary vector of malaria in an area in India. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 28 (3), 177–181. https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.28.177
  87. Chavshin, A.R., Oshaghi, M.A., Vatandoost, H., Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Raeisi, A. & Nikpoor, F. (2014) Molecular characterization, biological forms and sporozoite rate of Anopheles stephensi in southern Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4 (1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60207-0
  88. Chen, B., Butlin, R.K., Pedro, P.M., Wang, X.Z. & Harbach, R.E. (2006) Molecular variation, systematics and distribution of the Anopheles fluviatilis complex in southern Asia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 20 (1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00604.x
  89. Choochote, W. & Saeung, A. (2013) Systematic techniques for the recognition of Anopheles species complexes. In: Manquin, S. (Ed.), Anopheles Mosquitoes New insights into malaria vectors. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 57–79. https://doi.org/10.5772/54853
  90. Cianchi, R., Urbanelli, S., Sabatini, A., Coluzzi, M., Tordi, M.P. & Bullini, L. (1980) Due entità riproduttivamente isolate sotto il nome di Aedes caspius (Diptera, Culicidae). Atti XII Congreso Nazionale Italiano Entomologia, Roma, 2, 269–272.
  91. Coetzee, M. (1995) Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culiciade). Mosquito Systematics, 26 (3), 125–131. [for 1994]
  92. Coetzee, M., Craig, M. & Le-Sueur, D. (2000) Distribution of African malaria mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitology Today, 16 (2), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01563-X
  93. Coetzee, M., Hunt, R.H., Wilkerson, R., della Torre, A., Coulibaly, M.B. & Besansky, N.J. (2013) Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Zootaxa, 3619 (3), 246–274. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.2
  94. Coetzee, M. (2020) Key to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Malaria Journal, 19, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3144-9
  95. Colton, L., Miller, M.M. & Reeves, W.K. (2019) New national record for Culex perexiguus from Kuwait. Journal of the American of Mosquito Control Association, 35 (1), 65–66. https://doi.org/10.2987/18-6783.1
  96. Coluzzi, M., Sabatini, A., della Torre, A., di Deco, M.A. & Petrarca, V. (2002) A polytene chromosome analysis of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. Science, 298 (5597), 1415–1418. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077769
  97. Cornet, M., Robin, Y., Chateau, R., Hème, G., Adam, C., Valade, M., Le Gonidec, G., Jan, C., Renaudet, J., Dieng, P.L., Bangoura, J.-F. & Lorand, A. (1979) Isolements d’arbovirus au Sénégal Oriental à partir de moustiques (1972-1977) et notes sur l’épidémiologie des virus transmis par les Aedes, en particulier du virus amaril. Cahier ORSTOM Série Entomologie médicale et Parasitologie, 27 (3), 149–163.
  98. Couret, J., Moreira, D.C., Bernier, D., Loberti, A.M., Dotson, E.M. & Alvarez, M. (2020) Delimiting cryptic morphological variation among human malaria vector species using convolutional neural networks. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14 (12), e0008904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008904
  99. Darwish, M.A. & Hoogstraal, H. (1981) Arboviruses infecting humans and lower animals in Egypt: a review of thirty years of research. Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, 56 (1‒2), 1–112.
  100. Dawah, H.A., Abdullah, M.A. & Ahmad, S.K. (2019) An overview of the Calliphoridae (Diptera) of Saudi Arabia with new records and updated list of species. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 21 (1), 65–93.
  101. Dawah, H.A., Abdullah, M.A. & Deeming, J.C. (2020) An overview of the Chloropidae (Diptera) of Saudi Arabia. Zootaxa, 4791 (1), 1–71. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4791.1.1
  102. de Grandpré, A.D. & d’Emmerez de Charmoy, D. (1901) Les moustiques: anatomie et biologie. Contribution à l’étude des Culicides et principalement des genres Culex et Anopheles de leur rôle dans la propagation de la malaria et de la filariose et des moyens de s’en preserver. Ile Maurice, Port Louis, iv + 59 pp., 5 pls. [for 1900]
  103. de Morais, S.A., Moratore, C., Suesdek, L. & Marrelli, M.T. (2010) Genetic-morphometric variation in Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and La Plata, Argentina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 105 (5), 672‒676. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762010000500012
  104. de Pinho Mixão, V., Mendes, A.M., Maurício, I.L., Calado, M.M., Novo, M.T., Belo, S. & Almeida, A.P.G. (2016) Molecular detection of Wolbachia pipientis in natural populations of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis from continental Portugal: first detection in Culex theileri. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 30 (3), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12179
  105. Dev, V. & Phookan, S. (1998) Epidemiology and control of malaria in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam. In: Goel, S.C. (Ed.), Advances in Medical & Human Welfare. Uttar PradeshZoological Society, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, pp. 59–65.
  106. Dhananjevan, K.J., Paramsivan, R., Tewari, S.C., Rajendran, R., Thenmozhi, V., Leo, S.V., Venkatesh, A. & Tyagi, B.K. (2010) Molecular identification of mosquito vectors using genomic DNA isolated from egg shells, larval and pupal exuvium [sic]. Tropical Biomedicine, 27 (1), 47–53.
  107. Dia, I., Konate, L., Samb, B., Sarr, J.-B., Diop, A., Rogerie, F., Faye, M., Riveau, G., Romoue, F., Diallo, M. & Fontenille, D. (2008) Bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the Senegal River Basin. Acta Tropica, 105 (2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.10.010
  108. Diagne, C.T., Diallo, D., Faye O., Ba, Y., Faye, O., Gaye, A., Dia, I., Faye, O., Weaver, S.C., Sall, A.A. & Diallo, M. (2015) Potential of selected Senegalese Aedes spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae [sic]) to transmit Zika virus. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15, 492. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1231-2
  109. Diallo, D., Sall, A.A., Diagne, C.T., Faye O., Faye, O., Ba, Y., Hanley, K.A., Buenemann, M., Weaver, S.C. & Diallo, M. (2014) Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. PLoS One, 9 (10), e109442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109442
  110. Di Luca, M., Toma, L., Severini, F., Boccolini, D., D’Avola, S., Diego Todaro, D., Stancanelli, A., Antoci, F., La Russa, F., Casano, S., Sotera, S.D., Eugenio Carraffa, E., Versteirt, V., Schaffner, F., Romi, R. & Torina, A. (2017) First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on the southernmost Mediterranean islands of Italy and Europe. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 543. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2488-7
  111. Dönitz, W. (1902) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Anopheles. Zeitschrift für Hygiene undInfektionskrankheiten, 41, 15–88, 2 pls. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02288458
  112. Doosti, S., Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Schaffner, F., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Akbarzadeh, K., Gooya, M.M., Vatandoost, H., Shirzadi, M.R. & Mosta-Favi, E. (2016) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 45 (8), 1064–1073.
  113. Edwards, F.W. (1913) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47–51.
  114. Edwards, F.W. (1914) New species of Culicidae in the British Museum, with notes on the genitalia of some African Culex. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300034568
  115. Edwards, F.W. (1921) A revision of the mosquitoes of the Palaearctic Region. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12 (3), 236–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300040207
  116. Edwards, F.W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III.—Culicine adults and pupae. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp.
  117. El-Badry, A.A. & Al-Ali, K.H. (2010) Prevalence and seasonal distribution of dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entomology, 7 (2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2010.80.88
  118. Elfadol, O.M.A., Babalghith, A.O., Bahathig, A.O.S., Toulah, F.H.S., Bafarji, T.G., Al-Mahmoudi, S.M.Y., Alhazmi, A.M.F. & Abdel-Latif, M.E. (2021) Prevalence of larval breeding sites and seasonal variations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Makkah Al-Mokarramah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 7368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147368
  119. El-Hawagry, M.S., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., El-Sonbati, S.A. & Al dhafer, H.M. (2017) A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Garf Raydah Nature Reserve, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera: Insecta). Journal of Natural History, 51 (25–26), 1499–1530. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1347299
  120. El Khereji, M.A., Alahmed, A.M. & Kheir, S.M. (2007) Survey and seasonal activity of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Agriculture and Food Science Centre Research Bulletin, 152, 5–17.
  121. Ergünay, K., Litzba, N., Brinkmann, A., Günay, F., Kar, S., Öter, K., Örsten, S., Sarıkaya, Y., Alten, B., Nitsche, A. & Linton, Y.-M. (2016) Isolation and genomic characterization of Culex theileri flaviviruses in field-collected mosquitoes from Turkey. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 46, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.008
  122. Eritja, R., Aranda, C., Padrós, J., Goula, M., Lucientes, J., Escosa, R., Marquès, E. & Cáceres, F. (2000) An annotated checklist and bibliography of the mosquitoes of Spain (Diptera: Culicidae). European Mosquito Bulletin, 8, 10–18.
  123. Erlank, E., Koekemoer, L.L. & Coetzee, M. (2018) The importance of morphological identification of African anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for malaria control programmes. Malaria Journal, 17, 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2189-5
  124. Eshghy, N. (1977) Anopheles multicolor Cambouliu and its role in the transmission of malaria in Iran [In Persian with English abstract]. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 4 (1, 2), 17–22.
  125. Fakeeh, M. & Zaki, A. (2001) Virologic and serologic surveillance for dengue fever in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994-1999. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65 (6), 764–767. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.764
  126. Fall, A.G., Diaïté, A., Etter, E., Bouyer, J., Ndiaye, T.D. & Konaté, L. (2012) The mosquito Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis as a probable vector bridging the West Nile virus between birds and horses in Barkedji (Ferlo, Senegal). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 26 (1), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00974.x
  127. Fang, J. (2010) Ecology: A world without mosquitoes. Nature, 466, 432–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/466432a
  128. Fang, Y., Tambo, E., Xue, J.-B., Zhang, Y., Zhou, X.-N. & Khater, E.I.M. (2021) Detection of DENV-2 and insect-specific flaviviruses in mosquitoes collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 626368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.626368
  129. Farag, E.A.B.A., Bansal, D., Mardini, K., Sultan, A.A., Al-Thani, M.H.J., Al-Marri, S.A., Al-Hajri, M., Al-Romaihi, H. & Schaffner, F. (2021) Identification and characterisation of mosquitoes from different locations in Qatar in 2017‒2019. Parasite, 28, 84. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021079
  130. Ferraguti, M., Martinez-de la Puente, J., Muñoz, J., Roiz, D., Ruiz, S., Soriguer, R. & Figuerola, J. (2013) Avian Plasmodium in Culex and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes from southern Spain: effects of season and host-feeding source on parasite dynamics. PLoS One, 8 (6), e66237. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066237
  131. Ferreira, C.A.C., de Pinho Mixão, V., Novo, M.T.L.M., Calado, M.M.P., Gonçalves, L.A.P., Belo, S.M.D. & de Almeida, A.P.G. (2015) First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal. Parasites & Vectors, 8, 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0760-2
  132. Ferreira-de-Brito, A., Ribeiro, I.P., de Miranda, R.M., Fernandes, R.S., Campos, S.S., da Silva, K.A.B., de Castro, M.G., Bonaldo, M.C., Brasil, P. & Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R. (2016) First detection of natural infection of Aedes aegypti with Zika vitus in Brazil and throughout South America. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 111 (10), 655–658. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760160332
  133. Firooziyan, S., Dinparast Djadid, N. & Gholizadeh, S. (2018) Speculation on the possibility for introducing Anopheles stephensi as a species complex: preliminary evidence based on odorant binding protein 1 intron I sequence. Malaria Journal, 17, 366. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2523-y
  134. Fontenille, D. (1989) Arbovirus transmission cycles in Madagascar [in French]. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 55 (1), 1–317.
  135. Gad, A.M., Hassan, M.M., El Said, S., Moussa, M.I. & Wood, O.L. (1987) Rift Valley fever virus transmission by different Egyptian mosquito species. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 81 (4), 694–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90460-3
  136. Gakhar, S.K., Sharma, R. & Sharma, A. (2013) Population genetic structure of malaria vector Anophelese stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 51 (4), 273–279.
  137. Gatt, P., Deeming, J.C. & Schaffner, F. (2009) First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malta. European Mosquito Bulletin, 27, 56–64.
  138. Gear, J., de Meillon, B., Le Roux, A.F., Kofsky, R., Innes, R.R., Steyn, J.J., Oliff, W.D. & Schulz, K.H. (1955) Rift Valley fever in South Africa: A study of the 1953 outbreak in the Orange Free State, with special reference to the vectors and possible reservoir hosts. South African Medical Journal, 29 (22), 514–518.
  139. Gholizadeh, S., Firooziyan, S., Ladonni, H., Hajipirloo, H.M., Djadid, N.D., Hosseini, A. & Raz, A. (2015) The Anopheles stephensi odorant binding protein 1 (AsteObp1) gene: A new molecular marker for biological forms diagnosis. Acta Tropica, 146, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.012
  140. Giles, G.M. (1901a) A plea for the collective investigationof Indian Culicidae, with suggestions as to moot points for enquiry, and a prodromus of species known to the author. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13 (4), 592–610, 2 pls.
  141. Giles, G.M. (1901b) Description of four new species of Anopheles from India. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 37, 196–198.
  142. Gillies, M.T. & Coetzee, M. (1987) Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 1‒143.
  143. Gillies, M.T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1‒343.
  144. Glick, J.I. (1992) IIustrated key to the female Anopheles of southwestern Asia and Egypt. Mosquito Systematics, 24 (2), 125–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989629208573811
  145. Godsey, M.S. Jr., Abdoon, A.-M.M., Savage, H.M., Al-Shahrani, A.M., Al-Mazrou, Y., Al-Jeffri, M.H., Al-Sughair, S., Al-Safi, S., Ksiazek, T.G. & Miller, B.R. (2003) First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 19 (1), 84–86.
  146. Grassi, B. (1899) Ancora sulla malaria. Rendiconti delle seduti delle Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Classe de scienze fisiche, matematische e naturali, 8, 559–561.
  147. Grassi, B., Bignami, A. & Bastianelli, G. (1899) Resoconto degli stuti fatti sulla malaria durante il mese di gennaio. Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Rendiconti. Memorie della classe de scienze fisiche, matematische e naturali, serie quinta, 8, 101–104.
  148. Gratz, N.G. (2004a) The mosquito-borne infections of Europe. European MosquitoBulletin, 17, 1–7.
  149. Gratz, N.G. (2004b) Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 18 (3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00513.x
  150. Gunathilaka, N. (2018) Annotated checklist and review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 7 (3), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.12976/jib/2018.07.3.1
  151. Gunathilaka, N. & Karunaraj, P. (2015) Identification of sibling species status of Anopheles culicifacies breeding in polluted water bodies in Trincomalee district of Sri Lanka. Malaria Journal, 14, 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0726-z
  152. Gutsevich, A.V., Monchadskii, A.S. & Shtakel’berg, A.A. (1974) Fauna of the USSR. Diptera. Vol.3. No. 4. Mosquitoes Family Culicidae. Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd, Jerusalem, iii + 408 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46321
  153. Guy, Y. (1959) Les rapports entre l’anophélisme et le paludisme. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 39, 83–90.
  154. Haddad, N., Harbach, R.E., Chamat, S. & Bouharoun-Tayoun, H. (2007) Presence of Aedes albopictus in Lebanon and Syria. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 23 (2), 226–228. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[226:POAAIL]2.0.CO;2
  155. Hakami, A.R., Alshamrani, A.A., Alqahtani, M., Alraey, Y., Alhefzi, R.A., Alasmari, S., Makkawi, M., Dobie, G., Mir, M., Alshamrani, M., Dera, A., Alfaifi, M., Al Shahrani, M., Matari, A. & Asiry, A.E. (2021) Detection of Chikungunya virus in the Southern region, Saudi Arabia. Virology Journal, 18, 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01660-7
  156. Haliday, A.H. (1833) Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomological Magazine, 1, 147–180.
  157. Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Motazakker, M., Vatandoost, H., Dabiri, F. & Chavshin, A.R. (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito species in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological niches of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Tropica, 220, 105952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105952
  158. Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Sedaghat, M.M., Vatandoost, H., Azari-Hamidian, S. & Pakdad, K. (2018) Predicting environmentally suitable areas for Anopheles superpictus Grassi (s.l.), Anopheles maculipennis Meigen (s.l.) and Anopheles sacharovi Favre (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 382. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2973-7
  159. Harbach, R.E. (1985) Pictorial keys to the genera of mosquitoes, subgenera of Culex and the species of Culex (Culex) occurring in southwestern Asia and Egypt, with note on the subgeneric placement of Culex deserticola (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 17 (2), 83–107.
  160. Harbach, R.E. (1988) The mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 24 (1), vi + 1–236.
  161. Harbach, R.E. (1998) Culex (Bararaudius) pusillus, a new occurrence record outside the Palaearctic Region. European Mosquito Bulletin, 1, 14.
  162. Harbach, R.E. (1999) The identity of Culex perexiguus Theobald versus Cx. univittatus Theobald in southern Europe. European Mosquito Bulletin, 4, 7.
  163. Harbach, R.E. (2007) The Culicidae (Diptera): a review of taxonomy, classification and phylogeny. Zootaxa, 1668 (1), 591–638. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.28
  164. Harbach, R.E. (2011) Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): The foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research. Acta Tropica, 120 (1–2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.005
  165. Harbach, R.E. (2012) Culex pipiens: species versus species complex—taxonomic history and prespective. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28 (4s), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X-28.4.10
  166. Harbach, R.E. (2013) The phylogeny and classification of Anopheles. In: Manguin, S. (Ed.), Anopheles mosquitoes—New insights into malaria vectors. InTech, Rijeka, pp. 3–55. https://doi.org/10.5772/54695
  167. Harbach, R.E. (2023) Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory. Available from: http://www.mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info (accessed 14 August 2023)
  168. Harbach, R.E. & Knight, K.L. (1980) Taxonomists’ Glossary of Mosquito Anatomy. Plexus Publishing, Marlton, New Jersey, xi + 413 pp.
  169. Harbach, R.E. & Knight, K.L. (1982) Corrections and additions to Taxonomists’ Glossary of Mosquito Anatomy. Mosquito Systematics, 13 (2), 201–217. [for 1981]
  170. Harbach, R.E. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2023) The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification. Zootaxa, 5303 (1), 1–184. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1
  171. Harbach, R.E., Harrison, B.A., Gad, A.M., Kenawy, M.A. & El-Said, S. (1989) Records and notes on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in Egypt. Mosquito Systematics, 20 (3), 317–342. [for 1988]
  172. Hassan, M.I., Al Ashry, H.A., Shobrak, M. & Kenawy, M.A. (2016) Seasonal abundance of the common mosquitoes: Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. sitiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the western coast of Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences E. Medical Entomology and Parasitology, 8 (1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2016.14485
  173. Hayes, C.G., Basit, A., Bagar, S. & Akhter, R. (1980) Vector competence of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17 (2), 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/17.2.172
  174. Hemida, M.G., Perera, R.A.P.M., Chu, D.K.W., Ko, R.L.W., Alnaeem, A.A. & Peiris, M. (2019) West Nile virus infection in horses in Saudi Arabia (in 2013–2015). Zoonoses and Public Health, 66 (2), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12532
  175. Himeidan, Y.E., Kweka, E.J., Mahyoub, M.M., El Rayah, El-A. & Ouma, J.O. (2014) Recent outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in East Africa and the Middle East. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00169
  176. Hodkinson, I.D. (2005) Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews, 80 (3), 489–513. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006767
  177. Horsfall, W.R. (1972) Mosquitoes, their bionomics and relation to disease. Hafner Publishing, New York, x + 723 pp.
  178. Huang, Y.-M. (1977) Medical entomology studies—VIII. Notes on the taxonomic status of Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 14 (1), 113–132.
  179. Huang, Y.-M. (2004) The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region with keys to the species (Diptera; Culicidae). Zootaxa, 700 (1), 1–120. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.700.1.1
  180. Hubálek, Z. & Halouzka, J. (1999) West Nile fever‒a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5 (5), 643–650. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0505.990505
  181. Ibañez-Bernal, S. & Martínez-Campos, C. (1994) Clave para la identificacion de larvas de mosquitos comunes en las areas urbanas y suburbanas de la Republica Mexicana (Diptera: Culicidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 92, 43‒73.
  182. Inci, A., Yildirima, A., Njabo, K.Y., Duzlu, O., Biskin, Z. & Ciloglu, A. (2012) Detection and molecular characterization of avian Plasmodium from mosquitoes in central Turkey. Veterinary Parasitology, 188 (1–2), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.012
  183. Irish, S.R., Al-Amin, H.M., Alam, M.S. & Harbach, R.E. (2016) A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 559. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z
  184. Irish, S.R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R.W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401–449. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4747.3.1
  185. Izri, A., Bitam, I. & Charrel, R.N. (2011) First entomological documentation of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Algeria. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17 (7), 1116–1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03443.x
  186. James, S.P. (1902) Malaria in India. Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Department of the Government of India. New Series. No. 2. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 106 pp.
  187. Jinbo, U., Kato, T. & Ito, M. (2011) Current progress in DNA barcoding and future implications for entomology. Entomological Science, 14 (2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2011.00449.x
  188. Jupp, P.G. (1971) The taxonomic status of Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) in South Africa. Journal of Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 34 (2), 339–357. [https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00128789_2966]
  189. Jupp, P.G. (2001) The ecology of West Nile virus in South Africa and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 951 (1), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02692.x
  190. Jupp, P.G. & Harbach, R.E. (1990) Crossmating and morphological studies of Culex neavei and Culex perexiguus (Diptera: Culicidae) to elucidate their taxonomic status. Mosquito Systematics, 22 (1), 1–10.
  191. Jupp, P.G., Kemp, A., Grobbelaar, A., Leman, P., Burt, F.J., Alhamed, A.M., Al Mujalli, D., Al Khamees, M. & Swanepoel, R. (2002) The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 16 (3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x
  192. Jupp, P.G., McIntosh, B.M. & Brown, R.G. (1966) Laboratory transmission experiments with West Nile and sindbis viruses and Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald. South African Journal of Medical Sciences, 31 (3), 95–97.
  193. Kanani, K., Amr, Z., Katbeh-Badr, A. & Arbaji, M. (2017) First record of Aedes albopictus in Jordan. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 33 (2), 134–135. https://doi.org/10.2987/17-6641.1
  194. Kar, I., Subbarao, S.K., Eapen, A., Ravindran, J., Satyanarayana, T.S., Raghavendra, K., Nanda, N. & Sharma, V.P. (1999) Evidence for a new malaria vector species, species E, within the Anopheles culicifacies complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal Medical Entomology, 36 (5), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.5.595
  195. Kardousha, M.M. (2015) Additional records of vector mosquito diversity collected from Al Khor district of North-estern Qatar. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5 (10), 804–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60944-6
  196. Kardousha, M.M. (2016) First report of some adult mosquitoes captured by CDC gravid traps from North-Eastern Qatar. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6 (2), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60993-8
  197. Kenawy, M.A. (1988) Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as malaria carriers in A.R. Egypt “History and present status”. Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, 63, 67–85.
  198. Kenawy, M.A., Abdel-Hamid, Y.M. & Beier, J.C. (2018) Rift Valley Fever in Egypt and other African countries: Historical review, recent outbreaks and possibility of disease occurrence in Egypt. Acta Tropica, 181, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.015
  199. Kenawy, M.A., Ammar, S.E. & Abdel-Rahman, H.A. (2013) Physico-chemical characteristics of the mosquito breeding water in two urban areas of Cairo Governorate, Egypt. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, 45, e17. https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2013.e17
  200. Kerr, J.A. (1933) Studies on the abundance, distribution and feeding habits of some West African mosquitos [sic]. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 24 (4), 493–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300035458
  201. Khalefa, A.S., Ghana, S., Rashid, N.M. & Shaibi, T. (2022) Mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) in Tarhuna region, Libya. Zoodiversity, 56 (2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2022.02.111
  202. Khan, N.A., Azhar, E.I., El-Fiky, S., Madani, H.H., Abuljadial, M.A., Ashshi, A.M., Turkistani, A.M. & Hamouh, E.A. (2008) Clinical profile and outcome of hospitalized patients during first outbreak of dengue in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Acta Tropica, 105 (1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.09.005
  203. Khan, K., Bogoch, I., Brownstein, J.S., Miniota, J., Nicolucci, A., Hu, W., Nsoesie, E.O., Cetron, M., Creatore, M.I., German, M. & Wilder-Smith, A. (2014) Assessing the origin of and potential for international spread of Chikungunya virus from the Caribbean. PLOS Currents, 6, ecurrents.outbreaks.2134a0a7bf37fd8d388181539fea2da5. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.2134a0a7bf37fd8d388181539fea2da5
  204. Khater, E.I., Sowilem, M.M., Sallam, M.F. & Alahmed, A.M. (2013) Ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Biomedicine, 30 (3), 409–427.
  205. Kheir, S.M., Alahmed, A.M., Al Kuriji, M.A. & Al Zubyani, S.F. (2010) Distribution and seasonal activity of mosquitoes in Al Madinah Al Munwwarah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 40 (1), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2010.227.234
  206. Kirkpatrick, T.W. (1925a) Preliminary notes on the determination of Egyptian mosquitos [sic], with descriptions of three species new to science. Bulletin de la Société entomologique d’Égypte, 8, 362–391. [for 1924]
  207. Kirkpatrick, T.W. (1925b) The mosquitoes of Egypt. Egyptian Government Anti-Malaria Commission. Government Press, Cairo, xi + 224 pp., 24 pls, 2 maps.
  208. Kirti, J.S. & Kaur, J. (2004) Morphological variations in natural populations of Anopheles (Cellia) pulcherrimus Theobald collected from North-West India. Entomon, 29 (2), 197–201.
  209. Klobučar, A., Merdić, E., Benić, N., Baklaić, Ž. & Krčmar, S. (2006) First record of Aedes albopictus in Croatia. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 22 (1), 147–148. https://doi.org/10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[147:FROAAI]2.0.CO;2
  210. Knight, K.L. (1953a) Two new species of mosquitoes from the Yemen (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43 (10), 320–325.
  211. Knight, K.L. (1953b) The mosquitoes of the Yemen (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 55 (5), 212–234.
  212. Knight, K.L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp.
  213. Knio, K.M., Markarain, N., Kassis, A. & Nuwayri-Salti, N. (2005) A two-year survey on mosquitoes of Lebanon. Parasite, 12 (3), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2005123229
  214. Kouznetsov, R.L. (1976) Distribution of anophelines in the Yemen Arab Republic and its relation to malaria. WHO/MAL/76.879. World Health Organization, Geneva, 9 pp. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/65746
  215. Kyalo, D., Amratia, P., Mundia, C.W., Mbogo, C.M., Coetzee, M. & Snow, R.W. (2017) A geo-coded inventory of anophelines in the Afrotropical Region south of the Sahara: 1898‒2016. Wellcome Open Research, 2, 57. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12187.1
  216. Lalubin, F., Delédevant, A., Glaizot, O. & Christe, P. (2013) Temporal changes in mosquito abundance (Culex pipiens), avian malaria prevalence and lineage composition. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 307. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-307
  217. Laveran, [A.] (1900) Sur un Anopheles provenant de Madagascar. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie, 52, 109–110.
  218. Lee, D.J., Hicks, M.M., Debenham, M.L., Griffiths, M., Marks, E.N., Bryan, J.H. & Russel, R.C. (1989) The Culicidae of the Australasian Region. Vol. 7. Nomenclature, synonymy, literature, distribution, biology and relation to disease. Genus Culex. Subgenera Acallyntrum, Culex. Entomology Monograph no. 2. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service, Cnaberra, ix + 281 pp.
  219. Lemine, A.M.M., Lemrabott, M.A.O., Ebou, M.H., Lekweiry, K.M., Salem, M.S.O.A., Brahim, K.O., Moukah, M.O., Bouraya, I.N.O., Brengues, C., Trape, J.-F., Basco, L., Bogreau, H., Simard, F., Faye, O. & Boukhary, A.O.M.S. (2017) Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: a review of their biodiversity, distribution and medical importance. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-1978-y
  220. Lewis, D.J. (1937) A new species of Anopheles from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B: Taxonomy, 6 (9), 181–183, 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1937.tb01685.x
  221. Lewis, D.J. (1956) The Culex mosquitoes of the Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47 (4), 703–721. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300046940
  222. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1. Editio Decima. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
  223. Linnaeus, C. (1762) Zweyter Theil, enthalt Beschreibungen verschiedener wichtiger Naturalien. In: Hasselquist, D.F. (Ed.), Reise nach Palastina in den Jahren von 1749 bis 1752. Auf Befehl Ihro Majestat der Königinn von Schweden. Johann Christian Koppe, Rostock, Germany, pp 267–606.
  224. Liston, W.G. (1901) A year’s experience of the habits of Anopheles in Ellichpur. The description of the species of Anopheles found in Ellichipur during the year. Indian Medical Gazette, 36, 361–366 + 441–443, 1 pl.
  225. Lobo, N.F., St. Laurent, B., Sikkala, C.H., Hamainza, B., Chanda, J., Chinula, D., Krishnankutty, S.M., Mueller, J.D., Deason, N.A., Hoang, Q.T., Boldt, H.L., Thumloup, J., Stevenson, J., Seyoum, A. & Collins, F.H. (2015) Unexpected diversity of Anopheles species in Eastern Zambia: implications for evaluating vector behaviour and interventions using molecular tools. Scientific Reports, 5, 17952. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17952
  226. Ludham, K.W., Jachowski, L.A., Jr. & Otto G.F. (1970) Potential vectors of Dirofilaria immitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 157 (10), 1354–1359.
  227. Lundström, J.O. & Pfeffer, M. (2010) Phylogeographic structure and evolutionary history of Sindbis virus. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 10 (9), 889–907. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0069
  228. Macquart, J. (1838) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Mémoires de la Société Royale de Sciences, de l’ Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 2, 9–225, 25 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51482
  229. Macquart, J. (1850) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 4.e Supplément. Mémoires de la Société, de Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, Année 1849, 309–479, 14 pls.
  230. Mahyoub, J.A., Al-Harbi, O.S., Al-Ghamdi, K.M. Mangoud, A.A.H. & Al-Solami, H.M. (2015) Population dynamics of different mosquito genera and species in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 8 (2), 116–125.
  231. Mahyoub, J.A., Ghramh, H.A., Al-Ghamdi, Kh. M. & Farooq, N. (2013) The potency of Aedes species in transmitting dengue fever virus with evaluating the susceptibility of vector larval stages to some insecticides. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Science C, Physiology and Molecular Biology, 5 (2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsc.2013.16100
  232. Manguin, S., Bangs, M.J., Pothikasikorn, J. & Chareonviriyaphap, T. (2010) Review on global co-transmission of human Plasmodium species and Wuchereria bancrofti by Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 10 (2), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.014
  233. Mani, M.S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Springer, Dordrcht, xiv + 527 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1339-9
  234. Mani, M.S. & Giddings, L.E. (1980) Ecology of highlands. Springer, Dordrecht, 250 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9174-3
  235. Manouchehri, A.V., Javadian, E., Eshghy, N. & Motabar, M. (1976) Ecology of Anopheles stephensi Liston in southern Iran. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 28 (3), 228–232.
  236. Maquart, P.-O., Fontenille, D., Rahola, N., Yean, S. & Boyer, S. (2021) Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia. Parasite, 28, 60. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021056
  237. Margalit, J. & Tahori, A.S. (1974) An annotated list of mosquitoes in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 9, 77–91.
  238. Mashlawi, A.M., Al‑Nazawi, A.M., Noureldin, E.M., Alqahtani, H., Jazem A. Mahyoub, J.A., Saingamsook, J., Debboun, M., Martha Kaddumukasa, M., Al‑Mekhlafi, H.M. & Walton, C. (2022) Molecular analysis of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage‑gated sodium channel gene of Aedes aegypti populations from Saudi Arabia. Parasites & Vectors, 15, 375. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05525-y
  239. Maslov, A.V. (1964) On the systematics of bloodsucking mosquitoes of the group Culiseta (Diptera, Culicidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 43 (1), 193–217. [in Russian]
  240. Maslov, A.V. (1989) Blood-sucking mosquitoes of subtribe Culisetina (Diptera, Culicidae) of the world Fauna. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., xv + 249 pp., 1 color pl. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46351
  241. Mattingly, P.F. & Brown, E.S. (1955) The mosquitos [sic] (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Seychelles. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 46 (1), 69–110, 3 pls. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300030777
  242. Mattingly, P.F. & Knight, K.L. (1956) The mosquitoes of Arabia. I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 4 (3), 91–141.
  243. Mattingly, P.F., Stone, A. & Knight, K.L. (1962) Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Insecta, Diptera); proposed validation and interpretation under the plenary powers of the species so named. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 19 (4), 208‒219.
  244. McIntosh, B.M. (1973) A taxonomic re-assessment of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caballus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) including a description of a new species of Ochlerotatus. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 36 (2), 261–269.
  245. McIntosh, B.M., Jupp, P.G., Dickinson, D.B., McGillivray, G.M. & Sweetnam, J. (1967) Ecological studies on Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. I. Viral activity as revealed by infection of mosquitoes and sentinel fowls. South African Journal of Medical Sciences, 32 (1), 1–14.
  246. McIntosh, B.M., Jupp, P.G., dos Santos, I. & Meenehan, G.M. (1976) Epidermic of West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa with Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald as vector. South Africa Journal of Science, 72 (10), 295–300.
  247. McIntosh, B.M., Russell, D., dos Santos, I. & Gear, J.H. (1980) Rift Valley fever in humans in South Africa. South Africam Medical Journal, 58 (20), 803–806.
  248. Medlock, J.M., Vaux, A.G.C., Cull, B., Schaffner, F., Gillingham, E., Pfluger, V. & Leach, S. (2017) Detection of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in southern England. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17 (2), 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30024-5
  249. Meegan, J.M., Khalil, G.M., Hoogstraal, H. & Adham, F.K. (1980) Experimental transmission and field isolation studies implicating Culex pipiens as a vector of Rift Valley Fever virus in Egypt. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 29 (6), 1405–1410. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.1405
  250. Melero-Alcíbar, R., Aranda, C. & Molina, R. (2010) Re-description of the pupa of Uranotaenia unguiculata (Diptera: Culicidae) and morphological key for identification of pupae of mosquito genera in the Palaearctic Region. European Mosquito Bulletin, 28, 45–50.
  251. Memish, Z.A., Albarrak, A., Almazroa, M.A., Al-Omar, I., Alhakeem, R., Assiri, A., Fagbo, S., MacNeil, A., Rollin, P.E., Abdullah, N. & Stephens, G. (2011) Seroprevalence of Alkhurma and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17 (12), 2316–2318. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110658
  252. Memish, Z.A., Masri, M.A., Anderson, B.D., Heil, G.L., Merrill, H.R., Khan, S.U., Alsahly, A. & Gray, G.C. (2015) Elevated antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus among humans with exposure to ruminants in Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92 (4), 739–743. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0575
  253. Merdić, E., Klobučar, A., Žitko, T., Bogojević, M.S., Vrućina, I., Turić, N. & Vignjević, G. (2020) Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: culicidae) of Croatia. Journal of Vector Ecology, 45 (1), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12381
  254. Mewara, A., Sharma, M., Kaura, T., Zaman, K., Yadav, R. & Sehgal, R. (2018) Rapid identification of medically important mosquitoes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2854-0
  255. Miles, S.J., Green, C.A. & Hunt, R.H. (1983) Genetic observations on the taxon Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86 (4), 153–157.
  256. Miller, B.R., Godsey, M.S., Crabtree, M.B. Savage, H.M., Al-Mazrao, Y., Al-Jaffri, M.H. Abdoon, A.-M.M., Al-Seghayer, S.M., Al-Shahrani, A.M. & Ksiazek, T.G. (2002) Isolation and genetic characterization of Rift Valley fever virus from Aedes vexans arabiensis, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8 (12), 1492‒1494. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0812.020194
  257. Minář, J. (1991) Family Culicidae. In: Soós, Á. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Psychodidae-Chironomidae. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest and Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 74–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19910380404
  258. Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Vantadoost, H., Nikookar, H. & Fathian, M. (2009) Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chabahar Country, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, southeastern Iran. Iranian Journal Arthropod-borne Diseases, 3 (1), 29–35.
  259. Morchón, R., Bargues, M.D., Latorre-Estivalis, J.M., Pou-Barreto, C., Melero-Alcibar, R., Moreno, M., Valladares, B., Molina, R., Montoya-Alonso, J.A., Mas-Coma, S. & Simón, F. (2011) Molecular characterization of Culex theileri from Canary Islands, Spain, a potential vector of Dirofilaria immitis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, S3, 001. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0681.S3-001
  260. Morsy, T.A., el Kadry A.A., Salama, M.M., Sabry, A.H. & el Sharkawy, I.M. (1995) Studies on the bionomics and vector competence of adult anopheline mosquitoes in El Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 25 (1), 213–244.
  261. Munawar, K., Saleh, A., Afzal, M., Qasim, M., Khan, K.I., Zafar, M.I. & Khater, E.I. (2020) Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of anopheline (Anophelinae: Culicidae) mosquitoes of the Oriental and Afrotropical Zoogeographic zones in Saudi Arabia. Acta Tropica, 207, 105494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105494
  262. Muñoz, J., Ruiz, S., Soriguer, R., Alcaide, M., Viana, D.S., Roiz, D., Vázquez, A. & Figuerola, J. (2012) Feeding patterns of potential West Nile virus vectors in south-west Spain. PLoS One, 7 (6), e39549. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039549
  263. Muspratt, J. (1955) Research on South African Culicini (Diptera, Culicidae). III. – A check-list of the species and their distribution, with notes on taxonomy, bionomics and identification. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 18, 149–207. [https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00128789_2553]
  264. Mutebi, J.-P., Crabtree, M.B., Kading, R.C., Powers, A.M., Lutwama, J.J & Miller, B.R. (2012) Mosquitoes of western Uganda. Journal of Medical Entomology, 49 (6), 1289–1306. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME12111
  265. Nebbak, A., Almeras, L., Parola, P. & Bitam, I. (2022) Mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in North Africa. Insects, 13, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100962
  266. Nejati, J., Vatandoost, H., Oshghi, M.A., Salehi, M., Mozafari, E. & Moosa-Kazemi, S.H. (2013) Some ecological attributes of malarial vector Anopheles superpictus Grassi in endemic foci in southern Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3 (12), 1003–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60193-8
  267. Nikolay, B., Diallo, M., Boye, C.S.B. & Sall, A.A. (2011) Usutu virus in Africa. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (11), 1417–1423. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0631
  268. Noé, G. (1899) Contribuzione allo studio dei Culicidi. Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 31, 235–262.
  269. Noureldin, E., Dafalla, O., Hakami, A., Jubran, M., Alzhrani, A., Mujally, M., Shajari, O., Khardali, A. & Eisa, Z. (2021) Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, and their molecular identification. International Journal of Zoology, 2021, 5563916. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5563916
  270. Omar, M.S. (1996) A survey of bancroftian filariasis among South Asian expatriate workers in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1 (2), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00021.x
  271. Onori, E., Nushin, M.K., Cullen, J.R., Yakubi, G.H., Mohamed, K. & Cristal, F.A. (1975) An epidemiological assessment of the residual effect of DDT on Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas) and An. pulcherrimus Theobald. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69, 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(75)90161-3
  272. Oshaghi, M.A., Shemshad, Kh., Yaghobi-Ershadi, M.R., Pedram, M., Vatandoost, H., Abaie, M.R., Akbarzadeh, K. & Mohtarami, F. (2007a) Genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles superpictus in Iran using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI and COII) and morphologic markers: A new species complex? Acta Tropica, 101 (3), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.006
  273. Oshaghi, M.A., Shemshad, K., Yaghobi-Ershadi, M.R., Vatandoost, H., Abaie, M.R., Zare, Z. & Amani, H. (2007b) Ribosomal DNA-ITS2 genotypes of the malaria vector Anopheles superpictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Iran. Acta Medica Iranica, 45 (4), 257–262.
  274. Oshaghi, M.A., Yaghobi-Ershadi, M.R., Shemshad, K., Pedram, M. & Amani, H. (2008) The Anopheles superpictus complex: introduction of a new malaria vector complex in Iran. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique, 101 (5), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.006
  275. Oter, K., Günay, F., Tuzer, E., Linton, Y.-M., Bellini, R. & Alten, B. (2013) First record of Stegomyia albopicta in Turkey determined by active ovitrap surveillance and DNA barcoding. Vector-borne Zoonotic Diseases, 13 (10), 753–761. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1093
  276. Pachler, K., Lebl, K., Berer, D., Rudolf, I., Hubalek, Z. & Nowotny, N. (2014) Putative new West Nile virus lineage in Uranotaenia unguiculata mosquitoes, Austria, 2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20 (12), 2119–2122. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2012.140921
  277. Pagac, B.B., Spring, A.R., Stawicki, J.R., Dinh, T.L., Lura, T., Kavanaugh, M.D., Pecor, D.B., Justi, S.A. & Linton, Y.-M. (2021) Incursion and establishment of the Old World arbovirus vector Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot, 1861) in the Americas. Acta Tropica, 213, 105739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105739
  278. Pallas, P.S. (1771) Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. Vol. 1. Kayserliche Academie der Wissenschaften, St Petersburg, [12] + 504 pp., tabs. I‒XI, tabs. A‒L.
  279. Parreira, R., Cook, S., Lopes, Â., de Matos, A.P., de Almeida, A.P.G., Piedade, J. & Esteves, A. (2012) Genetic characterization of an insect-specific flavivirus isolated from Culex theileri mosquitoes collected in southern Portugal. Virus Research, 167 (2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.04.010
  280. Patton, W.S. (1905) The culicid fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (4), 623–637, 5 pls.
  281. Pecor, J.E., Harbach, R.E., Peyton, E.L., Roberts, D.R., Rejmankova, E., Manguin, S. & Palanko, J. (2002) Mosquito studies in Belize, Central America: records, taxonomic notes, and a checklist of species. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 18 (4), 241–276.
  282. Peterson, A.T. (2009) Shifting suitability for malaria vectors across Africa with warming climates. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-59
  283. Petrić, D., Zgomba, M., Ignjatović Ć.A., Marinković, D., Bellini, R., Schaffner, F. & Pajović, I. (2012) Invasive mosquito species in Europe and Serbia, 1979–2011. In: Internation Symposium: Current Trends in Plant Protection, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Beograd, Serbia, 25‒28 September 2012, pp. 496‒505.
  284. Quan, P.-L., Junglen, S., Tashmukhamedova, A., Conlan, S., Hutchison, S.K., Kurth, A., Ellerbrok, H., Egholm, M., Briese, T., Leendertz, F.H. & Lipkin, W.I. (2010) Moussa virus: A new member of the Rhabdoviridae family isolated from Culex decens mosquitoes in Côte d’Ivoire. Virus Research, 147 (1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2009.09.013
  285. Ramsdale, C.D. (1990) Anopheles mosquitoes and imported malaria in Libya. Mosquito Systematics, 22 (1), 34–40.
  286. Ramsdale, C.D. (1998) Anopheles cinereus Theobald 1901 and its synonym hispaniola Theobald 1903. European Mosquito Bulletin, 2, 18–19.
  287. Ramsdale, C.D., Alten, B., Caglar, S.S. & Ozer, N. (2001) A revised, annotated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Turkey. European Mosquito Bulletin, 9, 18–27.
  288. Ravanini, P., Huhtamo, E., Ilaria, V., Crobu, M.G., Nicosia, A.M., Servino, L., Rivasi, F., Allegrini, S., Miglio, U., Magri, A., Minisini, R., Vapalahti, O. & Boldorini, R. (2012) Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveillance, 17 (28), 20221. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.17.28.20221-en
  289. Reinert, J.F. (1973) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. – XVI. Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald in Southeast Asia. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 9 (5), 1–218.
  290. Reinert, J.F. (2000) Description of Fredwardsius, a new subgenus of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae). European Mosquito Bulletin, 6, 1–7.
  291. Reinert, J.F. 2009. List of abbreviations for currently valid generic-level taxa in family Culicidae (Diptera). European Mosquito Bulletin, 27, 68–76.
  292. Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. (2004) Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters of all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142 (3), 289–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00144.x
  293. Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I, J. (2009) Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157 (4), 700–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
  294. Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Capela, R.A. & Alves Pires, C. (1977) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal (Diptera, Culicidae) [sic] III—Further five new mosquito records. Garcia de Orta, Série de Zoologia, 6 (1–2), 51–60, 6 pls.
  295. Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Capela, R.A. & Alves Pires, C. (1980) Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, N.ͦ 135: Os Mosquitos de Cabo Verde (Diptera: Culicidae), sistemática, distribuição, bioecologia e importânica medica. Junta de Investigações Cientificas do Ultramar, Lisboa, 141 pp., map, 80 figs.
  296. Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Pires, C.A. & Capela, R.A. (1988) An annotated checklist of the mosquitoes of continental Portugal (Diptera Culicidae) [sic]. Actas, III. Congresso lbérico Entomologia, Granada, December 1988, 233–253.
  297. Rioux, J.-A., Guivard, E. & Pasteur, N. (1998) Description d’Aedes (Ochlerotatus) coluzzii n. sp. (Diptera, Culicidae), espéce jumelle A du complexe detritus. Parassitologia, 40 (3), 353–360.
  298. Robert, V., Günay, F., Le Goff, G., Boussès, P., Sulesco, T., Khalin, A., Medlock, J.M., Kampen, H., Petrić, D. & Schaffner, F. (2019) Distribution chart for Euro-Mediterranean mosquitoes (western Palaearctic region). Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, 37, 1–28.
  299. Roiz, D., Eritja, R., Molina, R., Melero-Alcibar, R. & Lucientes, J. (2008) Initial distribution assessment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Barcelona, Spain, area. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45 (3), 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/45.3.347
  300. Romi, R., Sabatinelli, G. & Pontuale, G. (1997) Les zanzare italiane: generalità e identificazione degli stadi preimaginali (Diptera, Culicidae). Fragmenta Entomológica, 29 (Supplement), 1–148.
  301. Rueda, L.M. (2007) Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in freshwater. In: Balian, E.V., Lévêque, C., Segers, H. & Martens, K. (Eds.), Freshwater animal diversity assessment. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 198. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_48
  302. Rueda, L.M., Pecor, J.E., Lowen, R.G. & Carder, M. (2008) New record and updated checklists of the mosquitoes of Afghanistan and Iraq. Journal of Vector Ecology, 33 (2), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710-33.2.397
  303. Sabatini, A., Raineri, V., Trovato, G. & Coluzzi, M. (1990) Aedes albopictus in Italy and possible diffusion of the species into the Mediterranean area. Parassitologia, 32 (3), 301–304. [in Italian]
  304. Salem, H.H. (1938) The mosquito fauna of Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) with a description of two new species. The Egyptian University, the Faculty of Medicine Publication No. 16. The Faculty of Medicine, The Egyptian University, Cairo, 31 pp., 19 pls.
  305. Salit, A.M., Zakaria, M., Balba, M. & Zaghloul, T. (1994) The mosquito fauna of Kuwait. Journal of University of Kuwait, 21, 78–85.
  306. Samanidou-Voyadjoglou, A. & Darsie, R.F., Jr. (1993) An annotataed checklist and bibliography of the mosquitoes of Greece (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 25 (3), 177–185.
  307. Santa-Ana, M., Khadem, M. & Capela, R. (2006) Natural infection of Culex theileri (Diptera: Culicidae) with Dirofilaria immitis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) on Madeira Island, Portugal. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (1), 104–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.1.104
  308. Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3 (1), 9–54.
  309. Schaffner, F. (1998) A revised checklist of the French Culicidae. European Mosquito Bulletin, 2, 1–9.
  310. Schaffner, F., Angel, G., Geoffroy, B., Hervy, J.-P., Rhaiem, A. & Brunhes, J. (2001) Les mostiques d’Europe: logiciel d’identification et d’enseignement. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier. [CD-ROM]
  311. Schaffner, F., Bansal, D., Mardini, K., Al-Marri, S.A. Al-Thani, M.H.J., Al-Romaihi, H., Sultan, A.A., Al-Hajri, M. & Farag, E.A.B.A. (2021) Vectors and vector-borne diseases in Qatar: current status, key challenges and future prospects. Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, 39 (1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.52004/JEMCA2021.x001
  312. Schaffner, F., Gatt, P., Mall, S., Maroli, M., Spiteri, G., Melillo, T. & Zaller, H. (2010) Mosquitoes in Malta: Preliminary entomological investigation and risk assessment for vector-borne diseases (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta, 3, 41–54.
  313. Schaffner, F., Van Bortel, W. & Coosemans, M. (2004) First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Belgium. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 20 (2), 201–203.
  314. Šebesta, O., Rudolf, I., Betášová, L., Peško, J. & Hubálek, Z. (2012) An invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus found in the Czech Republic, 2012. Eurosurveillance, 17 (43), 20301. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.17.43.20301-en
  315. Self, L.S., Shin, H.K., Kim, K.H., Lee, K.W., Chow, C.Y. & Hong, H.K. (1973) Ecological studies on Culex tritaeniorhynchus as a vector of Japanese encephalitis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 49 (1), 41–47.
  316. Senevet, G., Andarelli, L. & Lieutand A. (1957) A propos de Culex univittatus Theob. [in French]. Archives de l’institut Pasteur d’Algerie. Institut Pasteur d’Algerie, 35 (1), 52–53.
  317. Sergiev, V.P., Baranova, A.M., Orlov, V.S., Mihajlov, L.G., Kouznetsov, R.L., Neujmin, N.I., Arsenieva, L.P., Shahova, M.A., Glagolova, L.A. & Osipova, M.M. (1993) Importation of malaria into the USSR from Afghanistan, 1981‒89. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71 (3/4), 385–388.
  318. Service, M.W. (1970) Studies on the biology and taxonomy of Aedes (Stegomyia) vittatus (Bigot) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 122 (4), 101–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1970.tb00529.x
  319. Service, M.W. (1986) The biologies of Aedes caspius (Pallas) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Dubai. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 7, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400003039
  320. Service, M.W. (1993) Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In: Lane, R.P. & Crosskey, R.W. (Eds.), Medical insects and arachnids. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 120–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1554-4_5
  321. Shaalan, E.A.-S., Abdelsalam, S., Elmenshawy, O. & Al-Kahtami, M.A. (2017) Mosquito vectors survey reveals new record of Culiseta subochrea in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 7 (2), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.12980/apjtd.7.2017D6-340
  322. Shahhosseini, N., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Sedaghat, M.M., Wong, G., Chinikar, S., Hajivand, Z., Mokhayeri, H., Nowotny, N. & Kayedi, M.H. (2020) Autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus by a new vector in Iran, vector-host interaction modeling and virulence gene determinants. Viruses, 12 (12), 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121449
  323. Sharma, A.K., Tyagi, V., Singh, S., Veer, V., Agrawal, O.P. & Sukumaran, D. (2014) Distribution of Anopheles culicifacies and detection of its sibling species E from Madhya Pradesh: central India. Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases, 8 (2), 186–196.
  324. Sharma, V.P. & Dev, V. (2015) Biology & control of Anopheles culicifacies Giles, 1901. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 141 (5), 525–536.
  325. Shemshad, K., Oshaghi, M.A., Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Vatandoost, H., Abaie, M.R., Akbarzadeh, K., Telmadarraiy, Z., Rafi-Nejad, J. & Derakhshandeh Paykar, P. (2007) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) structure of Anopheles superpictus populations in Iran. Tehran University Medical Journal, 65 (1), 24–32.
  326. Shibl, A., Senok, A. & Memish, Z. (2012) Infectious diseases in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18 (11), 1068–1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12010
  327. Shidrawi, G.R. & Gillies, M.T. (1987) Anopheles paltrinierii, n. sp. (Culicidae: Diptera) from the Sultanate of Oman. Mosquito Systematics, 19 (3), 201–211.
  328. Simsaa, M.A.A., Harbach, R.E., Almalik, A.M.A., Ahmed, E.M., Eisa, A.A., Mohamed, A.H. & Azrag, R.S. (2021) Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) recorded along the Nile River in central and northern Sudan, with a key for the identification of all species of the genus known to occur in the country. Zootaxa, 4963 (3), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4963.3.1
  329. Singh, O.P., Chandra, D., Nanda, N., Sharma, S.K., Htun, P.T., Adak, T., Subbarao, S.K. & Dash, A.P. (2006) On the conspecificity of Anopheles fluviatilis species S with Anopheles minimus species C. Journal of Biosciences, 31, 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02708419
  330. Sinka, M.E., Bangs, M.J., Manguin, S., Coetzee, M., Mbogo, C.M., Hemingway, J., Patil, A.P., Temperley, W.H., Gething, P.W., Kabaria, C.W., Okara, R.M., van Boeckel, T., Godfray, H.C.J., Harbach, R.E. & Hay, S.I. (2010) The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasites & Vectors, 3, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-117
  331. Sirivanakarn, S. (1976) Medical entomology studies ‒ III. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental Region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 12 (2), iii + 1–272.
  332. Skuse, F.A.A. (1895) The banded mosquito of Bengal. Indian Museum Notes, 3 (5), 20. [for 1984]
  333. Smith, K.G.V. (ed.) (1973) Insects and other arthropods of medical importance. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 561 pp.
  334. Stone, A. (1961) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]
  335. Stone, A., Knight, K.L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp.
  336. Storm, N., Weyer, J., Markotter, W., Leman, P.A., Kemp, A., Nel, L.H. & Paweska, J.T. (2013) Phylogeny of Sindbis virus isolates from South Africa. South African Journal of Epidemiology & Infection, 28 (4), 207–214. [https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC146829] https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2013.11441552
  337. Subbarao, S.K., Vasantha, K., Adak, T., Sharma, V.P. & Curtis, C.F. (1987) Egg-float ridge number in Anopheles stephensi: ecological variation and genetic analysis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 1 (3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00353.x
  338. Sudeep, A.B. & Shil, P. (2017) Aedes vittatus (Bigot) mosquito: An emerging threat to public health. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 54 (4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.225833
  339. Suguna, S.G., Rathinam, K.G., Rajaval, A.R. & Da, V.D.H. (1994) Morphological and chromosomal descriptions of new species in the Anopheles subpictus complex. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8 (1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00392.x
  340. Sulesco, T.M., Toderas, I.K. & Toderas, L.G. (2013) Anntated checklist of the mosquitoes of the Republic of Moldova. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 29 (2), 98‒101. https://doi.org/10.2987/12-6311R.1
  341. Sunil, S., Singh, O.P., Nanda, N., Raghavendra, K., Reddy, B.P.N. & Subbarao, S.K. (2013) Analysis of population genetic structure of Indian Anopheles culicifacies species A using microsatellite markers. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 166. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-166
  342. Surendran, S.N., Kesavan, L., Jayadas, T.T.P., Sivabalakrishnan, K., Tharsan, A., Liyanagedara, N., Eswaramohan, T., Raveendran, S., Singh, O.P. & Ramasamy, R. (2022) Morphological and odorant-binding protein 1 gene intron 1 sequence variations in Anopheles stephensi from Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 36 (4), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12595
  343. Surendran, S.N., Sarma, D.K., Jude, P.J., Kemppainen, P., Kanthakumaran, N., Gajapathy, K., Peiris, L.B.S., Ramasamy, R. & Walton, C. (2013) Molecular characterization and identification of members of Anopheles subpictus complex in Sri Lanka. Malaria Journal, 12, 304. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-304
  344. Taha, H.A., Shoman, S.A. & Alhadlag, N.M. (2015) Molecular and serological survey of some haemoprotozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases of small ruminants from Al-Madinah Al Munawarah, KSA. Tropical Biomedicine, 32 (3), 511–523.
  345. Tabbabi, A., Rhim, A. & Daaboub, J. (2017) Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tunisia, with particular attention to proven and potential vectors: A review. Journal of Tropical Diseases, 5 (5), 1000249. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000249
  346. Talapco, J., Škrlec, I., Alebić, T., Jukić, M. & Včev, A. (2019) Malaria: the past and the present. Microorganisms, 7 (6), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7060179
  347. Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E.S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryuku Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, i–vii + 1–987.
  348. Tantely, L.M., Cêtre-Sossah, C., Rakotondranaivo, T., Cardinale, E. & Boyer, S. (2017) Population dynamics of mosquito species in a West Nile virus endemic area in Madagascar. Parasite, 24, 3. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017005
  349. Tantely, M.L., Le Goff, G., Boyer, S. & Fontenille, D. (2016) An updated checklist of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Madagascar. Parasite, 23, 20. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016018
  350. Tarello, W. (2004) Avian pox in psittacine birds from Saudi Arabia. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 155, 483–485.
  351. Theobald, F.V. (1901a) A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp.
  352. Theobald, F.V. (1901b) A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp.
  353. Theobald, F.V. (1901c) Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 4 (Appendix), i–xii, 3 pls.
  354. Theobald, F.V. (1902) A short description of the Culicidae of India, with descriptions of new species of Anopheles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 69 (456), 367–394, 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1901.0122
  355. Theobald, F.V. (1903) A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls.
  356. Theobald, F.V. (1905) New Culicidae from India, Africa, British Guiana, and Australia. Journal of Economic Biology, 1, 17–36, 1 pls.
  357. Theobald, F.V. (1906) Report on economic entomology. Part I. Second report on the mosquitoes or Culicidae of the Sudan. In: Balfour, A. (Dir.), Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College, Khartum. Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum, pp. 67‒83.
  358. Theobald, F.V. (1907) A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls.
  359. Theobald, F.V. (1912) Three new Culicidae from the Transvaal. Entomologist, 45 (586), 92–93. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9917
  360. Thien, L.B. (1969) Mosquito pollination of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany, 56 (2), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1969.tb07528.x
  361. Trari, B., Dakki, M. & Harbach, R.E. (2017) An updated checklist of the Culicidae (Diptera) of Morocco, with notes on species of historical and current medical importance. Journal of Vector Ecology, 42 (1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12243
  362. Tucker, C.J., Melocik, K.A., Anyamba, A., Linthicum, K.J., Fagbo, S.F. & Small, J.L. (2020) Reanalysis of the 2000 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Southwestern Arabia. PLoS One, 15 (12), e0233279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233279
  363. van Harten, A. & Wagener, B. (1994) Terrestrial arthropods of the Republic of Yemen. A checklist. Sana’a Yemen, Yemeni-German plant Protection Project. ii + 147 pp.
  364. van den Hurk, A.F. (2018) From incriminating Stegomyia fasciata to releasing Wolbachia pipientis: Australian research on the dengue virus vector, Aedes aegypti, and development of novel strategies for its surveillance and control. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 3 (3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030071
  365. Ventim, R., Ramos, J.A., Osório, H., Lopes, R.J., Péres-Tris, J. & Mendes, L. (2012) Avian malaria infections in western European mosquitoes. Parasitological Research, 111, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2880-3
  366. Vythilingam, I., Tan, S.B. & Krishnasamy, M. (2002) Susceptibility of Culex sitiens to Japanese encephalitis virus in peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 7 (6), 539–540. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00896.x
  367. Wahid, B., Ali, A., Rafique, S. & Idrees, M. (2017) Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 58, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006
  368. Walker, P.J. & Klement, E. (2015) Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever. Veterinary Research, 46, 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-015-0262-4
  369. Wang, H.Y., Takasaki, T., Fu, S.H., Sun, X.H., Zhang, H.L., Wang, Z.X., Hao, Z.Y., Zhang, J.K., Tang, Q., Kotaki, A., Tajima, S., Liang, X.F., Yang, W.Z., Kurane, I. & Liang, G.D. (2007) Molecular epidemiological analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus [sic] in China. Journal of General Virology, 88 (3), 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82185-0
  370. Wegner, E. (2009) A study of mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) and the phenology of the species recorded from Wilanów (Warsaw, Poland). European MosquitoBulletin, 27, 23–32.
  371. Weinbren, M.P., Kokernot, R.H. & Smithburn, K.C. (1956) Strains of Sindbis-like virus isolated from culicine mosquitoes in the Union of South Africa. I. Isolation and properties. South African Medical Journal, 30 (27), 631–536.
  372. Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1921) Contributions to the bilogy of the Danish Culicidae. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling, Series 8, 7 (1), 1‒ 210, 21 pls.
  373. White, G.B. (1980) Family Culicidae. In: Crosskey, R.W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 114–148.
  374. Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1828) Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten: als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werkes. Vol. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xxxii + 608 pp.
  375. Wilkerson, R.C. & Peyton, E.L. (1990) Standardized nomenclature for the costal wing spots of the genus Anopheles and other spotted-wing mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 27 (2), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.2.207
  376. Wilkerson, R.C., Linton, Y.-M., Fonseca, D.M., Schultz, T.R., Price, D.C. & Strickman, D.A. (2015) Making mosquito taxonomy useful: a stable classification of tribe Aedini that balances utility with current knowledge of evolutionary relationships. PLoS One, 10 (7), e0133602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133602
  377. Wilkerson, R.C., Linton, Y.-M. & Strickman, D.A. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols 1 and 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltomore, Maryland, 1308 pp. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04848-6
  378. Wills, W.M., Jakob, W.L., Francy, D.B., Oertley, R.E., Anani, E., Calisher, C.H. & Monath, T.P. (1985) Sindbis virus isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79 (1), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(85)90238-X
  379. World Health Organization. (1951) Rapport de la conference du paludisme en Afrique Equatoriale (Kampala, Ouganda, 27 novembre–9 décembre 1950). Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, WHO/Mal/69, Afr/Mal/Conf/24, 1–96.
  380. World Health Organization. (1972) Report of the WHO formal consultation on the “evaluation on the testing of insecticides”. WHO/HQ, Geneva, 69 pp.
  381. World Health Organization (1999) Vectors in East Timor and malaria control activities. In: Krause, V., Anstey, N., Withnall, K. & Evans, C. (1999) Report of preliminary TB and malaria assessment mission to Dili, October 26–28, 1999. Emergency Humanitarian Action, World Health Organization, Geneva. [unknown pagination]
  382. World Health Organization. (2004) Integrated vector management: strategic framework for the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2004‒2010. WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, 27 pp.
  383. World Health Organization. (2007) Anopheline species complexes in South and South-East Asia. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, SEARO Technical Publication No. 57. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, 102 pp. [https://apps.Who.int/iris/handle/10665/204779]
  384. Worth, C.B. & de Meillon, B. (1960) Culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) recorded from the province of Mocambique (Portuguese East Africa) and their relationship to arthropod-borne viruses. Annals of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Lisbon, 17, 231–256.
  385. Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Doosti, S., Schaffner, F., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Akbarzadeh, K. & Yaghoobi-Ershadi, N. (2017) Morphological studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique, 110, 116‒121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-016-0530-1
  386. Zahar, A.R. (1974) Review of the ecology of malaria vectors in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 50, 427–440.
  387. Zahar, A.R. (1985) Vector bionomics in the epidemiology and control of malaria, Part I. The WHO African Region and the southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Section III: Vector bionomics, malaria epidemiology and control by geographical areas. (D) East Africa. (E) Eastern outer islands. (F) Southwestern Arabia. Division of Vector Biology and Control & World Health Organization, Malaria Action Programma, Geneva, 244 pp.
  388. Zahar, A.R. (1990) Vector bionomics in the epidemiology and control of malaria. Part II. The WHO European Region and the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Vol. II. Applied field studies. Section III: Vector bionomics, malaria epidemiology and control by geographical areas. (A). The Mediterranean Basin, World Health Organization, Geneva, 226 pp.
  389. Zaim, M., Subbarao, S.K., Manouchehri, A.V. & Cochrane, A.H. (1993) Role of Anopheles culicifacies s.l. and An. pulcherrimus in malaria transmission in Ghassreghand (Baluchistan), Iran. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 9 (1), 23–26.
  390. Zaki, A., Perera, D., Jahan, S.S. & Cardosa, M.J. (2008) Phylogeny of dengue viruses circulating in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: 1994 to 2006. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13 (4), 584–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02037.x