Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5415 No. 2: 21 Feb. 2024
Type: Article
Published: 2024-02-21
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5415.2.3
Page range: 269-299
Abstract views: 94
PDF downloaded: 2

Checklist of species in the genus Epistylis (Ciliophora, Peritrichia): the first step for a taxonomic revision

School of Health and Life Sciences; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
School of Health and Life Sciences; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London; UK
School of Health and Life Sciences; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
Protist taxonomy ciliates peritrichs

Abstract

The subclass Peritrichia includes sessile ciliates that attach to aquatic non-living or living substrates. In the case of the latter, they live in a relationship called epibiosis. The genus Epistylis Ehrenberg,1830 is the second-most speciose genus within Sessilida, being characterized by its colonial lifestyle and having a non-contractile stalk. Species of Epistylis have been described from a wide range of aquatic habitats worldwide. The main goal of the present study is to provide a global checklist of the valid species of Epistylis, which may serve as a first step towards a taxonomic review of the genus.

 

References

  1. Arvy, L., Batisse, A. & Lacombe, D. (1969) Péritriches épizoïques dans la chambre branchiale des Balanidae (Crustacea: Cirripedia) Epistylis nigrellii n. sp. E. horizontalis (Chatton 1930). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 44, 351–373. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1969444351
  2. Awerinzew, S.W. (1941) Einiges über die Teilung bei Epistylis telphusae (nov. spec.). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 95, 52–60.
  3. Banina, N.N. (1983) Peritricha Sessilida in the activated sludge community. Protozoologiya, 8, 76–116.
  4. Banina, N.N. (1977) New species of Peritricha on planktonic organisms of Ropsha ponds. Trudy Gosniork, 119, 24–38.
  5. Biegel, M. (1954) Beitrag zur Peritrichenfauna der Umgebung Erlangens. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 100, 153–182.
  6. Bishop, E.L., Jr. & Jahn, T.L. (1941) Observation of colonial peritrichs (Ciliata; Protozoa) of the Okoboji Region. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 48, 417–421.
  7. Boitsova, I.L. (1976). Peritricha on the bottom aquatic invertebrates. Vestnik Leningrad Gosudarstvennogo Universitet Biologiya, 1, 39–49.
  8. Boitsova, I.L. (1977) New species of sessile Peritricha on benthic invertebrates of Ropsha ponds. Izvestija Gosudarstvennogo Naucno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Ozernogo i Recnogo Rybnogo Chozjajstva, 119, 39–52.
  9. Boshko, E.G. (1987) Epistylis borysthenicus n.sp. (Peritricha, Epistylidae) infusoire des mollusques des genres Unio et Anodonta des réservoirs du bassin de la rivière Dnieper. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 66, 295–298.
  10. Bovee, E.C. (1976) New epizoic peritrichs of the soft shelled turtle Trionyx muticus. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 95, 682–687. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225392
  11. Brandt, K.A.H. & Apstein, C.(C.H.) (1901) Nordisches Plankton. Vol. 1. Kiel Lipsius & Tischer, 218 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1068
  12. Canals, O. & Salvadó, H. (2016) Description of Epistylis camprubii n. sp., a species highly tolerant to ammonium and nitrite. Acta Protozoologica, 55, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.4467/16890027AP.16.002.4043
  13. Caspers, H. (1949) Epizoen auf Cordylophora in der Unterelbe. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Systematik, 78, 251–262.
  14. Chatterjee, T., Kotov, A.A. & Fernández-Leborans, G. (2013) A checklist of epibiotic ciliates (Peritrichia and Suctoria) on the cladoceran crustaceans. Biologia, 68, 439–447. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-013-0180-8
  15. Chatton, E. (1936) Les migrateurs horizontalement polarizes de certains peritriches-de leur signification. Mémoires du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 3, 913–940.
  16. Clamp, J.C., Chatterjee, T. & Fernandez-Leborans, G. (2016) Occurrence of Epistylis anastatica (Linnaeus, 1767) (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) on Mesocyclops isabellae Dussart & Fernando (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in India, with an annotated checklist of species of Epistylis reported as Epibionts of Cyclopoid Copepods and resources for their identification. Zootaxa, 4168 (3), 525–540. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4168.3.5
  17. Claparède, E. & Lachmann, J. (1857) Etudes sur les infusoires et les rhizopodes. Mémoires de l’Institut National Genevois, 7, 1–878.
  18. Claparede, E. & Lachmann, J. (1860–61) Etudes sur les infusoires et les rhizopodes. Mémoires de l’Institut National Genevois, 2, 1–291.
  19. D’Udekem, M. (1864) Description des infusoires de la Belgique. Mèmoires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 34, 5–34. https://doi.org/10.3406/marb.1864.3559
  20. Dumas, E. (1929) Les microzoaires ou infusoires proprement dits. Faune du centre. Vol. I. Les Imprimeries Réunies, Moulins, 216 pp.
  21. Dumas, E. (1930) Les microzoaires ou infusoires proprement dits. Faune du centre. Vol. II. Les Imprimeries Réunies, Moulins, 166 pp.
  22. Dumas E. (1937) Les microzoaires ou infusoires proprement dits. Faune du centre. Vol. III. Les Imprimeries Réunies, Moulins, 78 pp.
  23. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1830) Organisation, Systematik, und geographisches Verhältnis der Infusionstierchen. Druckerei dei Koningliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Tomes. I–VIII. F. Dümmler, Berlin, 108 pp.
  24. Ehrenberg, C. G. (1831) Über die Entwickelung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere: Nebst ferneren Beiträgen zu einer Vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1–154.
  25. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als Vollkommene Organismen. Verlag von Leopold Voss, Leipzig, Germany, 547 pp.
  26. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1840) Characteristik von 274 neuen Arten von Infusorien. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu, 1840, 197–219.
  27. Engelmann, T.W. (1862) Zur Naturgeschichte der Infusionsthiere. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 11, 347–393
  28. Erichson, W.F. (1845) Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Insecten, Arachniden, Crustaceen und Entomostraceen während des Jahres. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 11, 67–181.
  29. Eismon, J. (1895) Studya nad pierwotniakami okolic Warszawy. Pamiętnik Fizyograficzny, 13, 97–227.
  30. Fabre-Domergue, P.L. (1888) Note sur la famille des urcéolaires (2). (Infusoires cilies péritriches). Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales, 5, 238–241.
  31. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1905) Note sur Quelques formes nouvelles de Vorticellidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 29, 430–432.
  32. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1906a) L’Epistylis gasterostei (sp. nov.) et l’origine des Urceolaires. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales, 60, 347–349.
  33. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1906b) Structure de l’appareil basilaire des Opercularia. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales, 62, 259–260.
  34. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1907) L’Epistylis perrieri, sp. nov. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales, 63, 551–552.
  35. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1924) Contribution à la connaissance des infusoires planctoniques. Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Blegique, 6, 1–171.
  36. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1943) Commensalisme et adaptation chez une vorticellide: Epistylis lwoffi n. sp. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique, 68, 154–15.
  37. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1948) Un cas d’association entre cilié et tentaculifère épizoïques. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 20, 117–23.
  38. Foissner, W. (1978) Opisthonecta bivacuolata nov. spec, Telotrochidium cylindricum nov. spec, und Epistylis alpestris nov. spec, drei neue peritriche Ciliaten aus dem Hochgebirge (Hohe Tauern, Österreich) Annalen Des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 81, 549–565.
  39. Foissner, W. (2016) Protists as bioindicators in activated sludge: Identification, ecology, and future needs. European Journal of Protistology, 55, 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.004
  40. Foissner, W., Berger, H. & Kohamann, F. (1992) Taxonomische und ökologische revision der ciliaten des saprobiensystems. Band II. Peritrichia, Heterotrichida, Odontostomatida. Bayerisches Landesamt für Wasserwirtschaft, München, 5/92, 502 pp.
  41. Foissner, W., Berger, H. & Schaumburg, J. (1999) Identification and ecology of limnetic plankton ciliates. Informationsberichte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, 793 pp.
  42. Fromentel E. (1874) Études sur les microzoaires ou infusoires proprement dits comprenant de nouvelles recherches sur leur organization, leur classification et la description des espèces nouvelles ou peu connues. Masson, Paris, 440 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15023
  43. Fukui, T. & Morishita, I. (1961) Systematic studies on Protozoa found in activated sludge 1. Bulletin Yokohama Municipal University. Yearbook American Philosophical Society, 13, 1–6.
  44. Gong, X. (1986) Notes on some species of epizoic ciliates (Peritrichans) from de Donghu Lake, Wuhan. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 10 (2), 144–156.
  45. Gourret, P. & Roeser, P. (1886) Les protozoaires du vieux-port de Marseille. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 4, 443–534.
  46. Green, J. (1957) Parasites and epibionts of Cladocera in rock pools of the Tvärminne archipelago. Suomal. eläin-ja. Kasvit Seur. van. Tiedon, 12, 5–12.
  47. Guhl, W. (1972) Neue symphorionte Peritriche von Libellenlarven. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 189 (3–4), 273–277.
  48. Guhl, W. (1979) Beitrag zur Systematik, Biologie und Morphologie der Epistylidae (Ciliata, Peritricha). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 121, 417–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9365(79)80056-1
  49. Gajewskaja, N. (1933) Zur Ökologie, Morphologie und Systematik der Infusorien des Baikalsees. Schweizerbart, 83, 1–29
  50. Hoffman, G. (1999) n.k. In: Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp. 415–510. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501735059
  51. Imhoff, O.E. (1884) Resultate meiner Studien über die Pelagische Fauna kleinerer und grösserer Süsswasserbecken der Schweiz. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 40 (1), 154–178.
  52. Jankowski, A.W. (1985) Life cycles and taxonomy of generic groups, Scyphidia, Heteropolaria, Zoothamnium and Cothurnia (Class Peritricha). Trudy Zoologicheskogo Institute, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 129, 74–100.
  53. Kahl, A. (1933) Ciliata libera et ectocommensalia. Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Vol. 23. G. Grimpe, Leipzig, 146 pp.
  54. Kahl, A. (1935) Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). 4. Peritricha e Chonotricha. In: Dahl, F. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 30, pp. 651–886.
  55. Keiser, A. (1921) Die sessilen peritrichen Infusorien und Suctorien von Basel und Umgebung. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 28, 221–341. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.84688
  56. Kellicott, D.S. (1883) Epistylis niagarae sp. n on crayfish. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 5, 110–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/3220628
  57. Kellicott, D.S. (1884a) Observations on Infusoria, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the American Society of Microscopists, 6, 110–125.
  58. Kellicot, D.S. (1884b) A new Vorticelloid Epistylis. Microscope, 4, 248.
  59. Kellicott, D.S. (1885) Observations on some fresh-water infusoria: with descriptions of a few species regarded as new. Proceedings of the American Society of Microscopists, 7, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/3220579
  60. Kellicott, D.S. (1887) Notice of some fresh-water infusoria, with remarks on collecting and preserving these delicate animals. Microscope, 7, 225–233.
  61. Kent, W.S. (1881) A Manual of the Infusoria. Vol. II. David Bogue, London, 298 pp.
  62. Kühner, S., Simão, T.L.L., Safi, L.S.L., Gazulha, F.B., Eizirik, E. & Utz, L.R.P. (2016) Epistylis portoalegrensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia): A new freshwater ciliate species from Southern Brazil. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 63, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12252
  63. Kusters, E. (1974) Okologische und systematische Untersuchungen der Aufwuchsciliaten im Königshafen bei List/Sylt. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 45, 121–211.
  64. Laird, M. (1960) Malayan Protozoa 4. Epistylis caldwelli n. sp. (Ciliata: Peritricha), of freshwater neuston. The Journal of Protozoology, 7, 303–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb05973.x
  65. Linnaeus, C. (1767) n.k. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Estocolmo], pp.533–1327. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.157601
  66. Lüpkes, G. (1974) Drei neue stygobionte Peritrichen aus dem interstitillen Grundwasse. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der stygobioten Peritrichenfauna Deutschlands. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 73, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/73/1974/394
  67. Lüpkes, G. (1975) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Symphoriontenfauna auf Trichopterenlarven: Haplocaulus brehmi n. sp. und Epistylis daxi, n. sp., zwei neue Peritrichen auf Agapetus fuscipes Larven Symphoriontenstudien II. Protistologica, 11, 295–296.
  68. Lüpkes, G. (1975) Zwei neue symphorionte Ciliaten auf Gammarus pulex: Intranstylum illiesi, n. sp. und Epistylis pseudovum, n. sp. Symphoriontenstudien I. Protistologica, 11, 293–294.
  69. Lüpkes, G. (1976) Die vertikale Verteilung von Ciliaten im Stygorhithral der Fulda (Beitrag zur Kenntnis mesopsammaler Ciliaten in Fließgewässern). International Journal of Speleology, 8, 127–133. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.8.1.11
  70. Lynn, D.H (2008) The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification and Guide to the Literature. 3rd Edition. Springer, Dordrecht, XXXIII + 605 pp.
  71. Ma, H., Overstreet, R.M., Sniezek, J.H., Solangi, M. & Coats, D.W. (2006) Two new species of symbiotic ciliates from the respiratory tract of cetaceans with establishment of the new genus Planilamina n. gen. (Dysteriida, Kyaroikeidae). The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 53, 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00124.x
  72. Matthes, D. (1950) Beitrag zur Peritrichenfauna del’ Umgebung Erlangens. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, Systematik, 79, 437–448.
  73. Matthes, D. (1955) Eine neue Epistylis-Art aus der Adria. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 154, 193–194.
  74. Matthes, D. & Guhl, W. (1974) Zwei symphroint auf aussergewöhnlichen. Trägern lebende Epistylis-Arten: Epistylis bagoi n. sp. und Epistylis hollandei sp. European Journal of Protistology, 104, 465–467.
  75. Matthes, D. & Guhl W. (1974) Sessile Ciliaten de Flusskrebse. European Journal of Protistology, 94, 459–470.
  76. Miao, W., Fen, W.S., Yu, Y.H., Zhang, X.Y. & Shen, Y.F. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of the subclass Peritrichia (Oligohymenophorea, Ciliophora) inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 51, 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00543.x
  77. Modenutti, B.E. & Claps, M.C. (1986) Ciliados dulceacuicolas de la Argentina, 3: Ciliophora—Peritrichia. Revista de la Asociacion de Ciencias Naturales del Litoral, 171, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.14409/natura.v1i17.3486
  78. Monard, A. (1918) Sur la faune profunde du Lc de Neuchatel. Description de quelques nouvelles especes. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 26, 341–359. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16168
  79. Müller, O.F. (1786) Opercularia inclinam nov. comb, ein symphoriontes Peritrich von Oligochaeten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 189, 351–356.
  80. Nenninger, U. (1948) Die Peritrichen der Umgebung von Erlangen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Wirtsspezifität. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Systematik, 77, 169–266.
  81. Nusch, E.A. (1970) Ökologische und systematische Untersuchungen der Peritricha (Protozoa, Ciliata) im Aufwuchs von Talsperren und Flusstauen mit verschiedenem Saprobitatsgrad (mit Modellversuchen). Archiv für Hydrobioogie, 37, 243–386.
  82. Penard, E. (1922) Etudes sur les Infusories d’eau douce. George & Cie, Geneve, 331 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122543
  83. Perty M. (1852) Zur Kenntnis kleinster Lebensformen nach Bau, Funktion, Systematik, Mit Specialverzeichnis der in der Schweiz beobachteten. Jent & Reinert, Bern, 228 pp
  84. Piezik, Z. (1976) Epizoic ciliata on Asellus aquaticus (L.) in stagnant waters of Szczecin. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polska Zachodnia, 29, 139–150.
  85. Precht, H. (1935) Epizoen der Kieler Bucht. Nova Acta Leopoldina, 3, 405–474.
  86. Qi, G., Shi, X., Liu, G. & Hu, X. (2009) A new freshwater peritrichous ciliate from Harbin, China, Epistylis lalinensis n. sp. (Sessilida: Epistylididae). Zootaxa, 1980 (1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1980.1.5
  87. Rajendran, M. (1971) On a new species of Conochilus Rousselet (Rotifera: Monogononta, Conochilidae) from Madurai, S. India, with a key for the known species of the genus. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 73, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03045303
  88. Regali-Seleghim, M.H., Godinho, M.J.L. & Matsumura-Tundisi, T. (2011) Checklist of freshwater “protozoans” from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 11, 389–426. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000500014
  89. Scheubel, J. (1973) Die sessilen Ciliaten unserer Subwasserfische unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Apiosoma . Zoologisches Jahrbucher, Systematik, 100, 1–63.
  90. Scheubel, J. & Guhl, W. (1973) Epistylis stevcici n. sp., ein obligater Symphoriont von Atyaephyra desmaresti Millet. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 190, 154–158.
  91. Schödel, H. (1987) Seßhafte Wimpertiere (Peritricha, Chonotricha, Suctoria) auf Asellus aquaticus und Gammariden. Limnologica, 18, 83–166.
  92. Schödel, H. (2018) Kompendium der auf Wirbellosen epizoisch lebenden limnischen sessilen Peritrichia (Ciliophora) West-, Mittel- und Osteuropas. Denisia, 0041, 47–294.
  93. Schödel, H. (1999) Epistylis loricata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia), eine neue epizoisch auf Jaera istri (Isopoda) lebende Art aus dem Main. Lauterbornia, 36, 75–79.
  94. Shen, Y. (1980) Descriptions of six new species of periphytic protozoa in Donghu Lake of Wuhan. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 7, 245–249.
  95. Shen, Y.F. & Gu, M.R. (2016) Fauna Sinica: Invertebrata. Vol. 45 Ciliophora Oligohymenophorea Peritrichida. Science Press, Beijing, 507 text-figs., 164 pls., 2 color pls.
  96. Shubernetskii, I.V. (1978) New species of peritrichous infusoria from the waters of Moldavia. Buletinul Akademiej de Stiince a RSS Moldovenest. Stiinte Biologice si Chimice, 5, 62–67.
  97. Sommer, G. (1951) Die peritrichen Ciliaten des Großen Plöner Sees. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 44, 349–440.
  98. Song, W. (1986) Descriptions of seven new species of peritrichs on Penaeus orientalis (Peritricha: Zoothamnidae: Epistylididae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 11, 225–235.
  99. Song, W. (1992) Contribution to the commensal ciliates on Penaeus orientalis—III. Ciliophora, Peritrichida). Journal of the Ocean University of Qingdao, 22, 107–117.
  100. Stein, F. (1867) Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. II. Abtheilung. 1. Darstellung der neuesten Forschungsergebnisse über Bau, Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung der Infusionsthiere. 2. Naturgeschichte der heterotrichen Infusorien. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 355 pp.
  101. Stiller, J. (1931) Die peritrichen Infusorien von Tihany und Umgebung. Arbeiten des Ungarischen Biologischen Forschungsinstituts Tihany, 4, 171–205.
  102. Stiller, J. (1935) Drei neue Peritrichen-Arten aus dem Balaton-See. Acta Biologica, 3, 149–157.
  103. Stiller, J. (1939) Die Peritrichenfauna der Nordsee bei Helgoland. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 92, 415–452.
  104. Stiller, J. (1940) Beitrag zur Peritrichenfauna des Grossen Plöner Sees in Holstein. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 36, 263–285.
  105. Stiller, J. (1941) Epizoische Peritrichen aus dem Balaton. Arbeiten des Ungarischen Biologischen Forschungsinstituts Tihany, 13, 211–223.
  106. Stiller, J. (1946) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Peritrichenfauna der Schwefelthermen von Split. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 39, 19–56.
  107. Stiller, J. (1949–50) Epizoische Peritrichen aus dem Balaton-See II. Annals of Applied Biology, 19, 15–37
  108. Stiller, J. (1953) Die Protozoen des Pécsely-Baches em Ungarn. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 45, 47–70.
  109. Stiller, J. (1953) Epizoische Peritrichen aus dem Balaton III. Acta Hydrobiologica, Limnologica et Protistologica, 5, 189–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023590
  110. Stiller, J. (1963) Zur limnologie der natrongewasser ungarns. I Der Natronsee Nagyszek und seine peritrichenfauna. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 48, 603–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19630480405
  111. Stokes, A.C. (1884) Notices of new freshwater infusoria. II. American Monthly Microscopical Journal, 5, 226–230.
  112. Stokes, A.C. (1887) Notices of new fresh-water infusoria. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 24, 244–255.
  113. Stokes, A.C. (1889) VII—Notices of new peritrichous infusoria from the fresh waters of the United States. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 9, 477–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1889.tb05858.x
  114. Švec, F. (1897/98) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Infusorien Böhmens. I. Die ciliaten Infusorien des Unterpocernitzer Teiches. Bulletin international de l’Academie des Sciences de Boheme, 4, 29–47.
  115. Szczepanowski, P. (1978) Orzeski epizoiczne na Asellus aquaticus (L.) Poznania i Okolic. Poznanskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciol Nauk, 46, 1–72.
  116. Utz, L.R.P., Coats, D.W. & Small, E.B. (2008) Morphological characterization and intraspecific variation of Zoothamnium intermedium Precht, 1935 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) attached to calanoid copepods in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 55, 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00326.x
  117. Utz, L.R.P., Simão, T.L.L., Safi, L.S.L. & Eizirik, E. (2010) Expanded phylogenetic representation of genera Opercularia and Epistylis sheds light on the evolution and higher-level taxonomy of peritrich ciliates (Ciliophora: Peritrichia). The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 57, 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00497.x
  118. Utz, L.R.P., Dos Santos, M.S. & De Araujo, G.O. (2015) Epistylis smalli (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) a new peritrich from Guaiba Lake, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4040 (4), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4040.4.10
  119. Utz, L.R.P., Farias, A.C.S.R., Freitas, E.C. & de Araújo, G.O. (2014) Description of Epistylis riograndensis n.sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) found in an artificial lake in Southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3869 (5), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3869.5.5
  120. Uyemura, M. (1938) On three new Epistylis from the freshwater mussel, Anodonta lauta V. Martens. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 17, 78–86.
  121. Van As, J.G. & Viljoen, S. (1984) A taxonomic study of sessile peritrichs (Ciliophora: Peritricha) associated with crustacean fish ectoparasites in South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology, 19, 275–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1984.11447893
  122. Vàvra, J. (1962) Epistylis helicostylumn. sp., a new peritrichous ciliate with an allometric stalk formation. The Journal of Protozoology, 9, 469–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02656.x
  123. Vàvra, J. (1963) Studies on symphorious Ciliata Peritrichida. I. Epistylis anastatica (L.). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 4, 243–9.
  124. Viljoen, S. & Van As, J.G. (1983) A taxonomic study of sessile peritrichians of a small impoundment with notes on their substrate preferences. Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa, 9, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03779688.1983.9639409
  125. Wallace, F.G. (1943) Einige Gewasser der Umgebung von. Szeged und ihre Peritrichenfauna. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 38, 313–435.
  126. Wang, Z., Wu, T., Mu, C., Wang, Y., Lu, B., Warren, A. & Wang, C. (2022) The taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two epibiotic colonial peritrich ciliates (Ciliophora, Peritrichia). European Journal of Protistology, 86, 125921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125921
  127. Wang, Z., Wu, T., Lu, B., Chi, Y., Zhang, X., Al-Farraj, S.A., Song, W., Warren, A., Li, L. & Wang, C. (2021) Integrative Studies on a New Ciliate Campanella sinica n. sp. (Protista, Ciliophora, Peritrichia) Based on the Morphological and Molecular Data, With Notes on the Phylogeny and Systematics of the Family Epistylididae. Frontiers in microbiology, 12, 718757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.718757
  128. Wang, Z., Zhou, T., Guo, Q. & Gu, Z. (2017) Description of a new freshwater ciliate Epistylis wuhanensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) from China, with a focus on phylogenetic relationships within family Epistylididae. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 64, 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12375
  129. Warren, A., Patterson, D.J., Dunthorn, M., Clamp, J.C., Achilles-Day, U.E.M., Aescht, E., Al-Farraj, S.A., Al-Quraishy, S., Al-Rasheid, K., Carr, M., Day, J.G., Dellinger, M., El-Serehy, H.A., Fan, Y., Gao, F., Gao, S., Gong, J., Gupta, R., Hu, X., Kamra, K., Langlois, G., Lin, X., Lipscomb, D., Lobban, C.S., Luporini, P., Lynn, D.H., Ma, H., Macek, M., Mackenzie-Dodds, J., Makhija, S., Mansergh, R.I., Martín-Cereceda, M., McMiller, N., Montagnes, D.J.S., Nikolaeva, S., Ong’ondo, G.O., Pérez-Uz, B., Purushothaman, J., Quintela-Alonso, P., Rotterová, J., Santoferrara, L., Shao, C., Shen, Z., Shi, X., Song, W., Stoeck, T., La Terza, A., Vallesi, A., Wang, M., Weisse, T., Wiackowski, K., Wu, L., Xu, K., Yi, Z., Zufall, R. & Agatha, S. (2017) Beyond the “Code”: A guide to the description and documentation of biodiversity in ciliated protists (Alveolata, Ciliophora). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 64 (4), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12391
  130. Wu, T., Li, Y., Zhang, T., Hou, J., Mu, C., Warren, A. & Lu, B. (2021) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three Epistylis species found in freshwater habitats in China, including the description of E. foissneri n. sp. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia). European Journal of Protistology 78, 125767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125767
  131. Wu, T., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Lu, B., Cao, X., Hao, S., Al-Farraj, S.A., Warren, A., Zhang, T. & Wang, Z. (2022) Integrative studies on three epibiotic Epistylis species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Peritrichia) in Lake Weishan Wetland, Northern China, including the establishment of a new species. Protist, 173, 125–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2022.125909
  132. Wu, T., Cheng, T., Cao, X., Jiang, Y., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Warren, A., Wang, Z. & Lu, B. (2023) On four epibiotic peritrichous ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) found in Lake Weishan Wetland: morphological and molecular data support the establishment of a new genus, Parapiosoma gen. nov., and two new species. Marine Life Science & Technology, 5, 337–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-023-00184-z
  133. Yankovskii, A.V (1967) Allometric development of the stalk in peritrichous ciliates. Doklady (Proceedings) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Biological Sciences Sections, 176, 725–727.
  134. Ye, L.-T., Wang, J.-G., Ling, F., Li M. & Gong, X.N. (2010) Observation on the Epistylis eriocheiri under optical and electron microscope. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 34, 747–753. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1035.2010.00747
  135. Zacharias, O. (1897) Neue Beiträng zur Kenntniss des Süsswasserplanktons. Biological Station, Plön, 5, 1–9.
  136. Zagon, I.S. & Small, E.B. (1970) Carchesium polypinum somatic and buccal structure analysis after protargol staining. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 89, 443–449. https://doi.org/10.2307/3224367
  137. Zhou, T., Wang, Z., Yang, H. & Gu, Z. (2019) Two new colonial peritrich ciliates (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Sessilida) from China: With a note on taxonomic distinction between Epistylididae and Operculariidae. European Journal of Protistology, 70, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2019.05.003
  138. Zhou, T., Wang, Z., Yang, H. & Gu, Z. (2019) Morphological and molecular identification of epibiontic sessilid Epistylis semiciculus n. sp. (ciliophora, Peritrichia) from Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea, Decapoda) in China. International Journal for Parasitology. Parasites and Wildlife, 10, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.006