Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5418 No. 2: 28 Feb. 2024
Type: Article
Published: 2024-02-28
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5418.2.2
Page range: 140-158
Abstract views: 57
PDF downloaded: 4

Life cycle closure of Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud, 1859) with C. aggregatus (Wachtl, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): experimental, taxonomic and molecular approaches

Museo Civico di Lentate Sul Seveso; Via D. Aureggi 25; 20823 Lentate Sul Seveso; Italy
Australian National Insect Collection; CSIRO; Clunies Ross Street; Acton; ACT 2601 Australia
Department of Agricultural; Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF); University of Palermo; Viale delle Scienze Bd. 5A; 90128 Palermo; Italy
Hymenoptera oak gallwasp heterogonic life cycle biology sexual generation taxonomy morphology distribution Quercus

Abstract

The life cycle of Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud, 1859), a species previously known only from its asexual generation, is closed. Our study demonstrates that C. minutulus exhibits the heterogony typical of Cynipini species, with alternating sexual and asexual generations. The identity of the sexual generation is demonstrated by laboratory experiments and confirmed by molecular data, with Cerroneuroterus aggregatus (Wachtl, 1880) determined to be the sexual generation, and junior synonym, of Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud, 1859). Illustrations and diagnoses for adults and galls, observations on biology and distribution information are provided as is a detailed redescription of the sexual generation of C. minutulus.

 

References

  1. Adler, H. (1881) Les Cynipidae. 1re Partie. Introdution. La Génération Alternante Chez Les Cynipidae. Traduit et Annoté Par J. Lichtenstein: Paris. C. Coulet, Montpellier, 141 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11137
  2. Andriescu, I. (1974) Chalcidoidiens (Chalcidoidea, Hym., Insecta), d'importance economique de Roumanie (catalogue hôte/parasite, parasite/hôte). Lucrarile Statiunii de cercetari biologice, geologice si geografice «Stejarul», Universitatea «Al. I. Cuza», Iasi, 1972–1973, 155–190.
  3. Askew, R.R., Melika, G., Pujade-Villar, J., Schönrogge, K., Stone, G.N. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2013) Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in cynipid oak galls in the West Palaearctic. Zootaxa, 3643 (1), 1–133. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3643.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3643.1.1
  4. Avtzis, D.N., Melika G., Matošević, D. & Coyle, D.R. (2018) The Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus: a global invader and a successful case of classical biological control. Journal of Pest Science, 92 (1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1046-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1046-1
  5. Ashmead, W.H. (1904) Description of new Hymenoptera from Japan (I). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 12 (3), 65–84.
  6. Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2017) Updated species list of Cynipidae (Hymeoptera) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 4303 (3), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.3.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.3.3
  7. Cerasa, G., Lo Verde, G., Caleca, V. & Massa, B. (2016) New records of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) from Italy. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 51 (5–6), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2016.1146634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2016.1146634
  8. Cerasa, G., Lo Verde, G., Caleca, V., Massa, B., Nicholls, J.A. & Melika, G. (2018) Description of Dryocosmus destefanii new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Quercus suber L. in Italy. Zootaxa, 4370 (5), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.5
  9. Cerasa, G., Lo Verde, G., Caleca, V., Massa, B., Nicholls, J.A. & Melika, G. (2020) Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle. Zootaxa, 4742 (2), 359–374 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9
  10. Cerasa, G., Sottile, S., Massa, B. & Lo Verde, G. (2021). Rediscovery of Cerroneuroterus apenninus (Trotter, 1923) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) a valid species from Italy with description and neotype designation. Zootaxa, 4941 (3), 399–414.
  11. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4941.3.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4941.3.5
  12. Csóka, G., Stone, G.N. & Melika, G. (2005) Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing Cynipidae. In: Raman, A., Schaefer, C.W. & Withers, T.M. (Eds.), Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hamsphire, pp. 573–642.
  13. Dalla Torre, K.W. & Kieffer, J.J. (1910) Cynipidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 24. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 891 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1077
  14. Dettmer, H.S.J. (1934) Vier neue Neuroterus-Arten aus Japan. Broteria, 3, 123–132.
  15. Eady, R.D. (1968) Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 43, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1968.tb01029.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1968.tb01029.x
  16. Fergusson, N.D.M. (1995) The cynipoid families. In: Hanson, P.E. & Gauld, I.D. (Eds.), The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, pp. 247–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549055.003.0010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549055.003.0010
  17. Folliot, R. (1964) Contribution a l’étude de la biologie des cynipides gallicoles (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, 12 (6), 407–564.
  18. Folliot, R., Ros-Farré, P., Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2004) Alternation of generations in Andricus corruptrix (Schlechtendal): Comments on and description of a new sexual form (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Contributions to Zoology, 73 (4), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07304002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07304002
  19. Garbin, L., Díaz, N.B. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2008) Experimental study of the reproductive cycle of Plagiotrochus amenti Kieffer, 1901 (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae), with comments on its taxonomy. Boletín de la Asociación española de Entomología, 32, 341–349.
  20. Gene Codes Corporation (1995) Sequencher. Version 3.0. Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [program]
  21. Ghanem, R., Adjami, Y., Daas, H., Ouakid, M.L. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2016) Inventory of galls in oaks (Quercus suber, Quercus faginea) in the east Algerian’s forests. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 17 (Special Issue), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.05811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.05811
  22. Giraud, J.E. (1859) Signalements de quelques espèces nouvelles de Cynipides et de leurs Galles. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 9, 337–374.
  23. Haddar, L., Doumandji, S. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2016) Les Cynipini et les Synergini dans les massifs de l’Akfadou et Beni-Ghobri (Algérie), présences de quelques espèces sur des hôtes atypiques (Hym., Cynipidae). Boletín de la Asociación española de Entomología, 40, 479–493.
  24. Hadley, A. (2011) Combine ZP. Available from: http://hadleyweb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk (accessed 12 February 2015)
  25. Harris, R. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture, Occasional Papers in Entomology, 28, 1–31.
  26. Hartig, T. (1840) Über die Familie der Gallwespen. Zeitschrift für Entomologie, Germar, 2, 176–209.
  27. Hearn, J., Gobbo, E., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Branca, A., Nicholls, J.A., Koutsovoulos, G., Lartillot, N., Stone, G.N. & Ronquist, F. (2024) Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships. Systematic Entomology, 49 (1), 110–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12611
  28. Hood, G.R., Zhang, L., Topper, L., Brandão-Dias, P.F., Del Pino, G.A., Comerford, M.S. & Egan, S.P. (2018) ‘Closing the Life Cycle’ of Andricus quercuslanigera (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 111 (3), 103–113.
  29. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say005
  30. Kaltenbach, J. H. (1867) Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Eheinlande und Westphalens, 24, 21–117
  31. Karaca, G. & Katılmış, Y. (2020) Cynipidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) fauna of Kazdağı National Park (Turkey). Zootaxa, 4802 (2), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4802.2.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4802.2.6
  32. Katılmış, Y. & Kıyak, S. (2008) Checklist of Cynipidae of Turkey with a new genus record. Journal of Natural History, 42 (31–32), 2161–2167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802148981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802148981
  33. Katılmış, Y. & Kıyak, S. (2011) Oak Gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Fauna of Inner-Western Anatolian. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 6 (2), 735–757.
  34. Kieffer, J.J. (1901) Les Cynipides. In: André, E. (Ed.), Species des Hyménoptères d’Europe & d’Algérie. Tome Septième. Froment-Dubosclard, Paris, pp. 1–687.
  35. Kinsey, A.C. (1923) The gall wasp genus Neuroterus (Hymenoptera). Indiana University Studies, 58, 1–150.
  36. Kollar, V. (1857) Über springende Cynips-Gallen auf Quercus Cerris. Verhandlungen der k.k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 7, 513–516.
  37. Kwast, E. (2012) A contribution to the fauna of Cynipidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) of Croatia with a description of an asexual female of Andricus korlevici (Kieffer, 1902) nov. comb. Natura Croatica, 21, 223–245.
  38. ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 305 pp. Available from: https://www.iczn.org/assets/63c4277759/Updates-to-print-Code4.pdf (accessed 31 May 2021)
  39. Liljeblad, J. & Ronquist, F. (1998) A phylogenetic analysis of higher-level gall wasp relationships (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Systematic Entomology, 23, 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00053.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00053.x
  40. Lobato-Vila, I., Sala-Nishikawa, A., Melika, G., Stone, G.N., Tang, C.-T., Yang, M.-M., Fang, Z., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Jung, S., Nicholls, J.A. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2022) A catalogue, revision, and regional perspective of Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental oak gall wasps and their inquilines (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini, Synergini, Ceroptresini). Zootaxa, 5161 (1), 1–71. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1
  41. Lund, J.N., Ott, J.R. & Lyon, R.J. (1998) Heterogony in Belenocnema treatae Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100, 755–763.
  42. Massa, B., Cerasa, G. & Pagliano, G. (2021). Insecta Hymenoptera Cynipidae. In: Bologna, M.A., Zapparoli, M., Oliverio, M., Minelli, A., Bonato, L., Cianferoni, F. & Stoch, F. (Eds.), Checklist of the Italian Fauna. Version 1.0. Last Update: 31 May 2021. [https://www.lifewatchitaly.eu/en/initiatives/checklist-fauna-italia-en/checklist/]
  43. Marković, Č. (2022) Survey of cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Serbia. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 24 (2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.51963/jers.v24i2.2213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51963/jers.v24i2.2213
  44. Mayr, G. (1872) Die Einmiethler der Mitteleuropäischen Eichengallen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich Königlichen ZoologischBotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 22, 669–726.
  45. Mayr, G. (1882) Die europäischen Arten der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke, Wien, 21, 1–44.
  46. Mayr, G. (1907) Zwei Cynipiden. Marcellia, 6 (1), 3–7.
  47. Méhes, G.Y. (1943) Über die eichengallen und wespen aus der Umgebung Balaton-Sees. Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 36, 185–198.
  48. Melika, G. (2006a) A new species of Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 from Syria (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 67, 199–206.
  49. Melika, G. (2006b) Gall Wasps of Ukraine. Cynipidae. Vestnik zoologii, Supplement 21 (1–2), 1–300, 301–644.
  50. Melika, G., Csóka, G. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2000) Check-list of oak gall wasps of Hungary, with some taxonomic notes (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipinae, Cynipini). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 92, 265–296.
  51. Melika, G., Pujade-Villar, J., Abe, Y., Tang, C.T., Nicholls, J.A., Wachi, N., Ide, T., Yang, M.M., Pénzes, Z., Csóka, G. & Stone, G.N. (2010) Palaearctic oak gallwasps galling oaks (Quercus) in the section Cerris: re-appraisal of generic limits, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 2470 (1), 1–79. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2470.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2470.1.1
  52. Monzen, K. (1954) Revision of the Japanese gall wasps with the descriptions of new genus, subgenus, species and subspecies (II). Cynipidae (Cynipinae) Hymenoptera. Annual Reports of Gakugei Faculty of Iwate University, 6, 24–38.
  53. Müllner, M.F. (1901) Neue Zerr-Eichen-Cynipiden und deren Gallen. Verhandlungen der k.k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 51, 525–530, pls. 3–4.
  54. Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2001) Hymenoptera, Cynipidae. In: Ramos, M.A., Alba, J., Bellés, X., Gosálbez, J., Guerra, A., Macpherson, E., Martín, F., Serrano, J. & Templado, J. (Eds.), Fauna Ibérica. Vol. 16. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 1–636.
  55. Nicholls, J.A., Challis, R.J., Mutun, S. & Stone, G.N. (2012) Mitochondrial barcodes are diagnostic of shared refugia but not species in hybridising oak gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 21, 4051–4062. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05683.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05683.x
  56. Nicholls, J.A., Melika, G., DeMartini, J. & Stone, G.N. (2018) New species of Dryocosmus Giraud gallwasps from California (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) galling Chrysolepis Hjelmq. (Fagaceae). Zootaxa, 4532 (3), 407–433. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4532.3.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4532.3.6
  57. Nicholls, J.A., Melika, G., Digweed, S.C & Stone, G.N. (2022) Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa, 5145 (1), 1–79. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5145.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5145.1.1
  58. Polidori, C. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2014) Diverse filters to sense: great variability of antennal morphology and sensillae equipment in gall-wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). PLoS ONE, 9 (7), e101843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101843
  59. Pujade-Villar, J. (2007) Neuroterus ambrusi Melika, Stone & Csóka, 1999: a new synonymy of N. cerrifloralis Müllner, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Orsis, 22, 85–86.
  60. Pujade-Villar, J., Bellido, D., Segu, G. & Melika, G. (2001) Current state of knowledge of heterogony in Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). Sessió Conjunta d’Entomologia, 11, 87–107.
  61. Pujade-Villar, J. & Ben Jamaa, M.-L. (2011) First record of Neuroterus minutulus galls on Quercus suber and first record from Tunisia (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, Nouvelle Série, 26, 327–332.
  62. Pujade-Villar, J., Folliot, R. & Bellido, D. (2003) The life cycle of Andricus hispanicus (Hartig, 1856) n. stat., a sibling species of A. kollari (Hartig, 1843) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 71, 83–95.
  63. Pujade-Villar, J., Grami, M., Ben-Mlik, Z., Mnara, S. & Ben-Jamâa, M.L. (2011) Les Cynipidae des chênes (Hymenoptera) trouvées dans la chaine montagneuse de Khmir (Tunisie) et mise à jour de la connaissance des Cynipini tunisiens. Organisms i sistemes, 25, 157–176.
  64. Pujade-Villar, J., Kovalev, O. & Liljeblad, J. (2004) Status of Pseudoneuroterus Kinsey, 1923 and remarks on closely related genera (Hymenoptera, Cynipdiae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, Nouvelle Série, 20, 353–360.
  65. Pujade-Villar, J., Kwast, E., Thuróczy, C. & Bellido, D. (2002) Gall wasps and their associated fauna collected in Greece, with some taxonomic changes and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Chalcodoidea). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 45, 351–364.
  66. Pujade-Villar, J., Mata-Casanova, N., Ben-Jamâa. M.L., Grami, M., Ouakid, M., Adjami, Y., Ghanem, R., Bouhraoua, R., Boukreris, F., Benia, F., Messaoudene, M. & Haddar, L. (2012) Les cynipidés gallicoles des chênes d’Afrique du Nord: espèces curieuses et espèces potentiellement dangereuses (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). IOBC/wprs Bulletin, 76, 225–232.
  67. Pujade-Villar, J., Wang, Y., Guo, R., Sala-Nishikawa, A., Cuesta-Porta, V., Arnedo, M.A. & Melika, G. (2020) A new species of Cerroneuroterus Melika & Pujade-Villar from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa, 4869 (4), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4869.4.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4869.4.3
  68. Rokas, A., Melika, G., Abe, Y., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Cook, J.M. & Stone, G.N. (2003) Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting, and hybridization revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00329-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00329-9
  69. Ronquist, F. & Nordlander, G. (1989) Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 33, 1–60.
  70. Sadeqi, E., Askari, H., Yarmand, H., Assareh, M.H., Melika, G., Stone, G. & Mehrabi, A. (2009) An Investigation on Oak Gall-Inducing Wasps and Their Associated Natural Enemies in Iran. Reseach Institute of Forest and Rangeland, Tehran, 342 pp.
  71. Shachar, E., Melika, G., Inbar, M. & Dorchin, N. (2018) The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini)—diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa, 4521 (4), 451–498. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
  72. Seltmann, K.C., Yoder, M.J., Mikó, I., Forshage, M., Bertone, M.A., Agosti, D., Austin, A.D., Balhoff, J.P., Borowiec, M.L., Brady, S.G., Broad, G.R., Brothers, D.J., Burks, R.A., Buffington, M.L., Campbel, H.M., Dew, K.J., Ernst, A.F., Fernández-Triana, J.L., Gates, M.W., Gibson, G.A.P., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Karlsson, D., Kawada, R., Krogmann, L., Kula, R.R., Mullins, P.L., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Ronquist, F., Schulmeister, S., Sharkey, M.J., Talamas, E., Tucker, E., Vilhelmsen, L., Ward, P.S., Wharton, R.A. & Deans A.R. (2012) A hymenopterists’ guide to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology: utility, clarification, and future directions. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 27, 67–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.27.2961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.27.2961
  73. Sottile, S., Cerasa, G., Massa, B. & Lo Verde, G. (2022) Andricus cydoniae Giraud, 1859 Junior Synonym of Cynips conifica Hartig, 1843, as Experimentally Demonstrated (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Insects, 13 (2), 200. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13020200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13020200
  74. Sottile, S., Cerasa, G., Massa, B. & Lo Verde, G. (2023) The experimental life cycle closure of Andricus truncicolus (Giraud, 1859) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and taxonomic description of its sexual generation. Zootaxa, 5296 (2), 210–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.4
  75. Stone, G.N., Atkinson, R.J., Rokas, A., Nieves-Aldrey, J.-L., Melika, G., Ács, Z., Csóka, G., Hayward, A., Bailey, R., Buckee, C. & McVean, G.A.T. (2008) Evidence for widespread cryptic sexual generations in apparently asexual Andricus gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 17, 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03573.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03573.x
  76. Stone, G.N., Schönrogge, K., Atkinson, R.J., Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633–668. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145247
  77. Trotter, A. (1899) Contributo alla conoscenza degli entomocecidi italiani con la descrizione di due specie nuove di Andricus. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, 7, 281–311.
  78. Trotter, A. (1923) Miscellanee Cecidologiche VII. Le galle di Neuroterus apenninus Tr. ed il commensale Sapholytus Haimi Mayr., Marcellia. Rivista internazionale di Cecidologia, 20, 97–103.
  79. Wachtl, F. (1880) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gallen erzeugenden Insecten Europas. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 30, 531–546.
  80. Yoder, M.J., Mikó, I., Seltmann, K.C., Bertone, M.A. & Deans, A.R. (2010) A gross anatomy ontology for Hymenoptera. PLoS ONE, 5 (12), e15991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991