Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5461 No. 1: 31 May 2024
Type: Monograph
Published: 2024-05-31
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5461.1.1
Page range: 1-62
Abstract views: 109
PDF downloaded: 3

Review of ant genus Pachycondyla Smith, 1858 in Brazil (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Laboratório de Biosistemática de Formigas; Departamento de Zoologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas; Centro Politécnico; Universidade Federal do Paraná
Laboratório de Biosistemática de Formigas; Departamento de Zoologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas; Centro Politécnico; Universidade Federal do Paraná
Hymenoptera Taxonomy Systematics Ponerinae Identification Key

Abstract

We review the taxonomy of the Neotropical species of the genus Pachycondyla. A new species (Pachycondyla beneditoi sp. n.) is described. Ponera pilosa new syn. is synonymized with P. crassinoda, based on a type male. Pachycondyla fuscoatra is redescribed and its distinctness from P. impressa is discussed. Pachycondyla harpax is still a taxonomic problem, with much morphological variation over a wide distribution. Pachycondyla impressa does not occur in Brazil; all previous records are P. fuscoatra or P. beneditoi. The gyne of P. lenkoi is described. Pachycondyla constricticeps new syn. is synonymized with P. striata. A neotype for P. fuscoatra is designated and lectotypes for P. harpax, P. impressa and P. striata are designated. An identification key for the Neotropical species is presented.

 

References

  1. AntWeb (2019) Bolton World Catalog. Available from: https://www.antweb.org/ (accessed 20 December 2019)
  2. AntWiki (2020) The Ants Online. Available from: https://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Brazil#Pachycondyla (accessed 17 January 2020)
  3. AntWiki (2023) The Ants Online. Available from: https://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Roger,_Julius_(1819-1865) (accessed 5 August 2023)
  4. Baker, D.B. (1994) Type material in the University Museum, Oxford, of bees described by Comte Amédée Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and Pierre André Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of Natural History, 28 (5), 1189–1204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939400770591
  5. Baum, D.A. & Donoghue, M.J. (1995) Choosing among Alternative “Phylogenetic” Species Concepts. Systematic Botany, 20 (4), 560–573. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419810
  6. Bolton, B. (2023) An online catalog of the ants of the world. Available from: http://antcat.org (accessed 8 August 2023)
  7. Borgmeier, T. (1929) Zur Kenntnis der brasilianischen Ameisen. EOS. Revista Española de Entomología, 5, 195–214. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.26870
  8. Boudinot, B.E. (2015) Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages. European Journal of Taxonomy, 120, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.120
  9. Boudinot, B.E. (2019) Clave para las subfamilies y géneros basada en machos. In: Fernández, F., Guerrero, R.J. & Delsinne, T. (Eds.), Hormigas de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, pp. 487–500.
  10. Brown Jr., W.L. (1950) Morphological, taxonomic, and other notes on ants. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 8 (2), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24585
  11. Brown Jr., W.L. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B.J., Ayensu, E.S. & Duckworth, W.D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 161–185.
  12. Buckley, S.B. (1866) Descriptions of New Species of North American Formicidae. Proceedings of Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 6, 152–172. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.27046
  13. Cuquetto-Leite, L., Dolder, H., Oliveira, P.S., Espírito Santo, N.B., Lino-Neto, J. & Mancini, K.C. (2017) Structural and ultrastructural characterization of the spermatozoa in Pachycondyla striata and P. marginata. Insectes Sociaux, 64 (2), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-016-0533-8
  14. DaRocha, W.D., Ribeiro, S.P., Neves, F.S., Fernandes, G.W., Leponce, M. & Delabie, J.H.C. (2015) How does bromeliad distribution structure the arborial ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a single tree in a Brazilian Atlantic forest agroecosystem? Myrmecological News, 21, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.25849/myrmecol.news_021:083
  15. De la Mora, A., Perez-Lachaud, G., Lachaud, J.P. & Philpott, S.M. (2015) Local and Landscape Drivers of Ant Parasitism in a Coffee Landscape. Enviromental Entomology, 44, 939–950. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv071
  16. Divieso, R., Ronato, A., Feitosa, R.M., Meyer, A.L.S. & Pie, M.R. (2020) How to prioritize areas for new ant surveys? Integrating historical data on species occurrence records and habitat loss. Journal of Insect Conservation, 24 (6), 901–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-020-00262-y
  17. Donisthorpe, H. (1943) The ants (Hym., Formicidae) of Waigeu Island, North Dutch New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 10, 433–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934308527363
  18. Do Prado, L.P., Feitosa, R.M., Triana, S.P., Gutiérrez, J.A.M., Rousseau, G.X., Silva, R.A., Siqueira, G.M., dos Santos, C.L.C., Silva, F.V., da Silva, T.S.R., Ferreira, A.C., da Silva, R.R. & Andrade-Silva, J. (2019) An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 59, 0–4. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38
  19. Emery, C. (1890) Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). Formicidae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 10 (6), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25428
  20. Emery, C. (1892) Note sinonimiche sulle formiche. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 23, 159–167. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25432
  21. Emery, C. (1895) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. (Schluss). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 257–360. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25455
  22. Emery, C. (1900) Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, 20 (40), 661–722. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9035
  23. Emery, C. (1900) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova-Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biró. Publicatio secunda. Természetrajzi Füzetek, 23, 310–338. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25487
  24. Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur less sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponérines (Familles des Formicides). Annales de la Societé Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25489
  25. Esteves, F.A. & Fischer, B.L. (2021) Corriopone nouragues gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Ponerinae from French Guiana (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys, 1074, 83–173. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1074.75551
  26. Fabricius, J.C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectic synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Carolum Reichard, Brunsvigae, 439 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10490
  27. Faircloth, B.C., Branstetter, M.G., White, N.D. & Brady, S.G. (2015) Target enrichment of ultraconserved elements from arthropods provides a genomic perspective on relationships among hymenoptera. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15 (3), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12328
  28. Feitosa, R.M., Camacho, G.P., Silva, T.S.R., Ulysséa, M.A., Ladino, N., Oliveira, A.M., Albuquerque, E.Z., Schmidt, F.A., Ribas, C.R., Nogueira, A., Baccaro, F.B., Queiroz, A.C. M, Dáttilo, W., Silva, R.R., Santos, J.C., Rabello, A.M., Morini, M.S.C., Quinet, Y.P., Del-Claro, K., Harada, A.Y., Carvalho, K.S., Sobrinho, T.G., Moraes, A.B., Vargas, A.B., Torezan-Silingardi, H.M., Souza, J.L.P., Marques, T., Izzo, T., Lange, D., Santos, I.A., Nahas, L., Paolucci, L., Soares, S.A., Costa-Milanez, C.B., Diehl-Fleig, E., Campos, R.B.F., Solar, R., Frizzo, T. & Darocha, W. (2022) Ants of Brazil: an overview based on 50 years of diversity studies. Systematics and Biodiversity, 20 (1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2022.2089268
  29. Forel, A. (1890) Aenictus-Typhlatta découverte de M. Wroughton. Nouveaux genres de Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 34, 102–114.
  30. Forel, A. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. (Ed.), Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptères. Deuxième partie (28e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, pp. v + 1–237.
  31. Forel, A. (1899) Formicidae. In: Godman, F.D.C., Horman-Fisher, M., Knight, H., Salvin, O., Sunders, G.S., Schlereth, M.F., Wilson, E. & Wulp, F.M. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana: zoology, botany and archaeology. Vol. 3 Insecta. Hymenoptera. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.730
  32. Forel, A. (1901) Nouvelles espèces de Ponerinae. (Avec un nouveau sous-genre et une espèce nouvelle d’Eciton). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 9, 325–353. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20305
  33. Forel, A. (1901) Variétés myrmécologiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 334–382. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25583
  34. Forel, A. (1907) Formiciden aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. II. Teil. Neueingänge seit 1900. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 24, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9893
  35. Forel, A. (1912) Formicides néotropiques. Part I. Annales de la Societé Entomologique de Belgique, 56, 28–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14428
  36. Glaser, S.M., Feitosa, R.M., Koch, A., Gob, N., do Nascimento, F.S. & Grüter, C. (2021) Tandem communication improves ant foraging success in a highly competitive tropical habitat. Insectes Sociaux, 68, 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-021-00810-y
  37. Google maps (2019). Available from: https://www.google.com/maps (accessed 04 December 2019)
  38. Grüter, C., Wust, M., Cipriano, A.P. & Nascimento, F.S. (2018) Tandem Recruitment and Foraging in the Ponerine Ant Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804). Neotropical Entomology, 47, 742–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-017-0571-6
  39. Guénard, B., Weise, M., Gomez, K., Narula, N. & Economo, E.P. (2017) The Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) database: a synthesis of ant species geographic distributions. Myrmecological News, 24, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.25849/myrmecol.news_024:083
  40. Harris, R.A. (1979) A glossary of surfacing sculpturing. Occasional papers in Entomology, State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture, 28, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.26215
  41. Hofmann, G.S., Cardoso, M.F., Alves, R.J.V., Weber, E.J., Barbosa, A.A., de Toledo, P.M., Pontual, F.B., Salles, L.D.O., Hasenack, H., Cordeiro, J.L.P., Aquino, F.E. & de Oliveira, L.F.B. (2021) The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier. Global Change Biology, 27, 4060–4073. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15712
  42. Keller, R.A. (2011) A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 355, 1–90. https://doi.org/10.1206/355.1
  43. Kempf, W.W. (1961) As formigas do gênero Pachycondyla Fr. Smith no Brasil (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 10, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.26019
  44. Kempf, W.W. (1964) Miscellaneous studies on Neotropical ants. III. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 7, 45–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.26030
  45. Kempf, W.W. (1972) Catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical. Stud. Entomol, 15, 3–344.
  46. Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y. & Sambridge, M. (2014) Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 (43), 15296–15303. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111
  47. Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis: et recueil de mémoires et d’observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insects. T. Barrois, Paris, xvi + 445 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11138
  48. Lattke, J.E. (2015) Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Ponerinae do Brasil. In: Delabie, J.H.C., Feitosa, R.M., Serrão, J.E., Mariano, C.S.F. & Majer, J.D. (Eds.), As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil. Universidade Estatual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, pp. 55–73. https://doi.org/10.7476/9788574554419.0006
  49. Longino, J.T. (2001) Ants of Costa Rica, Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804). Available from: http://ants.biology.utah.edu/genera/Pachycondyla/SPECIES/harpax/harpax.html (accessed 19 December 2019)
  50. Longino, J.T. (2010a) Ants of Costa Rica, Pachycondyla impressa (Roger, 1861). Available from: http://ants.biology.utah.edu/genera/Pachycondyla/SPECIES/impressa/impressa.html (accessed 10 October 2019)
  51. Longino, J.T. (2010b) Ants of Costa Rica, Pachycondyla purpurascens Forel, 1899. Available from: http://ants.biology.utah.edu/genera/Pachycondyla/SPECIES/purpurascens/purpurascens.html (accessed 19 December 2019)
  52. Luederwaldt, H. (1918) Notas myrmecologicas. Revista do Museu Paulista, 10, 29–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25935
  53. Lutinski, J.A., Dorneles, F.E., Guarda, C., Lutinski., C.J., Busato, M.A., Giovenardi, R. & Garcia, F.R.M. (2021) Ant Diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Turvo State Park, municipality of Derrubadas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.239642
  54. MacKay, W.P. & MacKay, E.E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the new world ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The Edwin Mallen Press, Lewinston, xii + 660 pp.
  55. Mariano, C.S.F., Pompolo, S.G., Lacau, S. & Delabie, J.H.C. (2006) Questions sur la monophylie du táxon Pachycondyla Smith, 1858: approche cytogénétique sur le sous-genre Pachycondyla sensu Emery, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Bull. Soc. Entomol, 111, 299–304. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2006.16325
  56. Maschwitz, U., Jessen, K. & Maschwitz, E. (1981) Foaming in Pachycondyla: a new defense mechanism in ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 9, 79–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299857
  57. Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649–776. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25912
  58. Mayr, G. (1863) Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 13, 385–460. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25913
  59. Mayr, G. (1867) Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 2 (10), 33–118. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25848
  60. Melo Santos, A.M., Cavalcanti, D.R., da Silva, J.M.C. & Tabarelli, M. (2007) Biogeographical relationships among tropical forests in north-eastern Brazil. Journal of Biogeography, 34 (3), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299857
  61. Museumfuernaturkunde (2023) Scars of the war remain visible. Available from: https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/about/building/scars-war-remain-visible (accessed 21 September 2023)
  62. Nixon, K.C. & Wheeler, Q.D. (1990) An amplification of the Phylogenetic Species Concept. Cladistics-the International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society, 6 (3), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x
  63. Nomura, H. (1965) Um grande naturalista cearense: Francisco Dias da Rocha. Revista do Instituto do Ceará, 83, 224–249.
  64. Norton, E. (1868) Description of Mexican ants noticed in the American Naturalist, April, 1868. Proceedings of the Essex Institute (Communications), 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25758
  65. Ortiz, G. & Camargo-Mathias, M.I. (2003) Morphohistological study of the venom gland in workers of the ant Pachycondyla striata F. Smith (Hymenoptera : Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 42 (1), 103–116.
  66. Pereira, L.P.C., Almeida, F.S., Vargas, A.B., Araújo, M.S., Mayhé-Nunes, A.J. & Queiroz, J.M. (2016) Seasonal analysis of taxonomic and functonal diversity of poneromorph ant assemblages in the Amazon forest. Sociobiology, 63 (3), 941–949. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1053
  67. QGis Project (2019) QGIS User Guide 3.28. Available from: https://docs.qgis.org/3.28/en/docs/user_manual/index.html (accessed 7 August 2019)
  68. Richter, A., Keller, R.A., Rosumek, F.B., Economo, E.P., Garcia, F.H. & Beutel, R.G. (2019) The cephalic anatomy of workers of the ant species Wasmannia affinis (Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and its evolutionary implications. Arthropod Structure & Development, 49, 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2019.02.002
  69. Rodrigues, A.A., Macedo, M.N., Silvério, D.V., Maracahipes, L., Coe, M.T., Brando, P.M., Shimbo, J.Z., Rajão, R., Soares-Filho, B. & Bustamante, M.M.C. (2022) Cerrado deforestation threatens regional climate and water availability for agriculture and ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 28, 6807–6822. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16386
  70. Rodrigues, M.S., Vilela, E.F., Azevedo, D.O. & Hora, R.R. (2011) Multiple Queens in Founding Colonies of the Neotropical Ant Pachycondyla striata Smith (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Neotropical Entomology, 40 (3), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2011000300001
  71. Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25617
  72. Roger, J. (1863) Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berlin Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7, 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18630070123
  73. Sanjuan, T.I., Franco-Molano, A.E., Kepler, R.M., Spatafora, J.W., Tabima, J., Vasco-Palacios, A.M. & Restrepo, S. (2015) Five new species of entomopathogenic fungi from the Amazon and evolution of neotropical Ophiocordyceps. Fungal Biology, 119, 901–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.010
  74. Santos, P.P., Games, P.D., Azevedo, D.O., Barros, E., De Oliveira, L.L., Ramos, H.J.O, Baracat-Pereira, M.C. & Serrão, J.E. (2017) Proteomic analysis of the venom of the predatory ant Pachycondyla striata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 96 (3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21424
  75. Santschi, F. (1913) Hyménoptères. Formicides. In: André, E. (Ed.), Mission du service géographique de l’armée pour la mesure d’un arc de méridien equatorial en Amérique du Sud. Tome 10. Fasc. 1. Insectes. Gauthier-Villars, Paris. pp. 33–43.
  76. Santschi, F. (1921) Ponerinae, Dorylinae et querques autres formicides néotropiques. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturalles, 54, 81–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14361
  77. Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.1
  78. Schmidt, C.A. & Shattuck, S.O. (2014) The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: formicidae, with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior. Zootaxa, 3817 (1), 1–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1
  79. Scott-Santos, C.P., Esteves, F.A. & Brandão, C.R.F. (2008) Catalogue of “poneromorph” ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 48 (11), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492008001100001
  80. Seifert, B. (2009) Cryptic species in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) revisited: we need a change in the alpha-taxonomic approach. Myrmecological News, 12, 149–166.
  81. Shrestha, B., Tanaka, E., Hyun, M.W., Han, J.G., Kim, C.S., Jo, J.W., Han, S.K., Oh, J., Sung, J.M. & Sung, G.H. (2017) Mycosphere Essay 19. Cordyceps species parasitizing hymenopteran and hemipteran insects. Mycosphere, 8 (9), 1424–1442. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/9/8
  82. Silva, R.R. & Brandão, C.R.F. (2014) Ecosystem-wide Morphological Structure of Leaf-Litter Ant Communities along a Tropical Latitudinal Gradient. PLoS ONE, 9 (3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093049
  83. da Silva-Melo, A. & Giannotti, E. (2010) Nest architecture of Pachycondyla striata Fr. Smith, 1858 (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 57 (1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-009-0043-z
  84. da Silva-Melo, A. & Giannotti, E. (2011) Life expectancy and entropy values for workers of Pachycondyla striata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 58 (1), 143–150.
  85. da Silva, O.G.M., Fernandes, T.T., da Silva, R.R., Souza-Campana, D.R. & Morini, M.S.C. (2016) Twigs of Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart as a nesting resource for ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 60 (2), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.01.001
  86. Smith, F. (1858) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. British Museum, London, 216 pp.
  87. Souza, J.L.P., Baccaro, F.B., Pequeno, P.A.C.L., Franklin, E. & Magnusson, W.E. (2018) Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27 (13), 3425–3445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x
  88. Strelnikov, T.D. (1928) Mermis parasitism in Pachycondyla striata. Psyche, 35 (4), 199–200. https://doi.org/10.1155/1928/43012
  89. The Geographic Names Server (2024) The Geographic Names Server. Available from: https://geonames.nga.mil/geonames/GNSHome/welcome.html (accessed 15 February 2024)
  90. Thiele, E. & Camargo-Mathias, M.I. (1999) Morphology, ultramorphology and histology of ovaries of workers and mated queens of Pachycondyla striata ants (Hymenoptera : Ponerinae). Biocell. Mendoza: Inst Histol Embriol-conicet, 23 (1), 51–64.
  91. Thiele, E. & Camargo-Mathias, M.I. (2003) Morphology, ultramorpholgy and morphometry of the fat body of virgin females and queens of the ants Pachycondyla striata (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Sociobiology, 42 (2), 243–254.
  92. Tudor, A., Starr, C. & Mohammed, K. (2016) Trophic ecology of the ant Pachycondyla crassinoda (Formicidae: Ponerinae) in a lowland Neotropical forest. Sociobiology, 63 (2), 744–747. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.848
  93. Velasco, Y.A.M. (2013) Taxonomia e filogenia de Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, 156 pp
  94. Velasco, Y.A.M., Delabie, J.H.C., Costa, M.A., Lacau, S. & Mariano, C.S.F. (2014) Studies on the karyotype of the ant Pachycondyla harpax (Formicidae: Ponerinae: Ponerini) in southern Bahia, Brazil. Florida Entomologist, 97 (3), 1049–1055. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.097.0307
  95. Wetterer, J.K. (2016) Geographic range of Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 63 (1), 623–627. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i1.764
  96. Wheeler, W.M. (1900) A study of some Texan Ponerinae. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), 2, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/1535678
  97. Wheeler, W.M. (1925) Neotropical ants in the collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Arkiv för Zoologi, 17 (A8), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25199
  98. Wheeler, W.M. (1928) Mermis parasitism and intercastes among ants. The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 50 (2), 165–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400500202
  99. Wheeler, W.M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants of termites. Proceedins of the American Academy of Arts and Science, 71, 159–243. https://doi.org/10.2307/20023221
  100. Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae. Part II. The American Midland Naturalist, 48 (3), 604–672. https://doi.org/10.2307/2422200
  101. Wild, A.L. (2002) The Genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Paraguay, 14 (1–2), 1–18.
  102. Wilson, E.O. (1955) A monographic Revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 113 (1), 1–204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.25290
  103. Zimsen, E. (1964) The type material of I. C. Fabricius. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 656 pp.