Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5533 No. 1: 31 Oct. 2024
Type: Monograph
Published: 2024-10-31
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5533.1.1
Page range: 1-82
Abstract views: 270
PDF downloaded: 186

A taxonomic monograph of subfamily Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Western Himalaya

Section of Entomology; Department of Zoology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Kashmir; Srinagar-190006 India
Section of Entomology; Department of Zoology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Kashmir; Srinagar-190006 India
Coleoptera Western Himalaya Scolytinae taxonomy new species cytochrome oxidase 1 gene phylogeny

Abstract

We investigated the scolytine fauna of the West Himalayan region of India. The present study combines field samples, museum specimens, and published data to catalog the scolytine diversity. We recognize 57 scolytine species from 15 tribes and 25 genera. Five new species Cryphalus himalayensis sp. nov., Dryocoetes asperatus sp. nov., Ernoporus squamosus sp. nov., Scolytoplatypus denticauda sp. nov., and Hypothenemus ficivorus sp. nov. are described from the region. Previously reported and inadequately characterized species are imaged and redescribed. Two new Indian records, seven new regional records, and fifteen new host records are reported. Keys to genera and photographs of each species are provided to facilitate identification. Mitochondrial COX-1 sequences were generated from some Himalayan species and sequences from GenBank were utilized for comparison with other related species. The current monographic study includes an overview of each species' taxonomic diagnosis, range, and host plants. Furthermore, an updated list of 165 scolytine species, distributed in the Himalaya but excluding its eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh, is also provided.

 

References

  1. Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. (2009) A catalogue of family and genus group names in Scolytinae and Platypodinae with nomenclatural remarks (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 2258 (1), 1–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2258.1.1
  2. Beaver, R.A. & Gebhardt, H. (2006) A review of the Oriental species of Scolytoplatypus Schaufuss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 53, 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.200600014
  3. Beaver, R.A. & Liu, L.-Y. (2018) A synopsis of the bark and ambrosia beetles of Nepal with a key to the genera (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). In: Hartmann, M., Barclay, M.V.L. & Weipert, J. (Eds.), Biodiversität und Naturausstattung im Himalaya VI. Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, Erfurt, pp. 521–553.
  4. Beaver, R.A., Sittichaya, W. & Liu, L.-Y. (2014) A synopsis of the scolytine ambrosia beetles of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 3875, (1) 1–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3875.1.1
  5. Beaver, R.A. & Smith, S.M. (2022) The bark and ambrosia beetles of Bhutan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae): a synopsis with three new species of Scolytinae. Zootaxa, 5174 (1), pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.1.1
  6. Bedel, L. (1888) Faune des Coléoptères du Bassin de la Seine. Vol. VI. Rhynchophora (cont.). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Hors Série, Series 6, 7 (4), 385–444.
  7. Beeson, C.F.C. (1915) Notes on some Indian forest beetles. Indian Forester, 16, 294–299.
  8. Beeson, C.F.C. (1921) Bark-beetles of the genus Sphaerotrypes. Indian Forester, 47, 514–518.
  9. Beeson, C.F.C. (1929) Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Samoa, Part 4, Coleoptera, Fascicle, 4, 217–248.
  10. Beeson, C.F.C. (1930) The biology of the genus Xyleborus, with more new species. Indian Forest Records, Entomology Series, 14, 10, 209‒272.
  11. Beeson, C.F.C. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal, Santalum album Linn. (2) Bostrychidae, Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Indian Forest Records, 17 (9), 7–12.
  12. Beeson, C.F.C. (1935a) Scolytidae of the Marquesas. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 142, 101–114.
  13. Beeson, C.F.C. (1935b) Platypodidae and Scolytidae of the Society Islands. Bulletin of the Ber­nice P. Bishop Museum, 142, 115–121.
  14. Beeson, C.F.C. (1939) New species and biology of Coccotrypes and Thamnurgides (Scolytidae, Col.). Indian Forest Records, New Series, 5, 279–308.
  15. Beeson, C.F.C. (1940) Scolytidae and Platypodidae of the Mangarevan Expedition. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 15, 191–203.
  16. Beeson, C.F.C. (1941) n.k. In: The Ecology and the Control of the Forest Insect of India and the Neighbouring Countries. Scolytidae. Vasant Press, DehraDun, pp. 279–310.
  17. Blackburn, T. (1885) [new taxa]. In: Blackburn, T. & Sharp, D. Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2, 3 (6), 119–289, 300 pls.
  18. Blackman, M.W. (1920) North American Ipidae of the subfamily Micracinae, with descriptions of new species and genera. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station Technical Bulletin, 9, 1–62, pls. i–v.
  19. Blandford, W.F.H. (1893a) Notes on Scolytidae. Indian Museum Notes, 3, 63–65.
  20. Blandford, W.F.H. (1893b) The Scolyto‐platypini, a new subfamily of Scolytidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 41 (4), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1893.tb02075.x
  21. Blandford, W.F.H. (1894) The rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan, Part III. Scolytidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 42 (1), 53–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1894.tb02347.x
  22. Blandford, W.F.H. (1896a) Scolytides de la Nouvelle Calédonie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 40, 241–245.
  23. Blandford, W.F.H. (1896b) Descriptions of new Scolytidae from the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan Regions. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 44 (2), 191–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1896.tb00962.x
  24. Boieldieu, M. (1859) Descriptions d’espèces nouvelles de coléoptères. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Series 3, 7, 461–482.
  25. Bright, D.E. (2021) A catalog of Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 4 (2011-2019) with an annotated checklist of the world fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Scolytidae). Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity. Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 655 pp. [24 March 2021, https://hdl.handle.net/10217/229307]
  26. Browne, F.G. (1961) The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Records, 22, 1–255.
  27. Browne, F.G. (1972) Some oriental Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Oriental Insects, 6, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1972.10434049
  28. Buhroo, A.A., Khanday, A.L. & Fazili, M.F. (2020) Bark beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of Jammu & Kashmir State. In: Dar, G.H. & Khuroo, A.A. (Eds.), Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp. 847–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_32
  29. Buhroo, A.A. & Knížek, M. (2020) New species of Pseudothysanoes Blackman, and Sphaerotrypes Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Jammu and Kashmir, with biological observations, and a key to South Asian species of Sphaerotrypes. Zootaxa, 4808 (1), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4808.1.8
  30. Buhroo, A.A. & Lakatos, F. (2007) On the Biology of the Bark Beetle, Scolytus nitidus Schedl (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Attacking Apple Orchards. Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica, 3, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2007-0005
  31. Buhroo, A.A. & Lakatos, F. (2011) Molecular and morphological diagnostic markers for the Himalayan Ips DeGeer species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 3128 (1), 47‒57. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3128.1.2
  32. Chapuis, F. (1869) Synopsis des Scolytides (Prodrome d’un travail monographique). Imprimerie de J. Desoer, Libraire, Liège, 61 pp.
  33. Cognato, A.I. & Sun, J.H. (2007) DNA based cladograms augment the discovery of a new Ips species from China (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Cladistics, 23, 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00159.x
  34. De Geer, C. (1775) Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des Insectes. Tome cinquième. P. Hesselberg, Stockholm, vi + 448 pp., 16 pls.
  35. Eggers, H. (1920) 60 neue Borkenkäfer (Ipidae) aus Afrika, nebst zehn neuen Gattungen, zwei Abarten. Entomologische Blätter, 16, 122.
  36. Eggers, H. (1923) Neue indomalayische Borkenkäfer. (Ipidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 7 (3–4), 129–220.
  37. Eggers, H. (1928) Ipidae (Coleoptera) da America do Sul. Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Rio de Janeiro, 1, 83–99.
  38. Eggers, H. (1930) Neue Xyleborus-Arten (Col. Scolytidae) aus Indien. Indian Forest Records, Entomology Series, 14 (9), 177–208.
  39. Eggers, H. (1932) Zur paläarktischen Borkenkäferfauna II. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 18, 80–83.
  40. Eggers, H. (1936) Neue Borkenkäfer (Scolytidae, Col.) aus Indien. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 17 (102), 626–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933608655163
  41. Eggers, H. (1939). Entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India: Coleoptera: Ipidae, gesammelt von René Malaise, Arkiv for Zoologi, 31A, 4, 1–14.
  42. Eggers, H. (1944) Zur paläarktischen Borkenkäferfauna (Coleoptera, Ipidae). X. Entomologische Blätter, 40, 140–143.
  43. Eichhoff, W.J. (1864) Über die Mundtheile und die Fühlerbildung der europäischen Xylophagi sens. strict. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 8 (1–2), 17–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18640080103
  44. Eichhoff, W.J. (1868) Neue amerikanische Borkenkäfer-Gattungen und Arten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 12 (1), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18680120106
  45. Eichhoff, W.J. (1869) Neue Borkenkäfer. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 12 (3–4), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18680120213
  46. Eichhoff, W.J. (1872) Neue exotische Tomiciden-Arten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 15 (2–3), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18710150203
  47. Eichhoff, W.J. (1876) Tomicides. In: Chapuis, F. & Eichhoff, W.J. (Eds.), Scolytides recueillis au Japon par M. G. Lewis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 18, pp. 195–204.
  48. Eichhoff, W.J. (1878a) Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen. Entomologische Zeitung, 39 (7–9), 383–392.
  49. Eichhoff, W.J. (1878b) Ratio, descriptio, emendatio eorum Tomicinorum qui sunt in Dr. medic. Chapuisii et autoris ipsius collectionibus et quos praeterea recognovit. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, Series 2, 8, 1–531.
  50. Erichson, G.F. (1836) Systematische Auseinandersetzung der Familie der Borkenkäfer (Bostrichidae). Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 2 (1), 45–65.
  51. Fabricius, J.C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, xxxii + 832 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36510
  52. Fabricius, J.C. (1787) Mantissa insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus genericus, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. Tom. I. C. G. Proft, Hafniae, xx + 348 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11657
  53. Fabricius, J.C. (1801) Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species: adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus II. Bibliopolii Academici Novi, Kiliae, 687 pp.
  54. Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39 (4), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
  55. Ferrari, J.A. (1867) Die forst- und baumzuchtschädlichen Borkenkäfer (Tomicides Lac.) aus der Familie der Holzverderber (Scolytides Lac.): mit besonderer Berücksichtigung vorzüglich der europäischen Formen, und der Sammlung des k.-k. zoologischen Kabinettes in Wien. Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien, 96 pp.
  56. Fuchs, A.G. (1906) Ein neuer Bastkäfer: Hylesinus orni. Münchener Koleopterologische Zeitschrift, 3, 51–55.
  57. Geoffroy, E.L. (1762) Histoire abregée des Insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris; dans laquelle ces Animaux sont rangés suivant un ordre méthodique. Tome Premier. Durand, Paris, viii + 523 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14710
  58. Georg, W. (1856) Bostrichus alni ein neu entdeckter Kafer (nebst Nachschrift von Ratzeburg). Stettiner Entomogische Zeitung, 17, 59–60. [ds]
  59. Guérin-Méneville, F.E. (1847) [new taxon]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, Series 2, 5 (2), xliv–xlvii.
  60. Gyllenhal, L. (1813) Insecta Svecica descripta a Leonardo Gyllenhal. Classis I. Coleoptera sive Eleuterata. Tomi I. Pars III. F.J. Leverentz, Scaris, 730 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8767
  61. Hagedorn, M. (1904) Enumeratio Scolytidarum e Sikkim et Japan natarum Musei historico-naturalis Parisiorum, quas Dominus J. Harmand annis 1890 et 1901 collegit descriptionibus specierum novarum adjectis. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1904, 122–126.
  62. Hagedorn, J.M. (1908) Diagnosen bisher unbeschriebener Borkenkäfer. Erste Serie. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1908 (3), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48019080310
  63. Hagedorn, J.M. (1912) Neue Borkenkäfergattungen und Arten aus Afrika (Col). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1912 (3), 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48019120313
  64. Hartig, T. (1834) [new taxa]. In: Hartig O.L. & Hartig T. Forstliches und forstnaturwissenschaftliches Conversations-Lexikon. Ein Handbuch für Jeden, der sich für das Forstwesen und die dazu gehörigen Naturwissenschaften interessiert. Nauckschen Buchhandlung, Berlin, xiv + 1034 pp.
  65. Herbst, J.F.W. (1784) Kritisches Verzeichniss meiner Insektensammlung. Erste Klasse. Erste Abteilung. Curculio - Dytiscus. In: Archiv der Insectengeschichte. 5 (1). J. C. Fuessly, Zürich, pp. 73–128.
  66. Holzschuh, C. (1988) Eine neue Art der Gattung Ips aus Bhutan (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Entomologica Basiliensia, 12, 481–485.
  67. Hopkins, A.D. (1915) Classification of the Cryphalinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. United States Department of Agriculture. Report No. 99. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 75 pp., 4 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65905
  68. Hulcr, J., Atkinson, T.H., Cognato, A.I., Jordal, B.H. & McKenna, D.D. (2015) Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogenetics of bark beetles. In: Vega, F.E. & Hofstetter, R.W. (Eds.), Bark Beetles. Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species. Academic Press, London, pp. 41–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417156-5.00002-2
  69. Hulcr, J. & Cognato, A.I. (2009) Three new genera of Oriental Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculioni­dae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 2204 (1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2204.1.2
  70. Hulcr, J., Dole, S.A., Beaver, R.A. & Cognato, A.I. (2007) Cladistic review of generic taxonomic characters in Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Systematic Entomology, 32, 568–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00386.x
  71. Johnson, A.J., Hulcr, J., Knížek, M., Atkinson, T.H., Mandelshtam, M.Yu., Smith, S.M., Cognato, A.I., Park, S., Li, Y. & Jordal, B.H. (2020) Revision of the bark beetle genera within the former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Insect Systematics and Diversity, 4 (3), 1‒81. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002
  72. Jordal, B.H. & Cognato, A.I. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of bark and ambrosia beetles reveals multiple origins of fungus farming during periods of global warming. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12, 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-133
  73. Kirejtshuk, A.G., Azar, D., Beaver, R.A., Mandelshtam, M.Y. & Nel, A. (2009) The most ancient bark beetle known: a new tribe, genus and species from Lebanese amber (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Systematic Entomology, 34, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00442.x
  74. Kirkendall, L.R., Biedermann, P.H.W. & Jordal, B.H. (2015) Evo­lution and diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles. In: Vega, F.E. & Hofstetter, R.W. (Eds.), Bark Beetles. Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species. Academic Press, London, pp. 85–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417156-5.00003-4
  75. Knížek, M. (2011) Scolytinae Latreille. In: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 7. Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 204–251.
  76. Knížek, M. & Tshering, K. (2024) A new species of Phloeosinus from Bhutan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Phloeosinini). Zootaxa, 5424 (5), 589–594. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.7
  77. Latreille, P.A. (1806 [1807]) Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus Secundus. Amand Koenig, Paris, 280 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11558
  78. Lea, A.M. (1894) Description of new species of Bostrychidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 8, 317–323.
  79. Lebedev, A.G. (1926) Pityogenes spessivtsevi n. sp. (Col. Ipidae). Entomologische Blätter, 22, 120–123.
  80. LeConte, J.L. (1869 [1868]) Analytical table of the species of Baridius inhabiting the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20, 361–365.
  81. Maiti, P.K. & Saha, N. (2009) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark and Ambrosia Beetles). Vol. 1. Part-2. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 245 pp.
  82. Mandelshtam, M.Y., Petrov, A.V., Barclay, M.V.L., Knížek, M. & Beaver, R.A. (2007) Taxonomic changes in Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Eastern Asia. Russian Entomological Journal, 16 (4), 459–464.
  83. Mandelshtam, M.Y. & Petrov, A.V. (2010a) Scolytus stepheni sp. n. - a new species of bark-beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Northern India with a key to Indian Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 species. ZooKeys, 56, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.524
  84. Mandelshtam, M.Y. & Petrov, A.V. (2010b) Description of new Dryocoetes (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) species from Afghanistan and Northern India and redescription of Scolytoplatypus kunala Strohm. In: Cognato, A.I. & Knížek, M. (Eds.) Sixty years of discovering scolytine and platypodine diversity: A tribute to Stephen L. Wood. ZooKeys, 56, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.525
  85. Mannerheim, C.G. (1852) Zweiter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-Fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 25 (2), p. 359.
  86. Montrouzier, X. (1861) Essai sur la faune entomologique de la Nouvelle Calédonie et des îles des Pins, Art, Lifu, etc. (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Série 4, 1, 265–306.
  87. Motschulsky, V.de (1863) Essai d’un catalogue des insectes de l’île Ceylan (Suite). Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 36 (2), 421–532.
  88. Motschulsky, V.de (1866) Essai d’un catalogue des insectes de l’île de Ceylan. Supplément. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou, 39 (1), 393–446.
  89. Müller, P.W.J. (1818) Vermischte Bemerkungen über einige Käferarten. Magazin für Entomologie, Germar, 3, 228–260.
  90. Murayama, J.J. (1940) Nouvelle note sur les scolytides du Manchoukuo. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 19, 229–237.
  91. Murayama, J.J (1951) New genus and species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Oshima and Shionomisaki, Wakayama Prefecture. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguti University, 2, 1–8.
  92. Niisima, Y. (1909) Die Scolytiden Hokkaidos unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Bedeutung für Forstschäden. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University, Sapporo, 3 (2), 109–179.
  93. Panzer, G.W.F. (1791) Beschreibung eines noch unbekannten sehr kleinen Kapuzkäfers aus einem westindischen Saamen. Naturforscher, 25, 35–38.
  94. Panzer, G.W.F. (1793) Faunae insectorum Germanicae initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten. 8. Heft. Felsecker, Nüremberg, 24 pp., 24 pls.
  95. Panzer, G.W.F. (1799) Faunae Insectorum Germanicae initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten. 66. Heft. Felssecker, Nürnberg, 24 pp., 24 pls.
  96. Ratzeburg, J.T.C. (1837) Die Forst-Insecten oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der in den Wäldern Preussens und der Nachbarstaaten als schädlich oder nützlich bekannt gewordenen Insecten; In systematischer Folge und mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Vertilgung der Schädlichen. Erster Theil. Die Käfer. Nicolai’sche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 202 pp.
  97. Reitter, E. (1913) Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Borkenkäfer (Scolytidae) aus Europa und den angrenzenden Ländern. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 32, 1–116. [Beiheft]
  98. Rey, C. (1883) [new taxa]. In: Eichhoff, W.J. (Ed.), Les xylophages d’Europe. Avec des notes et ad­ditions concernant la faune gallo-rhénane. (Suite et fin). Revue d’Entomologie, 2, pp. 121–145.
  99. Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular biology and evolution, 4, 406‒425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
  100. Sampson, F.W. (1914) Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Ipidae from the Seychelles Islands. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2 (Zoology), 16, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1913.tb00155.x
  101. Schaufuss, C. (1891) Beitrag zur Käferfauna Madagascars. II. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 34 (1), 1–36.
  102. Schedl, K.E. (1935) New bark-beetles and ambrosia-beetles (Col.). Stylops, 4 (12), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1935.tb00659.x
  103. Schedl, K.E. (1936a) Notes on Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae and descriptions of some new species. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 18 (1), 1–18.
  104. Schedl, K.E. (1936b) Some new Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 18 (1), 19–35.
  105. Schedl, K.E. (1937) Scolytidae und Platypodidae – Zentral- und südamerikanische Arten. Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 155–170.
  106. Schedl, K.E. (1939) Malaysian Scolytidae and Platypodidae (IV). 57th contribution. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 18, 327–364.
  107. Schedl, K.E. (1940) Scolytidae und Platypodidae (Coleoptera). 51. Beitrag. Arbeiten über Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 7, 203–208
  108. Schedl, K.E. (1942) Neue Scolytidae aus Java. 76 Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 85, 1–49.
  109. Schedl, K.E. (1948) New species and records of Australian Scolytidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 60, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168252
  110. Schedl, K.E. (1949) Neotropical Scolytoidea, I. 97th contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea (Col.). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 9 (3), 261–284.
  111. Schedl, K.E. (1950) Fauna Indo-Malayensis, II. 104. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 3 (34), 892–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935008654721
  112. Schedl, K.E. (1951) Fauna Indo-malayaensis, I. 91. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 93, 41–98.
  113. Schedl, K.E. (1955) Borken- und Ambrosiakäfer aus dem pazifischen Raum. 150. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 6, 277–310.
  114. Schedl, K.E. (1957) Indian bark and timber beetles 1. Indian Forest Records, Entomology, 9, 165–169.
  115. Schedl, K.E. (1958) Indian bark and timber beetles I. 160. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Indian Forest Records, New Series, Entomology, 9, 165–169.
  116. Schedl, K.E. (1959a) Indian bark and timber-beetles II. 163. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Indian Forest Records, New Series, Entomology, 9, 171–173.
  117. Schedl, K.E. (1959b) Indian bark and timber-beetles III. 182. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Indian Forest Records, New Series, Entomology, 10, 39–42.
  118. Schedl, K.E. (1971) Indomalayan bark and timber beetles. 273. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Oriental Insects, 5 (3), 361–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1971.10434023
  119. Schedl, K.E. (1974) Bark and timber beetles of Pakistan. 308. Contribution on the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Oriental Insects, 8, 85‒88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1974.10434446
  120. Schedl, K.E. (1976) Neotropische Scolytoidea XIII. (Coleoptera). 323. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 41, 49–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112588680-004
  121. Schedl, K.E. (1977) Some new bark beetles from the Indomalayan region. 332. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Oriental Insects, 11, 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1977.11090920
  122. Schedl, K.E. (1979) Zur Synonymie der Borkenkäfer XXIX. 345. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 28, 119–131.
  123. Schedl, K.E. (1980) Scolytoidea from Queensland (Australia) (Coleoptera). 336th Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Faunistische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 7 (21), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112578643-010
  124. Sharp, D. (1879) On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 29 (1), 77–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1879.tb01979.x
  125. Sittichaya, W. & Smith, S.M. (2020) Eggersanthus Sittichaya and Smith gen. nov., a new Oriental ambrosia beetle genus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Zootaxa, 4779 (2), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4779.2.9
  126. Smith, S.M. (2017) Dinoxyleborus Smith, a new genus of Neotropical xyleborine ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 4303 (1), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.1.8
  127. Smith, S.M., Beaver, R.A. & Cognato, A.I. (2020) A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys, 983, 1‒442. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630
  128. Stark, V.N. (1936) Obzor koroedov roda Hylesinus, vstrechayushchikhsya v SSSR [A revision of the bark-beetles of the genus Hylesinus found in USSR]. Zasita rastenij ot vreditelej, 8, 148–153.
  129. Stebbing, E.P. (1902) n.k. In: Departmental Notes on Insects that Affect Forestry. No.1. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, pp. 145–149.
  130. Stebbing, E.P. (1903) n.k. In: Departmental notes on Insects that Affect Forestry. No. 2. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, pp. 151–334
  131. Stebbing, E.P. (1905) A note on the Chilgoza bark boring beetles of Zhob, Baluchistan. Forest Bulletin, India, 3, 1–24.
  132. Stebbing, E.P. (1908) On some undescribed Scolytidae of economic importance from the Indian region. I. Indian Forest Memoirs, Forest Zoology, 1 (1), 1–12.
  133. Stebbing, E.P. (1909) On some undescribed Scolytidae of economic importance from the Indian region. II. Indian Forest Memoirs, Forest Zoology, 1, 13–32.
  134. Stebbing, E.P. (1914) Scotylidae. In: Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance. Coleoptera. Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd., London, pp. 457–610. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9203
  135. Stokland, J.N., Siitonen, J. & Jonsson, B.G. (2012) Biodiversity in dead wood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, xiv + 509 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025843
  136. Strohmeyer, H. (1908a) Beschreibung zweier neuer Borkenkäfer (Ipidae) aus dem westlichen Himalaja und des Scolytoplatypus raja Blandford. Entomologisches Wochenblatt, 25, 161.
  137. Strohmeyer, H. (1908b) Neue Borkenkäfer (Ipidae) aus dem westlichen Himalaya, Japan und Sumatra. Entomologisches Wochenblatt, Leipzig, 25, 69–70.
  138. Strohmeyer, H. (1908c) Neue Borkenkäfer (Ipidae) aus dem westlichen Himalaya, Japan und Sumatra. Entomologisches Wochenblatt, Leipzig, 25, 72–73.
  139. Swaine, J.M. (1918) Canadian bark-beetles. Part II. A preliminary classification, with an account of the habits and means of control. Bulletin, Dominion of Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Branch, 14 (2), 1–143.
  140. Swaine, J.M. (1934) Three new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 66, 204–206. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent66204-9
  141. Tamura, K., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2004) Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 11030–11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101
  142. Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. (2021) MEGA 11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38 (7), 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120
  143. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic acids research, 25, 4876–4882. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
  144. Thomson, C.G. (1859) Skandinaviens Coleoptera synoptiskt bearbetade. 1. Tom. Berlingska Boktryckeriet, Lund, 394 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.138677
  145. Villa, A. & Villa, G.B. (1833) Coleopterorum species novae in catalogo dupletorum extantes. Diagnosibus, adumbrationibus atque observationibus illustratae. In: Coleoptera Europae dupleta in collectione Villa quae pro muttua commutatione offerri possunt. Mediolani: Villa, 36 pp.
  146. Wachtl, F.A. (1881) Hylurgus Micklitzi n. sp. In: Reitter, E. Neue und seltene Coleopteren, im Jahre 1880 in Süddalmatien und Montenegro gesammelt und beschrieben unter Mitwirkung der Herren Dr. Eppelsheim in Grünstadt, Dr. G. Kraatz in Berlin, L. Miller und Fr. Wachtel in Wien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 25, pp. 177–229 + [1], pls. 6 + 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48018810122
  147. Walker, F. (1859) Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 3 (16), 258–265.
  148. Westwood, J.O. (1834 [36]) Description of a minute coleopterous insect, forming the type of a new subgenus allied to Tomicus, with some observations upon the affinities of the Xylophaga. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1 (1), 34–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1837.tb03174.x
  149. Wichmann, H.E. (1915) Zur Kenntnis der Ipiden. III. Entomologische Blätter, 11, 102–107.
  150. Wollaston, T.V. (1854) Insecta Maderensia; Being an Account of the Insects of the Islands of the Madeiran Group. John van Voorst, London, 43 + 634 pp., 13 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9060
  151. Wollaston, T.V. (1857) Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, xvi + 234 pp., 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9900
  152. Wood, S.L. (1954) A revision of North American Cryphalini (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 36 (2), 959–1089.
  153. Wood, S.L. (1956) New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 88 (5), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent88231-5
  154. Wood, S.L. (1962). Miscellaneous taxonomic notes on Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist, 22, 76–82.
  155. Wood, S.L. (1980) New American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with two recently introduced species. The Great Basin Naturalist, 40 (4), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20008
  156. Wood, S.L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Natural Memoirs, 6, 1–1359. [https://biostor.org/reference/239409]
  157. Wood, S.L. (1985) New synonymy and new species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist, 45 (2), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4432
  158. Wood, S.L. (1988a) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist, 48, 31–38.
  159. Wood, S.L. (1988b) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Part II. Great Basin Naturalist, 48, 188–195.
  160. Wood, S.L. (1989) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Part IV. Great Basin Naturalist, 49, 167‒185. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642
  161. Wood, S.L. & Bright, D.E. (1992) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Part 2. Taxonomic index. Vols. A and B. Brigham Young University. Great Basin Natural Memoirs, 13, 1‒1553.