Abstract
The list of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) found in Iran is updated to include new country records, and keys are provided to identify the adult females and fourth-instar larvae to subfamily and genus. Keys are also provided to identify the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of Aedes to subgenus and species. New additions to the keys, which constitute a supplement to the keys of Azari-Hamidian & Harbach (2009), include Aedes cinereus, Ae. unilineatus, Mansonia uniformis and Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis, which were recently recorded in the country, and Ae. asiaticus, which was previously recognized as a subspecies of Ae. pulcritarsis. Seventy-three species representing eight genera are now known to occur in Iran.
References
- Askari, F., Paksa, A., Shahabi, S., Saeedi, S., Sofizadeh, A., Vahedi, M. & Soltani, A. (2024) Population genetic structure and phylogenetic analysis of Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera: Culicidae) inferred from DNA sequences of nuclear ITS2 and the mitochondrial COI gene in the northern part of Iran. BMC Infectious Diseases, 24, 724. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09626-0
- Azari-Hamidian, S. (2007) Checklist of Iranian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology, 32 (2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[235:COIMDC]2.0.CO;2
- Azari-Hamidian, S. (2023) The invasive Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and their medical and veterinary importance: a mini review. Caspian Journal of Health Research, 8 (4), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.32598/CJHR.8.4.473.2
- Azari-Hamidian, S. & Harbach, R.E. (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 2078, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2078.1.1
- Azari-Hamidian, S. & Harbach, R.E. (2023) Arthropod-borne and arthropod-related viruses in Iran and neighboring countries. Parazitologyia, 57 (5), 356–440. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0031184723050010
- Azari-Hamidian, S. & Omrani, S.-M. (2022) Morphological aberrations of the dirofilariasis, Sindbis fever and West Nile fever vector Culex Theileri [sic] (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 16 (3), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12036
- Azari-Hamidian, S., Abai, M.-R. & Norouzi, B. (2020) Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae), a genus and species new to southwestern Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa, 4772 (2), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.10
- Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B. & Harbach, R.E. (2019) A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica, 194, 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.019
- Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B. & Noorallahi, A. (2017) Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis (Diptera: Culicidae), a genus and species new to the Iranian mosquito fauna, with a review of bionomical information. Zootaxa, 4299 (1), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4299.1.11
- Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B., Maleki, H., Rezvani, S.M., Pourgholami, M. & Oshaghi, M.A. (2024a) First record of Aedes (Aedes) cinereus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 70 (2), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2024.2359168
- Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B., Maleki, H., Rezvani, S.M., Pourgholami, M. & Oshaghi, M.A. (2024b) First record of a medically important vector, the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae), using morphological and molecular data in northern Iran. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 10 (4), 953–963. https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.4.953
- Azari-Hamidian, S., Norouzi, B., Noorallahi, A. & Hanafi-Bojd, A.A. (2018) Seasonal activity of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a focus of dirofilariasis and West Nile infection in northern Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 12 (4), 398–413. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v12i4.358
- Barraud, P.J. (1920) Notes on some Culicidae collected in lower Mesopotamia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (3), 323–325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300044175
- Barraud, P.J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, 463 pp., 8 pls., 1 map.
- Becker, T. (1903) Ägyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen ans dem zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2, 67–195, 4 pls.
- Becker, N., Petrić, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: Identification, ecology and control. 3rd edition. Springer Verlag, Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland, xxxi + 570 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11623-1
- Belkin, J.N. (1962) The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). Vols 1 and 2. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, xii + 608 pp., 412 figs.
- Belkin, J.N., Heinemann, S.J. & Page, W.A. (1970) The Culicidae of Jamaica (Mosquito Studies. XXI). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 6 (1), 1–458.
- Bigot, M.J. (1861) Trois diptères nouveaux de la Corse. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 1, 227–229.
- Blanchard, R. (1901) Observations sur quelques moustiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Memoires de la Société de Biologie, 53, 1045–1046.
- Brolemann, H.-W. (1919) Sur quelques Culex des Pyrénées II. Campagne 1918. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 88 (1–2), 65–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1919.12279921
- Cambouliu, M. (1902) Contribution à l’étude des Anopheles de l’isthme de Suez. Competes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 135 (17), 704–706.
- Carpenter, S.J. & LaCasse, W.J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520325098
- Christophers, S.R. (1924) Some further varieties of Indian species of Anopheles with notes on the species A. pallidus Theobald and A. philippinensis Ludlow. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 12 (2), 295–301.
- Colless, D.H. (1957) Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Singapore. II. The Culex vishnui group (Diptera, Culicidae), with descriptions of two new species. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 51 (1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1957.11685798
- Coquillett, D.W. (1898) Report on a collection of Japanese Diptera, presented to the U. S. National Museum by the Imperial University of Tokyo. Proceedings of the United Stated National Museum, 21 (1146), 301–340. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.21-1146.301
- Darsie, R.F., Jr. (1999) Description of the pupa of Aedes cretinus Edwards, a key to the pupae of the Albopictus subgroup, subgenus Stegomyia Theobald, genus Aedes Meigen, and characters to separate the European Stegomyia species (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101 (3), 614–618.
- Darsie, R.F., Jr. & Pradhan, S.P. (1990) The mosquitoes of Nepal: their identification, distribution and biology. Mosquito Systematics, 22 (2), 69–130.
- Dawah, H.A., Abdullah, M.A., Ahmad, S.K., Turner, J. & Azari-Hamidian, S. (2023) An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females. Zootaxa, 5394 (1), 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1
- de Geer, C. (1776) Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des insectes. Tome sixieme. De l’imprimerie de Pierre Hesselberg, Stockholm, viii + 522 pp., 30 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14146
- de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M. (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7 (1), 38–67.
- Djadid, N.D., Jazayeri, H., Gholizadeh, S., Pashaeirad, S. & Zakeri, S. (2009) First record of a new member of Anopheles Hyrcanus Group from Iran: molecular identification, diagnosis, phylogeny, status of kdr resistance and Plasmodium infection. Journal of Medical Entomology, 46 (5), 1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0515
- Doosti, S., Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Schaffner, F., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Akbarzadeh, K., Gooya, M.M., Vatandoost, H., Shirzadi, M.R. & Mostafavi, E. (2016) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 45 (8), 1064–1073.
- Dorzaban, H., Soltani, A., Alipour, H., Hatami, J., Jaberhashemi, S.A., Shahriari-Namadi, M., Paksa, A., Safari, R., Talbalaghi, A. & Azizi, K. (2022) Mosquito surveillance and the first record of morphological and molecular-based identification of invasive species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), southern Iran. Experimental Parasitology, 236–237, 108235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108235
- Dow, R.P. (1953) Notes on Iranian mosquitoes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2 (4), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1953.2.683
- Dyar, H.G. (1905) Remarks on genitalic genera in the Culicidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 7 (1), 42–49.
- Edwards, F.W. (1913) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47–51.
- Edwards, F.W. (1915) New and little-known East African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300030303
- Edwards, F.W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300043923
- Edwards, F.W. (1921) A revision of the mosquitoes of the Palaearctic Region. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12 (3), 263–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300040207
- Edwards, F.W. (1926) Una revisione delle zanzare delle regioni paleartiche. Rivista di Malariologia, 5 (3–6), 1–152.
- Evans, A.M. (1936) Two new anopheline mosquitoes from Kenya. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 30 (4), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1936.11684958
- Fabricius, J.C. (1805) Systema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae [Brunswick], 372 + 1 (errata) + 2 (directory of published books), 30 (index + appendix). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15806
- Falleroni, D. (1926) Fauna anofelica italiana e suo “habitat” (paludi, risaie, canali). Metodi di lotta contro la malaria. Revista di Malariologia, 5 (5–6), 553–593.
- Fang, J. (2010) Ecology: A world without mosquitoes. Nature, 466, 432–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/466432a
- Favre, V.V. (1903) An attempt in the study of malaria in Russia. Kharkov Publishers, Moscow, 344 pp.
- Felt, E.P. (1904) Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York State. New York State Museum Bulletin, 79 (323), 241–391, 57 pls., 391a–391f, 393–400. [in Russian]
- Ficalbi, E. (1889a) Notizie preventive sulle zanzare italiane. I. Nota preventiva. Alcune generalità. Descrizione di una specie nuova (Culex hortensis). Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 21, 20–30.
- Ficalbi, E. (1889b) Notizie preventive sulle zanzare italiane. II. Nota preventiva (1). Descrizione di una specie nuova. Zanzara del Richiardi. Culex Richiardii n. sp. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 21, 50–53.
- Ficalbi, E. (1890a) Notizie preventive sulle zanzare italiane. VIIa Nota preventiva (1). Descrizione di una specie nuova. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 22, 81–84.
- Ficalbi, E. (1890b) Notizie preventive sulle zanzare italiane. IV. Nota preventiva (1). Descrizione di una specie nuova. Zanzara di colorito modesto. Culex modestus, n. sp. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana (for 1889), 21, 93–94.
- Garros, C., Harbach, R.E. & Manguin, S. (2005) Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus Groups of Anopheles (Cellia). Journal of Medical Entomology, 42 (4), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522
- Giles, G.M. (1900) A handbook of the gnats or mosquitoes, giving the anatomy and life history of the Culicidae. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd, London, viii + 374 pp., 8 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101828
- Giles, G.M. (1901a) A plea for the collective investigation of Indian Culicidae, with suggestions as to moot points for enquiry, and a prodromus of species known to the author. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13 (4), 592–610, 2 pls.
- Giles, G.M. (1901b) Description of four new species of Anopheles from India. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 37, 196–198.
- Gillies, M.T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1–343.
- Grassi, G.B. (1899) Ancora sulla malaria. Rendiconti delle seduti delle Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Classe de scienze fisiche, matematishche e naturali, 8, 559–561.
- Grassi, G.B. (1900) Studi di uno zoologo sulla marlaria. Memoria del Socio Battista Grassi. Reale Accademia
- dei Lincei. Rendiconti. Classe de scienze fisiche, matematische e naturali, Memoirs, Series 5, 3, 299–516, 5 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.37999
- Grassi, G.B., Bignami, A. & Bastianelli, G. (1899) Resoconto degli stuti fatti sulla malaria durante il mese di gennaio. Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Rendiconti. Memorie della classe de scienze fisiche, matematische e naturali. serie quinta, 8, 101–104.
- Green, C.A. & Miles, S.J. (1980) Chromosomal evidence for sibling species of the malaria vector Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies Giles. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83 (2), 75–78.
- Gutsevich, A.V. (1943) On the mosquitoes of north Iran. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 40 (3), 123–125. [in Russian]
- Gutsevich, A.V., Monchadskii, A.S. & Shtakel’berg, A.A. (1974) Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Diptera. Vol. 3. No. 4. Mosquitoes family Culicidae. Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd, Jerusalem, iii + 408 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46321
- Hackett, L.W. (1934) The present status of our knowledge of the sub-species of Anopheles maculipennis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 28 (2), 109–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(34)90135-8
- Haliday, A.H. (1833) Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomological Magazine, 1, 147–180.
- Harbach, R.E. (1988) The mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 24 (1), i–vi + 1–236.
- Harbach, R.E. (2013) The phylogeny and classification of Anopheles. In: Manguin, S. (Ed.), Anopheles mosquitoes – New insights into malaria vectors. InTech, Rijeka, pp. 3–55. https://doi.org/10.5772/54695
- Harbach, R.E. (2018) Culicipedia: Species-group, genus-group and family-group names in Culicidae (Diptera). CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, xviii + 378 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786399052.0000
- Harbach, R.E. (2024) Composition and nature of the Culicidae (mosquitoes). CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, xvii + 552 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800628014.0000
- Harbach, R.E. (2025) Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818. Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory. Available from: https://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.myspecies.info/simpletaxonomy/term/6045 (accessed 7 May 2025)
- Harbach, R.E. & Knight, K.L. (1980) Taxonomists’ glossary of mosquito anatomy. Plexus Publishing, Marlton, New Jersey, xi + 413 pp.
- Harbach, R.E. & Knight, K.L. (1982) Corrections and additions to Taxonomists’ glossary of mosquito anatomy. Mosquito Systematics, 13 (2), 201–217. [for 1981]
- Harbach, R.E. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2023) The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification. Zootaxa, 5303 (1), 1–184. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1
- Highton, R.B. (1983) Taxonomic keys for the identification of the Afrotropical mosquitoes. Unpublished handbook prepared and revised by R.B. Highton, s.n., s.l., 85 pp.
- Hopkins, G.H.E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. I.―Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp.
- Howard, L.O. (1901) Mosquitoes: how they live; how they carry disease; how they are classified; how they may be destroyed. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York, xv + 241 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.30512
- Huang, Y.-M. (1972) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIV. The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in Southeast Asia. I – The scutellaris group of species. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 9 (1), 1–109.
- Huang, Y.-M. (2004) The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region with keys to the species (Diptera; Culicidae). Zootaxa, 700 (1), 1–120. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.700.1.1
- Iyengar, M.O.T. (1924) On the Indian anophelines of the funestus group and the description of a new species (Diptera, Culicidae). Indian Journal of Medical Research, 12, 23–29, 1 pl.
- James, S.P. (1902) Malaria in India. Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Department of the Government of India. (New Series) No. 2. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 106 pp.
- Kalandadze, L.P. & Kaviladze, O.P. (1947) On the blood-sucking mosquitoes of the western part of the Iran Azerbaijan. Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 16, 57–65. [in Russian]
- Kar, I., Subbarao, S.K., Eapen, A., Ravindran, J., Satyanarayana, T.S., Raghavendra, K., Nanda, N. & Sharma, V.P. (1999) Evidence for a new malaria vector species, species E, within the Anopheles culicifacies complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 36 (5), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.5.595
- Kirkpatrick, T.W. (1925) Preliminary notes on the determination of Egyptian mosquitos [sic], with descriptions of three species new to science. Bulletin de la Société entomologique d’Égypte, 8, 362–391. [for 1924]
- Kirti, J.S. & Kaur, J. (2004) Morphological variations in natural populations of Anopheles (Cellia) pulcherrimus Theobald collected from North-West India. Entomon, 29 (2), 197–201.
- Lahille, F. (1904) Notes sur la classification des moustiques. Actas y Trabajos del Segundo Congreso Medico Latino-Americano, Buenos Aires, 2, 71–96.
- Leicester, G.F. (1908) The Culicidae of Malaya. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States, 3 (3), 18–261.
- Lewis, D.J. (1937) A new species of Anopheles from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B: Taxonomy, 6 (9), 181–183, 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–3113.1937.tb01685.x
- Lewis, D.J. (1945) Observation on the distribution and taxonomy of Culicidae (Diptera) in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95 (1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1945.tb00259.x
- Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1, Editio Decima. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
- Linnaeus, C. (1762) Zweyter Theil, enthalt Beschreibungen verschiedener wichtiger Naturalien. In: Hasselquist, D.F. (Ed.), Reise nach Palastina in den Jahren von 1749 bis 1752. Auf Befehl Ihro Majestat der Königinn von Schweden. Johann Christian Koppe, Rostock, pp. 267–606.
- Liston, W.G. (1901) A year’s experience of the habits of Anopheles in Ellichpur. The description of the species of Anopheles found in Ellichipur during the year. Indian Medical Gazette, 36, 361–366 + 441–443, 1 pl.
- Loew, H. (1873) Beschreibung europäischer Dipteren. Dritter Band. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insecten. Von Johann Wilhelm Meigen. Zehnter Theil oder vierter Supplementband. H. W. Schmidt, Halle, Germany, viii + 320 pp.
- Ludlow, C.S. (1906) An Alaskan mosquito. Canadian Entomologist, 38 (10), 326–328. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent38326-10
- Lynch Arribálzaga, F. (1891) Dipterología Argentina. Revista del Museo de La Plata, 1, 345–377.
- Macquart, J. (1838) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Mémoires de la Société Royale de Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 2, 9–225, 25 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15792
- Macquart, J. (1850) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 4.e Supplément. Mémoires de la Société, de Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, Année 1849, 309–479, 14 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15792
- Marsh, F. (1933) A new species of Anopheles (Myzomyia group) from south-west Persia. Stylops: Journal of Taxonomic Entomology, 2 (9), 193–197, 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1993.tb01000.x
- Martini, E. (1925) Zwei bemerkenswerte Culiciden von einem eigenartigen Biotop. Internationale Revue der gesamte Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 12 (5/6), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19250120503
- Maslov, A.V. (1967) Krovososushchie komarȳ podtribȳ Culisetina (Diptera, Culicidae) mirovoĭ faunȳ [Bloodsucking mosquitoes of the subtribe Culisetina (Diptera, Culicidae) of the world]. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, Vȳp. 93. Académie Impériale des Sciences, Musée Zoologique, St Petersburg, 182 pp., 1 pl.
- Mattingly, P.F. (1952) The sub-genus Stegomyia (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Ethiopian Region. I. A preliminary study of the distribution of species occurring in the West African sub-region with notes on taxonomy and bionomics. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 2 (5), 233–304. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27754
- Mattingly, P.-F. [sic] (1955) Le sous-genre Neoculex (Diptera, Culicidae) [sic] dans la sous-région mediterraneenne [sic]. I.—Espèce, sous-espèce et synonymie nouvelles. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 30 (4), 374–388. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1955304374
- Meigen, J.W. (1804) Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europäischen zweiflugeligen Insekten (Diptera Linn.). Erster Band, ester Abtheilung, mit VIII Kupfertafeln. Karl Reichard, Braunschweig [Brunswick], 314 pp., 15 pls.
- Meigen, J.W. (1818) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Vol. 1. Aachen, xxxvi + 333 pp., 11 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12464
- Meigen, J.W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Vol. 6. Hamm, Germany, iv + 401 pp., 12 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12464
- Minář, J. (1974) Results of Czechoslovak-Iranian entomological expedition to Iran 1970 (With enclosed results of collections made in Anatolia) No. 6: Diptera: Culicidae. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, Supp. 6, 87–89.
- Monchadskii, A.S. (1951) The larvae of bloodsucking mosquitoes of the USSR and adjoining countries (Subfm. Culicinae). Opredeliteli po faune SSSR [Tableaux analytiques de la faune de l’URSS]. Tom 37. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskiĭ Institut, Moskva [Moscow], 290 pp. [in Russian]
- Montchadsky, H. [sic] S. (1926) Larva of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pulchritarsis, Rond., var. stegomyina, Stack. & Montch., nov., from Turkestan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 17 (2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300019180
- Müller, O.F. (1764) Fauna insectorum Fridrichsdalina, sive methodica descriptio insectorum agri Fridrichsdalinensis, cum characteribus genericis et specificis, nominibus trivialibus, locis natalibus, iconibus allegatis, novisque pluribus speciebus additis. Hafniae et Lipsiae, [Copenhagen and Leipzig], xxiv + 96 pp.
- Natvig, L.R. (1948) Contributions to the knowledge of the Danish and Fennoscandian mosquitoes: Culicini. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift Supplement, 1, i–xxiii + 1–567, 12 pls., 1 map.
- Nejati, J., Azari-Hamidian, S., Oshaghi, M.A., Vatandoost, H., White, V.L., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Bueno-Marí, R., Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Endersby-Harshman, N.M., Axford, J.K., Karimian, F., Koosha, M., Choubdar, N. & Hoffmann, A.A. (2024) The monsoon-associated equine South African pointy mosquito ‘Aedes caballus’; the first comprehensive record from southeastern Iran with a description of ecological, morphological, and molecular aspects. PLoS ONE, 19 (5), e0298412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298412
- Nikookar, S.H., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Oshaghi, M.A., Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Vatandoost, H. & Kianinasab, A. (2010) Species composition and diversity of mosquitoes in Neka County, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 4 (2), 26–34.
- Neveu-Lemaire, M. (1902) Classification de la famille des Culicidae. Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France, 15, 195–227.
- Noè, G. (1899) Contribuzione allo studio dei Culicidi. Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 31, 235–262.
- Olivier, G.A. (1791) Encyclopedique [sic] methodique. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Vol. 6. Part 1. Panckoucke, Paris, 368 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82248
- Oshaghi, M.A., Shemshad, Kh., Yaghobi-Ershadi, M.R., Pedram, M., Vatandoost, H., Abaie, M.R., Akbarzadeh, K. & Mohtarami, F. (2007) Genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles superpictus in Iran using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI and COII) and morphologic markers: A new species complex? Acta Tropica, 101, 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.006
- Oshaghi, M.A., Yaghobi-Ershadi, M.R., Shemshad, Kh., Pedram, M. & Amani, H. (2008) The Anopheles superpictus complex: introduction of a new malaria vector complex in Iran. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique, 101 (5), 429–434.
- Paksa, A., Azizi, K., Yousefi, S., Dabaghmanesh, S., Shahabi, S. & Sanei-Dehkordi, A. (2024) First report on the molecular phylogenetics and population genetics of Aedes aegypti in Iran. Parasites & Vectors, 17 (1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06138-3
- Pallas, P.S. (1771) Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. Vol. 1. Kayserliche Academie der Wissenschaften, St Petersburg, [12] + 504 pp., tabs. I–XI + A–L.
- Patton, W.S. (1905) The culicid fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (4), 623–637, 4 pls., 1 map.
- Poiret, J.-L.M. (1787) Mémoire sur quelque insectes de Barbarie. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts, 30 (1), 241–245, 1 pl.
- Reid, J.A. (1953) The Anopheles hyrcanus group in south-east Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 44 (1), 5–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300022938
- Reid, J.A. & Knight, K.L. (1961) Classification within the subgenus Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 55 (4), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1961.11686077
- Reinert, J.F. (2000) Description of Fredwardsius, a new subgenus of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae). European Mosquito Bulletin, 6, 1–7.
- Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. (2006) Phylogeny and classification of Finlaya and allied taxa (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) based on morphological data from all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148 (1), 1–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096–3642.2006.00254.x
- Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.H. & Kitching, I.J. (2009) Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157 (4), 700–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096–3642.2009.00570.x
- Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Capela, R.A. & Pires, C.A. (1980) Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, N.ͦ 135: Os mosquitos de Cabo Verde (Diptera: Culicidae), sistemática, distribuição, bioecologia e importância médica. Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, Liboa, 141 pp., map, 80 figs.
- Rondani, C. (1872) Sulle specie Italiane del genere Culex Lin. Bolotino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 4, 29–31.
- Rueda, L.M. (2007) Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in freshwater. In: Balian, E.V., Lévêque, C., Segers, H. & Martens, K. (Eds.), Freshwater animal diversity assessment. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 198. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_48
- Salem, H.H. (1938) The mosquito fauna of Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) with a description of two new species. Publications of the Egyptian University Faculty of Medicine, 16, 1–31, 16 pls.
- Saliternik, Z. & Theodor, O. (1942) On a new variety of Anopheles turkhudi from Palestine. Journal of the Malaria Institute of India, 4 (4), 429–434.
- Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3 (1), 9–54.
- Schrank, F. von P. (1776) Beytrage zur Naturgeschichte. Fritsch, Leipzig, 137 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36918
- Sedaghat, M.M., Linton, Y.-M., Oshaghu, M.A., Vatandoost, H. & Harbach, R.E. (2003) The Anopheles maculipennis complex in Iran: molecular characterization and recognition of a new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 93 (6), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2003272
- Séguy, E. (1921) Description d’un nouveau Moustique français du groupe de l’Aedes Mariae [sic] et synopsis des espèces de ce groupe. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 1921 (13), 192–195. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1921.26829
- Senevet, G. & Prunnelle, M. (1927) Une nouvelle espèce d’anophèle en Algérie, Anopheles marteri n. sp. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, 5 (4), 529–533.
- Skuse, F.A.A. (1895) The banded mosquito of Bengal. Indian Museum Notes, 3 (5), 20. [for 1894]
- Stephens, J.F. (1828) Note on the foregoing paper, with a description of a new species of Anopheles. Zoological Journal, 3 (12), 502–504.
- Subbarao, S.K., Nanda, N., Vasantha, K., Dua, V.K., Malhotra, M.S., Yadav, R.S. & Sharma, V.P. (1994) Cytogenetic evidence for three sibling species in Anopheles fluviatilis (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87 (1), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/87.1.116
- Stone, A. (1961) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960)
- Suguna, S.G., Rathinam, K.G., Rajavel, A.R. & Dhanda, V. (1994) Morphological and chromosomal descriptions of new species in the Anopheles subpictus complex. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8 (1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2915.1994.tb00392.x
- Sweet, W.C. & Rao, B.A. (1937) Races of A. stephensi Liston, 1901. Indian Medical Gazette, 72 (11), 665–674.
- Theobald, F.V. (1901a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., [viii, pls. I–XXXVII and A–E under separate cover].
- Theobald, F.V. (1901b) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp., 5 pls.
- Theobald, F.V. (1902a) A short description of the Culicidae of India, with descriptions of new species of Anopheles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 69 (456), 367–394, 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1901.0122
- Theobald, F.V. (1902b) The classification of the Anophelina. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5, 181–183.
- Theobald, F.V. (1903) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata), 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58067
- Theobald, F.V. (1904) New Culicidae from the Federated Malay States. Entomologist, 37 (488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 495 & 496), 12–15, 36–39, 77–78, 111–113, 163–165, 211–213 & 236–239. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2880
- Theobald, F.V. (1906) Report on economic entomology. Part I. Second report on the mosquitoes or Culicidae of the Sudan. In: Balfour, A. (director), Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College, Khartum. Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum, pp. 67–83, 3 pls.
- Theobald, F.V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58067
- Theobald, F.V. (1912a) Three new Culicidae from the Transvaal. Entomologist, 45 (586), 92–93. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9917
- Theobald, F.V. (1912b) No. V.—Diptera, Culicidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second Series: Zoology, 15 (1), 81–94, 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00090.x
- Thien, L.B. (1969) Mosquito pollination of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany, 56 (2), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1969.tb07528.x
- van Thiel, P.H. (1927) Sur l’origine des variations de taille de l’Anopheles maculipennis dans les Pays-Bas. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique, 20, 366–390.
- Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57902
- Walker, F. (1856) Insecta Saundersiana: on characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Vol. I. Diptera. John van Voorst, London, 474 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66010
- Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1921) Contributions to the biology of the Danish Culicidae. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling, 8, 7 (1), 1–210, 21 pls.
- Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1828) Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten: als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werkes. Vol. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xxxii + 608 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14603
- Wilkerson, R.C., Linton, Y.-M. & Strickman, D.A. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1308 pp. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04848-6
- Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R., Doosti, S., Schaffner, F., Moosa-Kazemi, S.H., Akbarzadeh, K. & Yaghoobi-Ershadi, N. (2017) Morphological studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika Virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique, 110 (2), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-016-0530-1
- Zaim, M. (1987a) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culicinae. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3 (4), 568–573.
- Zaim, M. (1987b) The mosquito fauna of Kashan, public health importance and control. Desert, Scientific Research, 18, 1–41. [in Persian]
- Zaim, M. & Cranston, P.S. (1986) Checklist and keys to the Culicinae of Iran (Diptera; Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 18 (3,4), 233–245.
- Zaim, M., Manouchehri, A.V. & Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R. (1984) Mosquito fauna of Iran 1–Aedes. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 13 (1–4), 3–10. [in Persian]
- Zaim, M., Manouchehri, A.V. & Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M.R. (1986) Mosquito fauna of Iran 3–Culiseta, Coquillettidia and Uranotaenia. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 15 (1–4), 1–9. [in Persian]