Abstract
The biology and morphology of early larval instars of Entedon costalis Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), are described in detail for the first time. The parasitoid-host association of E. costalis was revealed as a result of selection of candidate host based on combination of assumptions based on biology of related species and field surveys. E. costalis proved to be an egg-larval parasitoid of the weevil Glocianus punctiger (Gyllenhal), which is associated with dandelion (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers). Parasitism rate of G. punctiger by E. costalis was 25% in the model patch which was sampled in May, where infestation of dandelion inflorescence by G. punctiger was 27%. The female of E. costalis lays her egg into the host egg, but the first instar larva hatches within the first instar host. Larvae of G. punctiger start their feeding as internal flower-stalk borers, continue as seed-eaters in flowerheads, and then pupate underground when matured coincident with seed dispersal (generally in the end of May). Parasitized and unparasitized mature larvae of G. punctiger pupate underground, in earthen cells, where the parasitoid larvae finally consume their hosts and pupate 2–3 days thereafter. Adults of E. costalis emerge the following spring (about mid April), as dandelions being flowering. The morphology of immature stages and behaviour of adults is described. Various peculiarities of parasitoidhost relationships superparasitism, siblicide, host immune response are described and discussed. DNA sequences of the nuclear 28S D2 rDNA gene were obtained for E. costalis.References
Abedin, J. & Quayum, M.A. (1972) Some studies on the Entedon sp. (Eulophidae: Chalcidoidea), an important parasite of the jute weevil, Apion corchori Marsh. Pakistan Journal of Science, Lahore, 23, 135–138.
Askew, R.R. (1991) Review of species of Entedon Dalman having a complete frontal fork with redefinition of the species-group cioni Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22, 219–229..
Askew, R.R., Blasco-Zumeta, J. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2001) Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea (Hymenoptera) of a Juniperus thurifera L. forest of Los Monegros region, Zaragosa. Monografias Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 4, 76 pp.
Ashmead, W.H. (1904) Classification of Chalcid flies of the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Memmoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 1(4), 225–551.
Beaver, R.A. (1966) The biology and immature stages of Entedon leucogramma (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasite of bark beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (A), 41, 37–41.
Bouček, Z. & Askew, R.R. (1968) Palaearctic Eulophidae sine Tetrastichinae. (In Delucchi, V. and Remaudiére, G., eds). Index of Entomophagous Insects, 3, Paris, 260 pp.
Bouček, Z. (1977) A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica (Supplement), 13, 1–145.
Campbell, B.C., Steffen-Campbell, J.D., Werren, J.H. (1993) Phylogeny of the Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology, 2, 225–237.
Cruz, Y.P. (1981) A sterile defender morph in a polyembryonic hymenopterous parasite. Nature, 294, 446–447.
Curtis, J. (1829) A guide to an arrangement of British Insects; being a catalogue of all the named species hitherto discovered in Great Britain and Ireland. London, 256 p.
Dalman, J.W. (1820) Försök till Uppställning af Insect-familjen Pteromalini, i synnerhet med afseen de på de i Sverige funne Arter. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 41(1), 123–174, 177–182.
Dalla Torre, K.W. von (1898) Catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptiorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. V: Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae. Sumptibus Guilelmi Engelmann, Leipzig. 598 pp.
Darling, D.C. (1995) New species of Krombeinius (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perliampidae) from Indonesia, and the first description of first-instar larva for the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 69, 209–229.
Erdös, J. (1944) Species hungaricae generis Entedon Dalm. Studium zoo-sytematicum cum redescriptionibus et descriptionibus specierum, Kalocsa, 64 pp.
Erdös, J. (1956) Additamenta ad cognitionem faunae Chalcidoidarum in Hungaria et regionibus finitmis. VI. 19. Eulophidae. Folia Entomologica Hungarica (series nova), 9, 33
Ferrière, C. (1939) Chalcid flies attacking noxious beetles in India and New Guinea. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 30, 163–168.
Fisher, J.P. (1970) The biology and taxonomy of some chalcidoid parasites (Hymenoptera) of stem-living larvae of Apion (Col., Curculionidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 122, 293–322.
Förster, A. (1841) Beiträge zur Monographie der Pteromalinen Nees, Aachen, 1 Heft, 46 S.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. (1963) Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 15(9), 167–275.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. (1971) Revision of British Entedon (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123(3), 313–358.
Grbic, M., Ode, P.J., Strand, M.R. (1992) Sibling rivalry and brood sex ratios in polyembryonic wasps. Nature, 360, 254–256.
Gumovsky, A. V. (1996) Species of the genus Entedon (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) associated with Cionus weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Ukraine. Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society , 2(2), 43–52.
Gumovsky, A.V. (1997) Review of Cionus weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with notes on their chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 3: 49–72.
Gumovsky, A. (1999) Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 5. Revision of the cyanellus species group. Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici, 91, 141–176.
Gumovsky, A. & Boyadzhiev, P. (2003) Review of the Bulgarian Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae). Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 55(3), 3–32.
Gumovsky, A. (2006) The biology and morphology of Entedon sylvestris (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Ceutorhynchus sisymbrii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 15(2), 232–250.
Gumovsky, A. (2007) A taxonomic revision, biology and morphology of immature stages of the Entedon sparetus species group (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), egg-larval endoparasitoids of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97(2), 139–166.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hansson, C. (1991) A catalogue of Chalcidoidea described by C.G. Thomson, with a checklist of Swedish species. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 38, 1–70.
Harry, M., Solignac, M., Lachaise, D. (1996) Adaptive radiation in the Afrotropical region of the Paleotropical genus Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) on the pantropical genus Ficus (Moraceae). Journal of Biogeography, 23, 543–552.
Hinz, H.L. & Müller-Scharer, H. (2000) Suitability of two root-mining weevils for the biological control of scentless chamomile, Tripleurospermum perforatum, with special regard to potential non-target effects. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90(6), 497–508.
Honěk, A., Martinková, Z., Hůrka, K. & Štys, P. (2005) Insect community in maturing capitula of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Biologia - section Zoology, 60 (5), 559–565.
Honěk, A. & Martinková, Z. (2005) Pre-dispersal predation of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seed. Journal of Ecology, 93, 335–344.
Jackson, D.J.(1964) Observations on the life-history of Mestocharis bimacularis (Dalman) (Hym. Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae. Opuscula Entomologica, Lund, 29, 81–97.
Kalina, V. (1989) Checklist of Czechoslovak Insects. III (Hymenoptera). Chalcidoidea. Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 19, 97–127.
Kuhlmann, U. & Mason, P.G. (2003) Use of field host range surveys for selecting candidate non-target species for physiological host specificity testing of entomophagous biological control agents. pp. 370 –377. In R. G. Van Driesche, ed. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods (Honolulu, Hawaii, 14–18 January 2003). USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown,West Virginia, U.S.A., 573 pp.
McAvoy, T.J., Kok, L.T.& Trumble, J.T. (1983) Biological studies of Ceutorhynchus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on dandelion in Virginia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76, 671–674.
Nees ab Esenbeck, C.G. (1834) Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium, Monographiae, genera Europaea et species illustrantes, Vol. 2, Stuttgart und Tübingen, 448 pp.
Noyes, J.S. (2003) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Avaibale from: www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html [accessed 18 December 2003].
Parker, H.L. (1924) Recherches sur les formes postembryonaires de chalcidiens. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 93, 261–379.
Parker, H.L. & Thompson, W.R. (1925) Notes on the larvae of the Chalcidoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 18, 384–395.
Peck, O. (1963) A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta; Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist (Supplement), 30, 1092 pp.
Radde, G. (1974) Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung von. Rüselkäfern (1). Entomologische Nachrichten, 18, 44–47.
Rasplus, J.-Y. (1990) Nouvelles espèces afrotropicales du genre Entedon Dalman et notes sur leur biologie. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 94: 223–245.
Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropäischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Ökologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 506, 335 pp.
Trjapitzin, V.A. (1978) Hymenoptera II. Chalcidoidea 13. Eulophidae (excl. Tetrastichinae). Opredeliteli Nasekomykh Evropeyskoy Chasti SSR, 3, 381–430.
Uka, D., Hiraoka, T., Iwabuchi, K. (2006) Physiological suppression of the larval parasitoid Glyptapanteles pallipes by the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52, 1137–1142.
Vidal, S. (2001) Entomofauna Germanica. (In Dathe, H.H., Täger, A. & Blank, S.M.) Verzeichnis der Hautflügler Deutschalnds. Chalcidoidea. Band 4. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte Beiheft, 7, p. 51–69.
Vinson, S.B. & Hegazi, E.M. (1998) A possible mechanism for the physiological suppression of conspecific eggs and larvae following superparasitism by solitary endoparasitoids. Journal of Insect Physiology, 44, 703–712
Yefremova, Z.A. (2002) Catalogue of the Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Russia. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 34(1), 563–618.
Westwood, J.O. (1837) Descriptions of two new genera belonging to the family Chalcididae. Entomological Magazine, 4, 435–438.