Abstract
Twenty-five species of the genus Limnephilus are known from Mongolia, with one species endemic to the country, Lake Hovsgol. Here, a new species, Limnephilus altaicus is described from both sexes, originating from the western part of the Mongolian Altai Mountains. The male genitalia of L. altaicus sp. nov. are characterized by superior appendages that are narrow basally and acute apically in dorsal view with long setae subapicodorsally and by the phallus and parameres that are short, thick, and upturned, each paramere with spines apically. The female genitalia of L. altaicus sp. nov. are distinguished by a concolorous segment X and tergum X being approximately as long as appendages of segment X. The distinctiveness of this species is supported by phylogenetic evidence derived from both molecular and morphological analyses.
References
- Banks, N. (1914) American Trichoptera - notes and descriptions. Canadian Entomologist, 46 (5), 149–156, 201–204, 252–258, 261–268. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent46149-5
- Banks, N. (1920) New neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 64 (3), 297–362. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28705
- Blahnik, R.J. & Holzenthal, R.W. (2004) Collection and curation of Trichoptera, with an emphasis on pinned material. Nectopsyche, Neotropical Trichoptera Newsletter, 1, 8–20.
- Blahnik, R.J., Holzenthal, R.W. & Prather, A.L. (2007) The lactic acid method for clearing Trichoptera genitalia. In: Bueno-Soria, J., Barba-Álvarez, R. & Armitage, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera, México, 18 to 22 June, 2006. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 9–14.
- Chuluunbat, S., Boldgiv, B. & Morse, J.C. (2022) Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Mongolia: An updated checklist with faunistic and biogeographical notes. Zookeys, 1111 (9), 245–265. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1111.76239
- Curtis, J. (1834) Description of some hitherto nondescript British species of mayflies of anglers. The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 3 (4), 120–125, 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443408648304
- Denning, D.G. (1968) New and interesting North American Trichoptera. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 44 (1), 17–26.
- Fischer, F.C.J. (1968) Trichopterorum Catalogus, Vol. IX, Limnephilidae Pars 2. Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, Amsterdam, 363 pp.
- Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
- Ivanov, V.D. (2011) Caddisflies of Russia: Fauna and biodiversity. Zoosymposia, 5 (1), 171–209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.5.1.15
- Kolenati, F.A. (1848) Genera et species Trichopterorum, Pars prior. Acta Regiae Bohemoslovenicae Societatis Scientiarum, Prague, 6, 1–108. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.130921
- Leach, W.E. (1815) Entomology. In: Brewster, D. (Ed.), The Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 1st Edition, 9 (1), 52–172, pls. CCLIII–CCCLV.
- Martynov, A.V. (1909) Die Trichopteren des Kaukasus. Zoologisches Jahrbuch Systematik, 27, 509–558.
- Nimmo, A.P. (1971) The adult Rhyacophilidae and Limnephilidae (Trichoptera) of Alberta and eastern British Columbia and their post-glacial origin. Quaestiones Entomologicae. 7, 3–234.
- Nimmo, A.P. (1977) The adult Trichoptera (Insecta) of Alberta and Eastern British Columbia, and their post-glacial origins. I. The families Rhyacophilidae and Limnephilidae. Supplement 1. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 13, 25–67.
- Nimmo, A.P. (1991) Seven new species of Limnephilus from western North America with description of female of L. pallens (Banks) (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae, Limnephilinae, Limnephilini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93 (2), 499–508.
- Nixon, K.C. (1999) ASADO ver. 1.61 TNT-MRBayES SLAVER (vl 5.30). Published by the author, Ithaca, New York.
- Oláh, J., Andersen, T., Beshkov, S., Bilalli, A., Coppa, G., Ibrahimi, H., Johanson, K.A., Kovacs, T., Mey, W., Musliu, M., Olah, J., Jr. & Ruiz-Garcia, A. (2019) Lineage sorting by parameres in Limnephilinae subfamily (Trichoptera): with description of a new tribe, new genera and new species. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 50 (Supplement 1), 3–98. https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2019.S1.3
- Rambaut, A. (2018) FigTree version 1.4.4. Tree Figure Drawing Tool. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. Available from: https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 1 October 2025)
- Rawlinson, K.C. (2021) Phylogenetic Relationships of Genera in the Caddisfly Family Limnephilidae Using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment-based Phylogenomic Analysis (Insecta: Trichoptera). Master of Science thesis, Department of Plant and Wildlife Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 34 pp.
- Ross, H.H. (1941) New species of Trichoptera from Canada and northern United States. Canadian Entomologist, 73, 15–19. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent7315-1
- Ruiter, D.E. (1995) The genus Limnephilus Leach (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) of the New World. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, 11 (1), 200 pp.
- Schmid, F. (1955) Contribution a l’etude des Limnophilidae (Trichoptera). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 28 (Supplement), 1–245.
- Schmid, F. (1958) Trichoptères du Pakistan. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 101 (3–4), 181–221.
- Schmid, F. (1961) Trichoptères du Pakistan, 4me parti (fin). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 104 (9), 187–230.
- Schmid, F. (1998) Genera of the Trichoptera of Canada and Adjoining or Adjacent United States. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 319 pp.
- Smirnova, D., Kushnikova, L., Evseeva, A., Grishaeva, O., Kraynyuk, V., Pilin, D., Sklyarova, O., Epova, J., Baymukanova, Zh. & Timirkhanov, S. (2016) The Trichoptera of Kazakhstan: A review. Zoosymposia, 10 (1), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.10.1.36
- Smirnova, D., Sklyatova, O., Salokannel, J., Ivanov, V. & Melnitsky, S. (2024) New records of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) fauna in Kazakhstan. Contribution to Entomology, 74 (1) 37-41. https://doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.74.e110337
- Hall, T. (2001–2021) I-Edit Sequence Alignment Editor. BioEdit version 5.0.9. Available from: https://thalljiscience.github.io/ (accessed 15 September 2025)
- Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. (2024) MEGA version 10.2.2. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis. Available from: https://megasoftware.net/citations (accessed 1 October 2025)
- Vshivkova, T.S., Morse, J.C. & Ruiter, D.E. (2007) Phylogeny of Limnephilidae and composition of the genus Limnephilus (Limnephilidae: Limnephilinae, Limnephilini). In: Bueno-Soria, J., Barba-Alvarez, R. & Armitage, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium on Trichoptera, June 18–22, 2006. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 309–319.
- Walker, F. (1852) Cataloque of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part I: Phryganides-Perlides. British Museum, London, 192 pp.
- Zang, H., Ge, X., Peng, L., Sun, C.-H. & Wang, B. (2022) A new species of Limnephilus (Insecta: Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) from China, with revision of the genus Limnephilus on the Chinese Mainland. Insects, 13, 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13070653
- Zetterstedt, J.W. (1840) Fauna Insectorum Lapponica. Vol. 5. Schulzianis, Leipzig, 1140 pp. [Trichoptera pp. 1060–1074] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8242
