Abstract
A new species, Casinaria qinghaia Li, sp. nov., is described and illustrated. It was reared from the larvae of Aporia hippia (Bremer, 1861) (Pieridae) in Qinghai Province, P.R. China. Through Illumina sequencing technology, we have sequenced and annotated the mitochondrial genome of C. qinghaia, serving as the molecular marker for the species. The mitochondrial gene characteristics, including base composition and codon usage bias, were investigated. Morphological evidence, augmented by mitochondrial genome, provides a robust framework for establishing the species identity of C. qinghaia.
References
- Broad, G.R., Shaw, M.R. & Fitton, M.G. (2018) Ichneumonid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their Classification and Biology. Royal Entomological Society and the Field Studies Council, Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 7 (12), 1–418. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800625471.0000
- Cameron, P. (1906) Descriptions of new species of parasitic Hymenoptera chiefly in the collection of the South African Museum, Cape Town. Annals of the South African Museum, 5, 17–186.
- Carlson, R.W. (1979) Family Ichneumonidae. Stephanidae. In: Krombein, K.V., Hurd, Jr. P.D., Smith, D.R. & Burks, B.D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 315–741.
- Chao, H.-F. (1976) An outline of the classification of the Ichneumon-flies of China (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Scientific Publisher, Beijing, 413 pp. [in Chinese]
- Chiu, S.-C., Chou, L.-Y. & Chou, K.-C. (1984) A check list of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) of Taiwan. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special Publication, 15, 1–67.
- Fullaway, D.T. (1957) A checklist of Hymenoptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 16, 269–280.
- Greiner, S., Lehwark, P. & Bock, R. (2019) OrganellarGenomeDRAW (OGDRAW) version 1.3.1: Expanded toolkit for the graphical visualization of organellar genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 47 (W1), W59–W64. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz238
- Gupta, V.K. & Maheshwary, S. (1977) Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part IV. The tribe Porizontini (=Campoplegini) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Oriental Insects Monograph, 5, 1–267.
- Han, Y.-Y., van Achterberg, K. & Chen, X.-X. (2021) The genus Casinaria Holmgren, 1859 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) from China. Zootaxa, 4974 (3), 504–536. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.3.3
- He, J.-H. (1984) A checklist of Ichneumon-flies parasitic on rice pests from China (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis, 10 (1), 77–110. [in Chinese with English summary]
- He, J.-H., Chen, X.-X. & Ma, Y. (1996) Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae. Economic Insect Fauna of China. Science Press, Beijing, 697 pp. [in Chinese]
- Jerman, E.J. & Gauld, I. (1988) Casinaria, a paraphyletic ichneumonid genus (Hymenoptera), and a revision of the Australian species. Journal of Natural History, 22 (3), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770401
- Jin, J.-J., Yu, W.-B., Yang, J.-B., Song, Y., dePamphilis, C.W., Yi, T.-S. & Li, D.-Z. (2020) GetOrganelle: A fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biology, 21 (1), 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5
- Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14 (6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
- Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30 (4), 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
- Kusigemati, K. (1980) Two Ichneumonid parasites of Diaphania indica Saunders, with description of a new species. Akitu, 32, 7–8.
- Kusigemati, K. (1985) Records of eight species of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) from Fiji and Solomon Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Kagoshima University Research Center for the South Pacific, Occasional Papers, 5, 65–73.
- Lee, B.D. (2018) Python Implementation of Codon Adaptation Index. Journal of Open Source Software, 3 (30), 905. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00905
- Meng, G., Li, Y., Yang, C. & Liu, S. (2019) MitoZ: A toolkit for animal mitochondrial genome assembly, annotation and visualization. Nucleic Acids Research, 47 (11), e63. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz173
- Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37 (5), 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
- Momoi, S. (1970) Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) of the Ryukyu Archipelago. Pacific Insects, 12 (2), 327–399.
- Quicke, D.L.J. (2015) The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 681 pp., 63 pls. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118907085
- Riedel, M. (2018) Revision of the Western Palaearctic species of the genus Casinaria Holmgren (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae). Linzer biologische Beiträge, 50 (1), 687–716.
- Riedel, M. (2022) New records of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Norway, with descriptions of three new species. Norwegian Journal of Entomology, 69 (2), 207–221.
- Riedel, M., Penigot, W., Schwarz, M., Diller, E., Johansson, N. & Japoshvili, G. (2023) Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species. Linzer biologische Beiträge, 55 (1), 61–153.
- Rodríguez-Berrío, A., Bordera, S. & Sääksjärvi, I.E. (2009) Checklist of Peruvian Ichneumonidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2303 (1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2303.1.1
- Sheng, M.-L. & Sun, S.-P. (2014) Ichneumonid Fauna of Liaoning. Science Press, Beijing, 464 pp. [in Chinese with English abstract]
- Sonan, J. (1939) Descriptions of three new species of Ichneumonidae from Formosa (Hymenoptera). The Zoological Magazine, 51 (7), 428–431. [in Japanese with English abstract]
- Steenwyk, J.L., Iii, T.J.B., Li, Y., Shen, X.-X. & Rokas, A. (2020) ClipKIT: A multiple sequence alignment trimming software for accurate phylogenomic inference. PLOS Biology, 18 (12), e3001007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001007
- Townes, H.K. & Townes, M. (1966) A catalogue and reclassification of the Neotropic Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 8, 1–367.
- Townes, H.K. (1970) The genera of Ichneumonidae. Part 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 13 (1969), 1–307.
- Townes, H.K., Townes, M. & Gupta, V.K. (1961) A catalogue and reclassification of the Indo-Australian Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 1, 1–522.
- Uchida, T. (1942) Ichneumoniden Mandschukuos aus dem entomologischen Museum der kaiserlichen Hokkaido Universitaet. Insecta Matsumurana, 16, 107–146.
- Vas, Z. & Di Giovanni F. (2020) New species and records of Afrotropical Campopleginae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 81, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.17112/FoliaEntHung.2020.81.105
- Vas, Z. & Di Giovanni F. (2021) New species and records of Afrotropical Campopleginae II. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 82, 7–22. https://doi.org/10.17112/FoliaEntHung.2021.82.7
- Vas, Z. (2019a) Contributions to the taxonomy, identification, and biogeography of Casinaria Holmgren and Venturia Schrottky (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae). Zootaxa, 4664 (3), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.3
- Vas, Z. (2019b) New species and new records of Ichneumon wasps from the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea Regions (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 65 (1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.17109/AZH.65.1.19.2019
- Vas, Z. (2020) New species and records of Afrotropical, Australasian, Oriental and Palaearctic Casinaria Holmgren, 1859 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 51 (2), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2020.2.133
- Vas, Z. (2021) New species and records of Afrotropical Campopleginae III. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 82, 23–42. https://doi.org/10.17112/FoliaEntHung.2021.82.23
- Walley, G.S. (1947) The genus Casinaria Holmgren in America north of Mexico (Hymen., Ichneumonidae). Scientific Agriculture, 27, 364–395.
- Ward, D.F. (2026) New species of Casinaria and a key to the genera of Campopleginae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in New Zealand. Zootaxa, 5782 (3), 469–489. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5782.3.3
- Yu, D.S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2016) Taxapad 2016. Ichneumonoidea 2015. Nepean, Ontario. [database on flash-drive]
