Abstract
The muscid genus Ophyra has long been the subject of debate over its placement within the family. However, a phylogenetic study has never been conducted that would clarify its systematic position. In the present paper, phylogenetic relationships are examined between Ophyra albuquerquei and related muscid genera. The mitochondrial genes Cytochrome Oxidase I and II and tRNA-Leu were used combined with the nuclear genes CAD and Elongation Factor 1 to compose a matrix with 2989 characters (716 parsimonyinformative). These characters were analyzed under parsimony resulting in a single most parsimonious tree. Contrary to some recent classifications, our molecular data suggest the placement of Ophyra albuquerquei within the Muscinae in a separate position from the azeliine genus Hydrotaea.References
Albuquerque, D.O. (1958) Sôbre Ophyra R.-D., 1830 na América do Sul, com descrição de uma espécie nova (Diptera-Muscidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional. Nova série Zoologia, 181, 1–13.
Aldrich, J.M. (1928) New Diptera or two-winged flies from South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 74(art.1), 1–25.
Baker, R.H. & DeSalle, R. (1997) Multiple sources of character information and the phylogeny of Hawaiian drosophilids. Systematic Biology, 46, 654–673.
Bremer, K. (1984) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics, 10, 295–304.
Bremer, K. (1988) The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42, 795–803.
Brown, J.M., Pellmyr, O., Thompson, J.N. & Harrison, R.G. (1994) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Proxidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea) indicates rapid ecological diversification of Yucca Moths. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 795–809.
Carvalho, C.J.B. de (1989) Classificação de Muscidae (Diptera): uma proposta através da análise cladística. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 6, 627–648.
Carvalho, C.J.B. de & Couri, M.S. (2002) Part I. Basal groups. In: Carvalho, C.J.B. de (Ed.), Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region, Editora Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, pp.17–132.
Carvalho, C.J.B. de; Couri, M.S.; Pont, A.C.; Pamplona, D. & Lopes, S.M. (1993) Part II. Muscidae. In: Carvalho, C.J.B. de (Ed.), A catalogue of the Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region, Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, São Paulo, pp. 1–201.
Caterino, M.S., Cho, S. & Sperling, F.A.H. (2000) The Current State Of Insect Molecular Systematics: A Thriving Tower of Babel. Annual Review of Entomology, 45: 1–54.
Cho, S., Mitchel, A., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Poole, R.W., Friedlander, T.P. & Zhao, S. (1995) A highly conserved nuclear gene for low-level phylogenetics: elongation factor-1a recovers morphology-based tree for heliotine moths. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 650–656.
Collins, K.P. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera: Brachycera) based on 28s rDNA and EF1-a sequences. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 421–444.
Couri, M.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (1997) Revision of Polietina Schnabl & Dziedzicki (Diptera, Muscidae) and considerations on its new systematic position. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 14, 225–281.
Dolphin, K., Belshaw, R., Ormer, C.D.L., & Quicke, D. (2000) Noise and incongruence: interpreting results of the incongruence length difference test. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 401–406.
Emden, F.I. van (1943) Keys to the Muscidae of the Ethiopian Region: Phaonia-group. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 62, 73–101.
Farris, J.S. (1969) A successive approximations approach to character weighting. Systematic Zoology, 18, 374–385.
Farris, J.S., Källersjö, M., Kluge, A.G., & Bult, C. (1994) Testing significance of incongruence. Cladistics, 10, 315–320.
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.
Hecker, K.H. & Roux, K.H. (1996) High and low annealing temperatures increase both specificity and yield in “Touchdown” and “StepDown” PCR. BioTechniques, 20, 478–485.
Hennig, W. (1965) Vorarbeiten zu einem phylogenetischen System der Muscidae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 141, 1–100.
Johnson, L.A. & Soltis, D.E. (1998) Assessing congruence: empirical examples from molecular data. In: Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., & Doyle, J.J. (Eds.), Molecular systematics of plants. Vol. II. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 297–343.
Kawasaki, E.S. (1990) Amplification of RNA. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., White, T.J., PCR protocols. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 21–27.
Kluge, A.G. (1989) A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology, 38, 1–25.
Kluge, A.G. & Wolf, A.J. (1993) Cladistics: what’s in a word? Cladistics, 9, 183–199.
Macquart, J. (1835) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Diptères. Paris. 1–703.
Malloch, J.R. (1923) Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera). IX Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (9) 11, 664–675.
Meier, R. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2002) A phylogenetic analysis of Coelopidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25, 393–407.
Moulton, J.K. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2004) Evolution and phylogenetic utility of CAD (rudimentary) among Mesozoic-aged Eremoneuran Diptera (Insecta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 363–378.
Pamplona, D.M. & Couri, M.S. (1989) Revisão das espécies neotropicais de Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera, Muscidae, Azeliinae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, Suppl. 4, 419–429.
Pinto, C. & Fonseca, F. da (1930) Novo genero e nova especie de mosca hematophaga da sub-familia Stomoxydinae, hospedadora intermediaria da Dermatobia hominis. Revista medico-cirúrgica do Brasil, 38, 241–247.
Pont, A.C. (1972) Family Muscidae. In: A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 97, 111 pp.
Pont, A.C. (1973) Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV. A revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, supplementary series. 21, 129–296.
Pont, A.C. (1977) Family Muscidae. In: Delfinado, M.D. and Hardy, D.E. (Eds.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. III. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza). The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 834 pp.
Pont, A.C. (1980) Family Muscidae. In: Crosskey, R.W. (Ed.), Catalogue of Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, 1437 pp.
Pont, A.C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Sóos, A.S. and Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 311 pp.
Pont, A.C. (1989) Family Muscidae. In: Evenhuis, N. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of Australasia and Oceania Regions. Special Publications of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 86, 1155 pp.
Robineau-Desvoidy, A.J.B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Mémoires présentés par divers Savamts à l’Académie des Sciences de l’Institut de France, 2: 813 pp.
Séguy, E. (1923) Diptères Anthomyidae. In: Faune de France. Les Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 6, 393 pp.
Séguy, E. (1937) Diptera, Family Muscidae. In: Wytsman, P., Genera Insectorum. Bruxelles, fasc. 205, 604 pp.
Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., & Flook, P. (1994) Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 651–701.
Skidmore, P. (1985) The biology of the Muscidae of the world. Series Entomologica, 29, 1–550.
Smith, S.W., Overbeek, R., Woese, C.R., Gilbert, W. & Gillevet, P.M., (1994) The genetic data environment and expandable GUI for multiple sequence analysis. Computer Applications Biosciences, 10, 671–675.
Sorenson, M.D. (1999) TreeRot, version 2. Boston University, Boston, MA.
Swofford, D.L., (2001) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Vockeroth, J.R. (1996) Key to genera of Muscidae (Diptera) of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 280–288.
Wulp, F.M. van der (1896) Group Anthomyinae. [Part] In: Godman, F.D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia-Insecta-Diptera. London, 2 (part 131), pp. 313–320.