Abstract
A field survey of sternorrhynchous Hemiptera in Belize, principally conducted within the Chiquibul Forest Reserve, has revealed in excess of 180 species of whiteflies, over 40 of which belong to the subfamily Aleurodicinae. Provided here are a key to all the neotropical genera of Aleurodicinae, an illustrated account of all definable Belize species of Aleurodicinae, and a review of literature that is relevant to systematic studies of New World species in both whitefly subfamilies. Four appendices provide a check list of Belize members of the Aleurodicinae, a list of their known host plants in Belize, a list of nomenclatural changes proposed by this work, and a protocol for the field collection and subsequent laboratory preparation of whitefly specimens. As detailed in Appendix 3, this account proposes one revised subfamilial placement, three new generic synonymies, six new specific synonymies and 12 new combinations; 18 new species are here described.References
Arnal, E., Russell, L.M., Debrot, E., Ramos, F., Cermeli, M., Marcano, R. & Montagne, A. (1993) Lista de moscas blancas (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y sus plantas hospederas en Venezuela. Florida Entomologist, 76, 365–381.
Arnal, E. & Ramos, F. (2000) Incorporación de registros de interès a la lista de moscas blancas (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) de Venezuela. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 15, 97–107.
Back, E.A. (1912) Notes on Cuban whiteflies with descriptions of two species. Canadian Entomologist, 44, 145–153.
Baker, A.C. (1923) An undescribed orange pest from Honduras. Journal of Agricultural Research, 25, 253–254.
Baker, A.C. & Moles, M.L. (1921) The Aleyrodidae of South America, with descriptions of four new Chilean species. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 25, 609–648.
Baker, J.M. (1937) Notes on some Mexican Aleyrodidae. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad de México, 8, 599–629.
Balick, M.J., Nee, M.H. & Atha, D.E. (2000) Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gardens, volume 85. Botanic Gardens Press, New York, 278 pp.
Beardsley, J.W. (1970) Notes and exhibitions. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society, 20, 482.
Bemis, F.E. (1904) The aleyrodids or mealy-winged flies of California with reference to other American species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 27, 471–537.
Bondar, G. (1922) Insectos damninhos e molestias do coqueiro. no Brazil, Bahia, 113 pp.
Bondar, G. (1923a) Aleyrodideos do Brazil. Official State Publisher, Bahia, 182 pp.
Bondar, G. (1923b) Uma nova praga do cafeeiro. Correio Agricola, 1, 263–266.
Bondar, G. (1928) Aleyrodideos do Brazil. (2a contribuiçao). Boletim do Laboratorio de Pathologia Vegetal do Estado da Bahia, 5, 1–37.
Bondar, G. (1931) Uma nova praga das laranjeiras. O Campo, 2, 24.
Caballero, Rafael De J. (1992) Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Central America and Colombia, including slide-mounted [puparia] and field keys for identification, field characteristics, hosts, distribution, natural enemies and economic importance. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan.
Caballero, Rafael De J. (1994) Clave de campo para inmaduros de moscas blancas de Centroamerica (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, El Zamorano, Honduras, fold-out sheet.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1896) A Mexican Aleurodicus. Canadian Entomologist, 28, 302.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1898) Three new Aleurodidae from Mexico. Psyche, Cambridge, 8, 225–226.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1902) The classification of the Aleyrodidae. Proceedings on the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 54, 279–283.
Costa Lima, A. Da (1928) Contribuiçao as estudio dos aleyrodideos da subfamilia Aleurodicinae. Supplemento as Memorias. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, 4, 128–140.
Costa Lima, A.Da (1936) Terceiro catálogo dos insectos que vivem nas plantas do Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, 460 pp.
Costa Lima, A. Da (1942) Sôbre Aleirodideos do gênero "Aleurothrixus" (Homoptera). Revista Brazileira de Biologia, 2, 419–426.
Curtis, J. (as "Ruricola") (1846) Aleyrodes cocois (the cocoa-nut Aleyrodes). Gardenerís Chronicle 1846, 284–285.
Douglas, J.W. (1892) Footnote to p.32 in Morgan, A.C.F. A new genus and species of Aleurodidae. Entomologists Monthly Magazine’, 28, 29–33.
Dozier, H.L. (1927) An undescribed white fly attacking citrus in Porto Rico. Journal of Agricultural Research, 34, 853–855.
Dozier, H.L. (1936) In: Wolcott, G.N. Insectae Borinquenses. A revised annotated check list of the insects of Puerto Rico. Journal of the Agricultural University of Puerto Rico, 20, 143–146.
Drews, E.A. & Sampson, W.W. (1958) California aleyrodids of the genus Aleuropleurocelus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 120–125.
Eastop, V.F. (1998) Why do aphids do that? In: Nieto Nafria, J.M. & Dixon, A.F.G. (Eds) Aphids in Natural and Managed Ecosystems. Universidad de León, León, pp. 37–47.
Enderlein, G. (1909) Udamoselis, eine neue Aleurodiden-Gattung. Zoologischer Anzeiger 34, 230–233.
Gill, R.J. (1990) The morphology of whiteflies. In: Gerling, D. (Ed.) Whiteflies, Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management. Intercept, Andover, pp. 13–46.
Gill, R.J. (undated) Scale and whitefly key #2, Color-photo and host keys to California whiteflies. State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, fold-out sheet.
Goeldi, E.A. (1886) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der kleinen und kleinsten Gliederthierwelt Braziliens. II Neue Brazilianische Aleurodes-Arten. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 7, 241–250.
Hamon, A. (1989) Metaleurodicus cardini in Florida (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleurodicinae). Entomology circular #316, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, 2pp.
Hempel, A. (1922a) Algumas especies novas de Hemipteros da familia Aleyrodidae. Notas Preliminares editadas pela redacção da Museu Paulista, 2, 3–10.
Hempel, A. (1922b) Hemipteros novos ou pouco conhecidos da familia Aleyrodidae. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 1121–1191. [English translation pp. 1158–1191.]
Hernández-Suarez, E., Carnero, A., Hernández, M., Beitia, F. & Alonso, C. (1997) Lecanoideus floccissimus (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae): nueva plaga en las Islas Canarias. Phytoma España, 91, 35–48.
Hilje, L. & Arboleda, O. (1993) Las moscas blancas (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) en America Central y el Caribe. CATIE Serie Técnica, Informe Técnico, 205, 1–66.
Iaccarino, F.M. (1990) Descrizione di Paraleyrodes minei n. sp. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), nuovo aleirodide degli agrumi, in Siria. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria “Filippo Silvestri” 46, 131–149.
Laing, F. (1930) Description of a new species of Aleyrodidae (Rhynch.). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 91, 219–221.
Leonardi, G. (1910) Due nuove specie di Aleurodicus Douglas. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore díAgricoltura. Portici, 4, 316–322.
Maes, Jean-Michel & Mound, Laurence (1993) Catalogo de los Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 25, 37–49.
Martin, J.H. (1987) An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Tropical Pest Management, 33, 298–322.
Martin, J.H. (1990) The whitefly pest species Aleurodicus dispersus and its rapid extension of range across the Pacific and South East Asia. Newsletter, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 14, 36.
Martin, J.H. (1996) Neotropical whiteflies of the subfamily Aleurodicinae established in the western Palaearctic (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Natural History, 30, 1849–1859.
Martin, J.H. (1999) The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae), a taxonomic account and identification guide. Technical Paper, CSIRO Entomology, 38, 1–197.
Martin, J.H. (2001) Description of an invasive new species of Neotropical aleurodicine whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) - a case of complete or partial misidentification? Bulletin of Entomological Research, 91, 101–107.
Martin, Jon H. (2003) Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) - their systematic history and the resulting problems of conventional taxonomy, with special reference to descriptions of Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889). Entomologist's Gazette, 54, 125–136.
Martin, Jon H. & Camus, Josephine M. (2001) Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) colonising ferns (Pteridophyta: Filicopsida), with descriptions of two new Trialeurodes and one new Metabemisia species from south-east Asia. Zootaxa, 2, 1–19.
Martin, J.H., Hérnandez-Suárez, E. & Carnero, A. (1997) An introduced new species of Lecanoideus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) established and causing economic impact on the Canary Islands. Journal of Natural History, 31, 1261–1272.
Martin, J.H. & Hollis, D. (1992) The Calophyllum-feeding triozid genus Leptynoptera (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Journal of Natural History, 26, 555–585.
Martin, J.H. & Lucas G.R. (1984) Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae), a whitefly species new to Asia. The Philippine Scientist, 21, 168–171.
Martin, J.H., Mifsud, D. & Rapisarda, C. (2000) The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90, 407–448.
Martin, J.H. & Polaszek, A.P. (1999) A new genus of Neotropical whitefly, secreting blue-iridescent wax (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae, Aleurodicinae), and its parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). Journal of Natural History, 33, 1545–1559.
Martin, Jon H. & Streito, Jean-Claude (2003) A second species of the enigmatic whitefly genus Stenaleyrodes Takahashi (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae). Zootaxa, 349, 1–15.
Martin, J.H. & Watson, G.W. (1998) Aleurodicus pulvinatus (Maskell) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and its emergence as a pest of coconut in the Caribbean. Journal of Natural History, 32, 85–98.
Maskell, W.M. (1896) Contributions towards a monograph of the Aleurodidae, a family of Hemiptera - Homoptera. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 28, 411–449.
Miller, D.R. & Ben Dov, Y. (2003) Scalenet, United States Department of Agriculture. Available from: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (April 2004)
Morgan, A.C.F. (1892) A new genus and species of Aleurodidae. Entomologistís Monthly Magazine, 28, 29–33.
Mound, L.A. (1961) Notes in the biology of Aleurodicus capiangae Bondar (Homoptera: Aleyrodoidea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 345–348.
Mound, L.A. (1963) Host-correlated variation in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological society of London, (A) 38, 171–180.
Mound, L.A. & Halsey, S.H. (1978) Whitefly of the World. British Museum (Natural History) / John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 340pp.
Nakahara, S. (1995) Taxonomic Studies of the Genus Tetraleurodes (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Insecta Mundi, 9, 105–150.
Nakahara, S. & Hilburn, D.J. (1989) Annotated check list of the whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) of Bermuda. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 97, 261–264.
Paulson, G.S. & Kumashiro, B.R. (1985) Hawaiian Aleyrodidae. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society, 25, 103–124.
Penny, N.D. & Arias, J.R. (1980a) Two new species of Bakerius from the Amazon Basin (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Acta Amazonica, 10, 691–695.
Penny, N.D. & Arias, J.R. (1980b) A new species of Ceraleurodicus from the Amazon Basin (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Acta Amazonica, 10, 903–905.
Peracchi, A.L. (1971) Dois aleirodideospragas do Citrus no Brazil (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Archivos do Museu Nacional. Rio de Janeiro, 54, 145–151.
Quaintance, A.L. (1900) Contribution towards a monograph of the American Aleurodidae. Technical Series, US Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology, 8, 9–64.
Quaintance, A.L. (1908) Homoptera, Family Aleyrodidae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed), Genera Insectorum, 87, 1–11.
Quaintance, A.L. (1909) A new genus of Aleyrodidae, with remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera Berger and Aleyrodes citri Riley and Howard. Technical Series, US Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology, 12, 169–174.
Quaintance, A.L. & Baker, A.C. (1913) Classification of the Aleyrodidae Part I. Technical Series, US Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology, 27, 1–93.
Quaintance, A.L. & Baker, A.C. (1914) Classification of the Aleyrodidae Part II. Technical Series, US Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology, 27, 95–109.
Quaintance, A.L. & Baker, A.C. (1915) A new genus and species of Aleyrodidae from British Guiana. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 8, 369–371.
Quaintance, A.L. & Baker, A.C. (1917) A contribution to our knowledge of the whiteflies of the sub-family Aleurodinae (Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 51, 335–445.
Remaudière, Georges & Remaudière, Marc (1997) Catalogue des Aphididae du monde. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 473 pp.
Russell, L.M. (1943) A new genus and four new species of whiteflies from the West Indies (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 45, 131–141.
Russell, L.M. (1944) A taxonomic study of the genus Aleuroglandulus Bondar (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46, 1–9.
Russell, L.M. (1945) A new genus and twelve new species of Neotropical whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 35, 55–65.
Russell, L.M. (1947) A classification of the Whiteflies of the new Tribe Trialeurodini (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro, 18, 1–44.
Russell, L.M. (1948) The North American species of whiteflies of the genus Trialeurodes. Miscellaneous publications. United States Department of Agriculture, 635, 1–85.
Russell, L.M. (1965) A new species of Aleurodicus Douglas and two close relatives (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Florida Entomologist, 48, 47–55.
Russell, L.M. (1967) Venezaleurodes pisoniae, a new genus and species of whitefly from Venezuela (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Florida Entomologist, 50, 235–241.
Russell, L.M. (1986) The whitefly genus Aleurocerus Bondar (Hemiptera, Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Entomography, 4, 137–183.
Russell, L.M. (1993) Description of Disiphon, new genus, and its type species, Asterochiton dubienus Bondar (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 95, 463–467.
Russell, L.M. (1994) Notes on the genus Paraleurolobus: redescription of the genus and its type species and description of a new species (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 96, 537–547.
Sampson, W.W. (1943) A generic synopsis of the Hemipterous Superfamily Aleyrodoidea. Entomologica Americana, 23, 173–223.
Sampson, W.W. (1944) Additions to the Aleyrodidae of Mexico (Hem., Hom.). Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, 3, 437–444.
Sampson, W.W. & Drews, E.A. (1941) Fauna Mexicana IV. A review of the Aleyrodidae of Mexico. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, 2, 143–189.
Shcherbakov, D.E. (2000) The most primitive whiteflies (Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae; Bernainae subfam. nov.) from the Mesozoic of Asia and Burmese amber, with an overview of Burmese amber hemipterans. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum, London (Geology), 56, 29–37.
Tapia, E.A. (1970) Estudio preliminar de los Aleirodideos hallados en la Argentina (Homoptera). Actas del IV Congreso Latinamericano de Zoologia, 1, 219–234.
Terán, A.L. (1979) Dos Paraleyrodes (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) nue vos en los citricos de Tucumán. III Jornada Fitosanitaria Argentina, 161–189.
Valencia, Luis V. (2000) La mosca blanca en la agricultura Peruana. Industria Gráfica Cimagraf Ltda, Lima, 111 pp.
Visnya, A. (1941) A gigantic species of Aleurodidae (Homoptera) from greenhouse-Orchideas. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 6, 4–15.