Abstract
The family Saturniidae is distributed on all continents except polar areas, and includes about 1528 species in 162 genera, being the group with the largest diversity among Bombycoidea. Approximately 970 species are known from the New World. However, recent molecular studies indicate 1861 species in 162 genera and nine subfamilies. The family Arsenurinae consists of 63 species distributed exclusively in ten Neotropical genera, with phylogenetic relationships poorly understood. The goal of this study was to test the monophyly of the subfamily, tribes and genera using cladistic analysis of adult morphological characters. The subfamily, tribes and genera were all recovered as monophyletic groups with the following relationships among genera: (Almeidaia ((Loxolomia, Copiopteryx) ((Rhescyntis) ((Grammopelta, Arsenura) ((Caio) ((Dysdaemonia, Titaea) Paradaemonia)))))). Both tribes, Arsenurini and Almeidaiini, share several characters, but morphological study of Almeidaiini demonstrates that it also presents significant differences.References
Aiello, A. & Balcázar-Lara, M. (1997) The immature stages of Oxytenis modestia, with comments on the larvae of Asthenidia and Homoeopteryx (Saturniidae: Oxyteninae). Journal of the Lepidopterists Society, 51 (2), 105-118.
Balcázar-Lara, M. & Wolfe, K.L. (1997) Cladistics of the Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8, Suppl. 2, 1-53.
Balcázar-Lara, M. & Beutelspacher, C.R. (2000) Saturniidae. In: Llorente, J.E., González, E. & Papavero, N. (Eds.), Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de México: Hacia una síntesis de su conocimiento. CONABIO, UNAM, México, pp. 501-513.
Becker, V.O. & Camargo, A.J.A. (2001) Three new species of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) from central Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18 (1), 163-170.
Bouvier, E.L. (1930) Seconde contribution à la connaissance dês Saturnioides du Hill Museum. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 4, 1-116.
Camargo, A.J.A. (2007) A new species of Hylesia Hübner (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae) from Brazilian Cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Zooogia, 24 (1), 199-202.
Camargo, A.J.A., Casagrande, M.M., Mielke, O.H.H. & Furtado, E. (2005a) Morfologia externa do adulto de Almeidaia aidae Mielke & Casagrande (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae, Almeidaiini). I. Cabeça, apêndices e região cervical. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22(3), 619-622.
Camargo A. J. A., Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H. & Furtado, E. (2005b) Morfologia externa do adulto de Almeidaia aidae Mielke & Casagrande (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae, Almeidaiini). II. Tórax e apêndices. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22 (4), 1152-1158.
Camargo A.J.A., Casagrande, M.M., Mielke, O.H.H. & Furtado, E. (2006) Morfologia externa do adulto de Almeidaia aidae Mielke & Casagrande (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae, Almeidaiini). III. Abdome. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (1), 157-161.
Camargo, A.J.A. & Becker, V.O. (1999) Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) from the Brazilian Cerrado: Composition and Biogeographic Relationships. Biotropica, 31 (4), 696-705.
Camargo A.J.A., Mielke, O.H.H., Casagrande, M.M. (2007) Nova espécie de Paradaemonia Bouvier (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae) do centro-sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24 (4), 1131-1138.
Comstock, J.H. (1918) The wings of Lepidoptera. In: Comstock, J.H. (Ed.), The wings of insects, Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York, 319-346.
D´Abrera, B. (1995) Saturniidae Mundi: Saturniidae Moths of the World. Part 1. Automeris Press, Keltern, Germany, 177 pp.
D’Araujo e Silva, A.G., Gonçalves, C.R., Galvão, D.M., Gonçalves, A.J.B., Gomes, J.;, Silva, M.N. & Simoni, L. (1968) Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Parte II, 1o Tomo - Insetos, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, 622 pp.
Dias, M.M. (1978) Morfolofia [sic] e biologia de Dysdaemonia boreas (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Adelocephalidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 22, 83-90.
Diniz, I.R., Morais, H.C. & Camargo, A.J.A. (2001) Host plants of lepidopteran caterpillars in the Cerrado of Distrito Federal, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 45 (2), 107-122.
Ferguson, D. C. (1971) Bombycoidea, Saturniidae (Part). The Moths of North America, E. W. Classey and R. B. D. Publications, London. Fascicle 20, 2A, 153 pp.
Furtado, E. (1998) Estágios imaturos de Loxolomia johnsoni Schaus (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15 (4), 847-852.
Furtado, E. (2001a) Copiopteryx semiramis (Cramer): notas suplementares à sua biologia (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18 (2), 637-640.
Furtado, E. (2001b) Arsenura orbignyana (Guérin-Méneville, [1844]) e seus estágios imaturos (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae, Arsenurinae). SHILAP, Revista de Lepidopterologia, 29 (116), 385-389.
Goloboff, P.A. (1993) NoName (NONA), version 1.5.1. Program and documentation. Fundación y Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucúman, Argentina.
Heppner, J.B. (1998) Classification of Lepidoptera. Part 1. Introduction. Holartic Lepidoptera, Florida, 5, Suppl.,148 pp.
Janzen, D.H. (1982) Guia para la identificacion de mariposas nocturnas de la familia Saturniidae del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 19/20, 255-299.
Janzen, D.H. (1984) Two ways to be a tropical big moth: Santa Rosa saturniids and sphingids. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 1, 85-140.
Jordan, K. (1922) A monograph of the Saturnian subfamily Ludiinae. Novitates Zoologicae, 29, 249-326.
Lemaire, C. (1971) Révision du genre Automeris Hübner et dês genres voisins. Biogéographie, éthologie, morphologie, taxonomie (Lep. Attacidae). Mémoires du Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, 68 (fascicule unique), 1-576.
Lemaire, C. (1978) Les Attacidae Américains (=Saturniidae). Attacinae. Édition C. Lemaire, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 238 pp.
Lemaire, C. (1980) Les Attacidae Américains (=Saturniidae). Arsenurinae. Édition C. Lemaire, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 199 pp.
Lemaire, C. (1988) Les Attacidae Américains (=Attacidae). Ceratocampinae. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica, 480 pp.
Lemaire, C. (1996) Saturniidae, pp. 28-49. In: Heppner, J.B. (ed). Checklist: Part 4B. Drepanoidea – Bombycoidea – Sphingoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5B. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, L + 87pp.
Lemaire, C. (2002) The Attacidae of America. Hemileucinae. Part A. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, Germany, 688 pp.
Lemaire, C & Minet, J. ( 1998) The Bombycoidea and their relatives. In: Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Handbook of Zoology. New York, De Gruyter, pp. 321-353.
Michener, C.D. (1952) The Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) of the Western Hemisphere, morphology, phylogeny, and classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 98 (5), 335-502.
Mielke, C.G.C. & Furtado, E. (2005) Paradaemonia balsasensis sp. nov. da Serra do Penitente, Balsas, Maranhão, Brasil (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Arsenurinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22 (3), 653-655.
Minet, J. (1994) The Bombycoidea: phylogeny and higher classification (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica, 25 (1), 63-88.
Müller K, F. (2005) The efficiency of different search strategies in estimating parsimony jackknife, bootstrap, and Bremer support. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5:(58). Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/58 (accessed 2 April 2009).
Nielsen, E.S & Common, F.B. (1991) Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies), In: CSIRO (Ed.). The Insects of Australia. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp. 817-915.
Nijhout, H.F. (1991) The development and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press, 297 pp.
Nixon, K.C. & Carpenter, J.M. (1993) On outgroups. Cladistics, 9, 413-426.
Nixon, K.C. (1999) WINCLADA, version 1.00.08. Program and documentation. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Page, R.D.M. (2002) NDE (NEXUS Data Editor for windows) versão 0.5.0. Available from http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/NDE/nde.html (accessed 30 December 2002)
Peigler, R.S. (1993) Cladistic analysis of the genera of the subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 47 (3), 211-228.
Racheli, L (2006) List of the Arsenurinae of Peru with taxonomic notes on Titaea raveni (Johnson & Michener, 1948) stat. rev. and Paradaemonia castanea (Rothschild, 1907) stat. rev. (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae). Galathea, 22 (1), 41-47.
Regier, J.C., Grant, M.C., Mitter, C., Cook C.P., Peigler, R.S. & Rougerie, R. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) inferred from four protein-coding nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology, 33 (2), 219-228.
Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Peigler, R.S. & Friedlander, T.P. (2002) Monophyly, composition, and relationships within Saturniidae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): evidence from two nuclear genes. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 33, 9-21.
Schüssler, H. (1936) Syssphingidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.). Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Pars 70, Neubrandenburg, 230 pp.
Scoble, M.J. (1995) The Lepidoptera: form, function, and diversity. Oxford University Press Inc, New York, 404 pp.
Stone, S.E. (1991) Foodplants of world Saturniidae. Memoir of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 4,1-186.
Travassos, L. & Noronha, D. (1968) Nota sobre Rhescyntinae de Michener, 1949 (Lepidoptera) II. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 12 (3), 153-154.
Travassos, L. & D´Almeida, R. F. (1937) Contribuição para o conhecimento da bionomia de alguns lepidópteros brasileiros. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 32, 499–516.