Abstract
Using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, karyotypes and morphology, we examine the taxonomy of the Australo-papuan scincid lizard Carlia ‘fusca’ complex in northern Australia, all of which had been assigned previously to C. longipes. Carlia longipes, shows substantial variation in Y chromosome morphology between populations, indeed more than is seen between other species of Carlia. Analyses of the molecular genetic data and morphology demonstrate that populations with different Y chromosomes are two different species and also lead to the recognition of a third species from the Torres Strait. We herein define each of these species, for which previously described names can be applied.References
- Anon (1985) Queensland Museum report of the board of trustees for the year 1884: presented to both Houses of Parliament by command. Pp 1–14. - Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Edwards, A.W.F. (1967) Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. Evolution, 32, 550–570. - Cogger, H.G., Cameron E.E. & Cogger H.M. (1983) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. 1. Amphibia and Reptilia. Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra. Pp 313. - Couper, P.J., Worthington Wilmer, J., Roberts, L., Amey, A.P. & Zug, G.R. (2005) Skinks currently assigned to Carlia aerata (Scincidae: Lygosominae) of north-eastern Queensland: a preliminary study of cryptic diversity and two new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 53, 35–49. - Covacevich, J. (1971) Amphibian and reptile type specimens in the Queensland Museum. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 16, 49–68. - De Vis, CW. (1985) A conspect of the genus Heteropus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 1, 166–173. - Dolman, G. & Hugall A.F. (2008) Combined mitochondrial and nuclear data enhance resolution of a rapid radiation of Australian rainbow skinks (Scincidae: Carlia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 782–794. - Donnellan, S.C. (1991) Chromosomes of Australian lygosomine skinks (Lacertilia: Scincidae). 1. The Egernia group: C-banding, Silver staining, Hoechst 33258 condensation analysis. Genetica, 83, 207–222. - Donnellan, S.C., Hutchinson, M.N. & Saint, K.M. (1999) Molecular evidence for the phylogeny of Australian gekkonoid lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 67, 97–118. - Felsenstein, J. (1993) PHYLIP — Phylogeny Inference Package Version 3.5c. - Greer, A.E. (1975) Notes on the systematics of the genus Carlia (Lacertilia: Scincidae). I. Carlia melanopogon Gray 1845. Herpetologica, 31, 70–75. - Huson, D.H. (1998) SplitsTree-analysing and visualizing evolutionary data. Bioinformatics, 14, 68–73. - Ingram, G. & Covacevich, J.A. (1988) Revision of the genus Lygisaurus de Vis (Scincidae: Reptilia) in Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 25, 335–354. - Ingram, G. & Covacevich, J.A. (1989) Revision of the genus Carlia (Reptilia, Scincidae) in Australia and comments on Carlia bicarinata of New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 27, 443–490. - Kraus, F. (2007) Taxonomic partitioning within Papuan members of the Carlia novaeguineae complex (Squamata: Scincidae). Journal of Herpetology, 41, 410–423. - Macleay, W. (1877) The lizards of the Chevert Expedition. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S.W., 2, 60–69. - Moussalli, A., Hugall, A.F. & Moritz, C. (2005) A mitochondrial phylogeny of the genus Saproscincus, Wells & Wellington (1984). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34, 190–202. - Murphy, R.W., Sites, J.W., Buth, D.G. & Haufler, C.H. (1996) Proteins I: Isozyme Electrophoresis. In: Hillis D., Moritz, C., & Mable, B. (Eds.) Molecular Systematics. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 51–120. - Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817–818. - Richardson, B.J., Baverstock, P.R. & Adams, M.A. (1986) Allozyme electrophoresis. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia. - Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574. - Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. & Maniatis, T. (eds). (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. - Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & J. Rougemont. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web-servers. Systematic Biology, 75, 758–771. - Stuart-Fox, D., Hugall, A. & Moritz, C. (2002) A molecular phylogeny of rainbow skinks (Scincidae: Carlia): taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Australian Journal of Zoology, 50, 39–51. - Sumner, A.T. (1972) A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin. Experimental Cell Research, 75, 304–6. - Swofford D.L. (1999) PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 4.0b3. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland Massachusetts. - Swofford, D.L. & Selander, R.B. (1981) BIOSYS-1: A FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics. Journal of Heredity, 72, 281–283. - Wells, R.W. & Wellington, C.R. (1984) A synopsis of the class Reptilia in Australia. Australian Journal of Herpetology, 1, 73–129. - Zug, G.R. (2004) Systematics of the Carlia "fusca" lizards (Squamata: Scincidae) of New Guinea and nearby islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology, 5, i–viii+1–83. - Zug, G.R. & Allison, A. (2006) New Carlia fusca complex lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) from New Guinea, Papua-Indonesia. Zootaxa, 1237, 27–44. 
