Abstract
Taxonomy is currently facing a major crisis and is likely to have strong difficulties to reduce significantly the taxonomic gap before the biodiversity crisis has wiped out a large proportion of the living species of the earth. In this context, taxonomists should pay great attention to the nomenclatural Rules, and care for them to help them in this urgent task, rather than diverting their time and energy to secondary or useless questions or debates. A major purpose of the Code is to promote nomenclatural stability in zoology. This requires stability in the Rules, or at least that a great care be taken, when establishing new Rules, to avoid that they can have unexpected deleterious consequences for stability. In particular, in most cases, it is crucial to deny retroactivity to the new Rules. Several examples of problems created in zoological nomenclature by introduction of changes in Articles dealing with the spellings of nomina are examined in detail. These Articles were modified, with retroactive value, in the 1985 edition (Art. 32, 33, 35 and 39) and in the 1999 edition (Art. 24) of the Code. It is shown that these changes, which have no clear “philosophical” or practical justifications and which result in no clear benefits, have in fact had negative impacts on nomenclatural practice. Their implementation requires heavy useless additional work from taxonomists and has negative results in nomenclatural stability that had clearly not been anticipated by the ICZN when promulgating them. In a few sets of nomina tested below, the changes in the 1985 edition resulted in spelling changes for 10.0 to 22.2 % of the nomina, and those in the 1999 edition for 21.7 to 33.3 % of the nomina, roughly a quarter of them on the whole (24.5 %). Among others that are less emblematic, a striking case is that of the fish generic nomen Tetraodon, widely used especially since the genome of a species of this genus has been sequenced, and which should be changed to Tetrodon because of the unwarranted introduction of the new Art. 24.2.4 into the Code. It is suggested that these changes should be cancelled, or at least denied retroactivity from the years of their promulgations. In order to make this discussion easier, a “taxonomy” of the different kinds of spellings of nomina, and a dichotomic key to such situations, are provided. This stresses the fact that detailed discussions on very precise aspects of the functioning of nomenclatural Rules, as well as the computerization of nomenclatural data for online databases, require to use a specialized technical terminology to designate the nomenclatural concepts and tools, not vague “common language” terms like “name” or “type”: “keep the Rules, but change the terms”. The problems outlined here should be kept in mind by the ICZN before implementing drastic changes in the Rules of nomenclatural availability, as recently suggested.References
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1916) Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 67. One hundred and two bird names placed in the Official List of Generic Names. Smithsonian Institution Publications, Washington, 2409, 177–182.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1950) Article 28: relative merits of the “first reviser” and “page precedence” principles. Report by the Secretary. Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 4, 328–331.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1961) International code of zoological nomenclature. First edition. International Trust for zoological Nomenclature, London, i–xviii + 1–176.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1964) International code of zoological nomenclature. Second edition. International Trust for zoological Nomenclature, London, i–xx + 1–176.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1985) International code of zoological nomenclature. Third edition. International Trust for zoological Nomenclature, London, i–xx + 1–338.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1997) Opinion 1873. Hemidactyliini Hallowell, 1856 (Amphibia, Caudata): conserved. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 54, 140–141.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for zoological Nomenclature, London, i–xxix + 1–306.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (2005) Opinion 2104 (Case 3226). Lacepède, B. G. E. de la V., 1788, Histoire naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares: rejected as a non-binominal work. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 62 (1), 55.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (2008) Proposed amendment of the International code of zoological nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Zootaxa, 1908, 57–67.
Agassiz, L. (1846) Nomina systematica generum piscium. Soloduri, Jent & Gassmann, i–vi + 1–69 + 1–8.
Allen, G.R. (1991) Field guide to the freshwater fishes of New Guinea. Madang, Papua New Guinea, Christensen Research Institute, 1–268.
Arai, R. (1983) Karyological and osteological approach to phylogenetic systematics of tetraodontiform fishes. Bulletin of the national Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A (Zoology), 9 (4), 175–210.
Baird, S. (1866) Review of North American Birds, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Smithsonian miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 181, [Signature 21, May 1866], 321–336.
Barneby, R.C. (1965) Conservation and typification of Dalea. Taxon, 14, 160–164.
Batsch, A.J.G.C. (1788) Bersuch einer Anleitung, zur Kennniss und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien. Erster Theil. Jena, Akademischen Buchhandlung, i–viii + 1–528, pl. 1–5.
Beesley, P.L. & Wells, A. (Eds.) (2006) Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35.3. Fishes. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, i–xxi + 1473–2178.
Berg, L.S. (1940) Classification of fishes both recent and fossil. Travaux de l’Institut zoologique de l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS, 5 (2), 87–517. Reprint 1965: Bangkok, Document Reproduction Unit, Thai national Documentation Centre, Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand, 346–517.
Blanchard, R. (Ed.) (1905) Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. Rudeval, Paris, 1–64.
Bloch, M.E. (1785) Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, mit sechs und dreissig ausgemalten Kupfern nach Originales. Erster Theil. Berlin, [i-viii] + 1–136.
Bloch, M.E. (1786) Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, mit sechs und dreissig ausgemalten Kupfern nach Originales. Zweiter Theil. Berlin, [i-viii] + 1–160.
Bloch, M.E. (1787) Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, mit sechs und dreissig ausgemalten Kupfern nach Originales. Dritter Theil. Berlin, i–xii + 1–147.
Blyth, E. (1842) Report from the Curator. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11 (128), 788–809.
Blyth, E. (1843) Mr. Blyth’s monthly Report for December Meeting 1842, with addenda subsequently appended. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 12 (143), 925–1011.
Bock, W.J. (1963) Relationships between the birds of paradise and the bower birds. The Condor, 65 (2), 91–125.
Bock, W.J. (1994) History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 222, 1–281.
Boie, H. (1828) Bemerkungen über die Abtheilungen im natürlichen Systeme und deren Characteristik. Isis von Oken, 21 (4), 351–364.
Bolkay, S.J. (1919) Osnove uporedne osteologije anurskih batrahija. Glasnik zemaljskog Muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini, 31, 275–357.
Bonaparte, C.L. (1831) Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli animali vertebrati. Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 52, 1–78 + 129–209.
Bonaparte, C.L. (1838) Geographical and comparative list of the birds of Europe and North America. London, John van Voorst, 1–67. [Not seen].
Bonaparte, C.L. (1850) Conspectus generum avium. Leiden, E.J. Brill, Vol. 1, 1–543.
Bonaparte, C.L. (1854a) Conspectus systematis ornithologiae. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, (4), 1, 105–152.
Bonaparte, C.L. (1854b) Tableau des oiseaux de proie. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, (2), 6, 248–257. [Not seen].
Bonnaterre, Abbé (1788) Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ichthyologie. Paris, Panckoucke, i–lvi + 1–215, pl. A + 1–100.
Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005) Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia, 47 (1–2), 1–397.
Bour, R. & Dubois, A. (1985) Nomenclature ordinale et familiale des tortues (Reptilia). Studia geologica salmanticensia, vol. especial 1, Studia palaeocheloniologica, I, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad, 77–86.
Bour, R. & Dubois, A. (1986) Nomenclature ordinale et familiale des Tortues (Reptilia). Note complémentaire. Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 55, 87–90.
Brame, A.H., Jr. (1957) A list of the world’s recent Caudata. Los Angeles, University of Southern California, a–b + 1–21.
Breder, C.M., Jr. & Clark, E. (1947) A contribution to the visceral anatomy, development, and relationships of the Plectognathi. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 88 (5), 287–319, pl. 11–14.
Briggs, J.C. (1961) Emendated generic names in Berg’s classification of fishes. Copeia, 1961 (2), 161–166.
Cabanis, J. (1847) Ornithologische Notizen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 1847 (1), 308–352.
Carlos, C.J. & Voisin, J.-F. (2009) A few remarks on the proposed amendment of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Zootaxa, 2198, 67–68.
Christoffels, A., Brenner, S. & Venkatesh, B. (2006) Tetraodon genome analysis provides further evidence for whole-genome duplication in the ray-finned fish lineage. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology, (D), Genomics & Proteomics, 1 (1), 13–19.
Crollius, H.R. (2006) The Tetraodon genome. In: J.-N. Volff (Ed.), Vertebrate genomes, Vol. 2, Basel, Karger, 154–164.
Cuvier, G. (1829) Le règne animal distribué d’après son organisation. Tome 2. Paris, Deterville, i–xv + 1–406.
Dandy, J.E. (1967) Index of generic names of vascular plants 1753–1774. Regnum Vegetabile, Utrecht, 51, 1–130.
David, N., Dickinson, E.C. & Gregory, S.M.S. (2009) Contributions to a list of First Reviser actions: ornithology. Zootaxa, 2085, 1–24.
De Blainville, H. (1816) Prodrome d’une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal. Bulletin des Sciences de la Société philomatique de Paris, juillet 1816, “105–112” [in fact 113–120] + 121–124.
De la Cepède, [B.G.E.] (1788a) Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Tome premier. 16 cm. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, 1–60 + 1–359, pl. 1–12.
De la Cepède, [B.G.E.] (1788b) Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Tome second. 16 cm. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, [i–iv] + 1–464, pl. 1–15.
Dekkers, W.J. (1975) Review of the Asiatic freshwater puffers of the genus Tetraodon Linnaeus, 1758 (Pisces, Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 45 (1), 87–142.
Des Murs, O.M.A.P. (1849) Iconographie ornithologique. Nouveau recueil général des planches peintes d’oiseaux pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, 1770 et aux planches coloriées de MM Temminck et Laugier de Chartrouse, mêmes formats, accompagné d’un texte raisonné. critique et descriptif. Paris, Klincksoek. [Not seen].
Des Murs, O. (1860) Traité général d’oologie ornithologique au point de vue de la classification. Paris, Klincksieck, i–xix + 1–640. [Not seen].
Dickinson, E.C. (Ed.) (2003) The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. Revised and enlarged 3rd edition. London, Christopher Helm, 1–1039.
Dickinson, E.C., David, N. & Gregory, S.M.S. (2009) A potentially contentious case of correction under Article 32.5.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Zootaxa, 2217, 67–68.
Douglas, G. (2008) Updating the Linnaean heritage: names as tools for thinking about animals and plants. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 65 (3), 169–172.
Duarte-Bello, P.P. & Buesa, R.J. (1973) Catalogo de peces cubanos (primera revisión). I. Indice taxonómico. Ciencias, Serie 8, Investigaciones marinas, La Habana, Universidad de la Habana, 3, i +1–256.
Dubois, A. (1981) Liste des genres et sous-genres nominaux de Ranoidea (Amphibiens, Anoures) du monde, avec identification de leurs espèces-types: conséquences nomenclaturales. Monitore zoologico italiano, (n.s.), 15, suppl., 225–284.
Dubois, A. (1982) Le statut nomenclatural des noms génériques d’Amphibiens créés par Kuhl & Van Hasselt (1822): Megophrys, Occidozyga et Rhacophorus. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (4), 4 (A), 261–280.
Dubois, A. (1983) Classification et nomenclature supragénérique des Amphibiens Anoures. Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 52, 270–276.
Dubois, A. (1984) La nomenclature supragénérique des Amphibiens Anoures. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (A), 131, 1–64.
Dubois, A. (1985) Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (VII). Alytes, 4 (2), 61–78.
Dubois, A. (1987a) Living amphibians of the world: a first step towards a comprehensive checklist. Alytes, 5 (3), 99–149.
Dubois, A. (1987b) Miscellanea taxinomica batrachologica (II). Alytes, 6 (1-2), 1–9.
Dubois, A. (1987c) Again on the nomenclature of frogs. Alytes, 6 (1-2), 27–55.
Dubois, A. (1994) Comment on the proposed conservation of Hemidactyliini Hallowell, 1856 (Amphibia, Caudata). Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 51, 264–265.
Dubois, A. (2000) Synonymies and related lists in zoology: general proposals, with examples in herpetology. Dumerilia, 4, 33–98.
Dubois, A. (2003) The relationships between taxonomy and conservation biology in the century of extinctions. Comptes rendus Biologies, 326 (suppl. 1), S9–S21.
Dubois, A. (2004) The higher nomenclature of recent amphibians. Alytes, 22 (1-2), 1–14.
Dubois, A. (2005a) Les règles de la nomenclature familiale en zoologie. In: A. Dubois, O. Poncy, V. Malécot & N. Léger (Eds.), Comment nommer les taxons de rang supérieur en zoologie et en botanique?, Biosystema, 23, 17–40.
Dubois, A. (2005b) Propositions pour l’incorporation des nomina de taxons de rang supérieur dans le Code international de nomenclature zoologique. In: A. Dubois, O. Poncy, V. Malécot & N. Léger (Eds.), Comment nommer les taxons de rang supérieur en zoologie et en botanique?, Biosystema, 23, 73–96.
Dubois, A. (2005c) Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 1. Some general questions, concepts and terms of biological nomenclature. Zoosystema, 27, 365–426.
Dubois, A. (2005d) Proposals for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the Code. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 62 (4), 200–209.
Dubois, A. (2006a) Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. Zoosystema, 28, 165–258.
Dubois, A. (2006b) Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: some basic questions. Zootaxa, 1337, 1–37.
Dubois, A. (2007a) Phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature: the problem of taxonomic categories and of nomenclatural ranks. Zootaxa, 1519, 27–68.
Dubois, A. (2007b) Genitives of species and subspecies nomina derived from personal names should not be emended. Zootaxa, 1550, 49–68.
Dubois, A. (2007c) Naming taxa from cladograms: some confusions, misleading statements, and necessary clarifications. Cladistics, 23, 390–402.
Dubois, A. (2007d) For or against the mandatory registration of new names of organisms? The case of Zoobank in Zoology. Third Linnean Society Debate on Issues in Systematic Biology, London, The Linnean Society of London, 29 November 2007. [Unpublished powerpoint presentation. Abstract available at: http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=243&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=133&tx_ttnews[backPid]=139&cHash=797e44d62c. Powerpoint available at: http://www2.mnhn.fr/oseb/spip].
Dubois, A. (2007e) Nomina zoologica linnaeana. In: Z.-Q. Zhang & W. A. Shear (Eds.), Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy, Zootaxa, 1668, 81–106.
Dubois, A. (2008a) Identifying some major problems and their possible solutions. In: Future trends in taxonomy, EDIT Symposium, Carvoeiro (Portugal), 21-23 January 2008, 38–42.
Dubois, A. (2008b) Authors of zoological publications and nomina are signatures, not persons. Zootaxa, 1771, 63–68.
Dubois, A. (2008c) Handicap taxinomique et crise de la biodiversité: un nouveau paradigme pour la biologie au 21e siècle. In: D. Prat, A. Raynal-Roques & A. Roguenant (Eds.), Peut-on classer le vivant? Linné et la systématique aujourd’hui, Paris, Belin, 141–160.
Dubois, A. (2008d) Le Code international de nomenclature zoologique: présentation, philosophie, règles majeures, problèmes actuels. In: D. Prat, A. Raynal-Roques & A. Roguenant (Eds.), Peut-on classer le vivant? Linné et la systématique aujourd’hui, Paris, Belin, 355–402.
Dubois, A. (2008e) Un nouveau paradigme pour la biologie au xxie siècle. In: M. Veuille, J.-M. Drouin, R. Deleporte & J.-F. Silvain (Eds.), Linnaeus – Systématique et biodiversité, Biosystema, 25, 127–142.
Dubois, A. (2008f) Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxa and nomina in zoology. In: A. Minelli, L. Bonato & G. Fusco (Eds.), Updating the Linnaean heritage: names as tools for thinking about animals and plants, Zootaxa, 1950, 51–86.
Dubois, A. (2009a) First Reviser actions in ornithology: an editorial note. Zootaxa, 2085, 25–26.
Dubois, A. (2009b) Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: the nomenclatural status of class-series zoological nomina published in a non-latinized form. Zootaxa, 2106, 1–12.
Dubois, A. (2010) Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: Priority vs. “usage”. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, in press.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1997) Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura. I. Introduction. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (4), 18 (3-4), 297–320.
Dubois, A. & Raffaëlli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1-4), 1–85.
Duellman, W.E. & Wiens, J.J. (1993) Hylid frogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830, in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. Occasional Papers of the Museum of natural History of the University of Kansas, 153, 1–57.
Duméril, A.-M.-C. & Bibron, G. (1841) Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles. Tome 8. Paris, Roret, i–vii + 1–792.
Elliot, D.G. (1873) A monograph of the Paradiseidae, or birds of paradise. London, Elliot, i–xxxii + 62 unnumbered pages, 36 unnumbered plates.
Esnault, Y., Jaillon, O., Aury, J., Weissenbach, J. & Crollius, H.R. (2005) Tetraodon, poisson au génome modèle. Biofutur, 24 (254), 24–28.
Fitzinger, L.I. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien. Wien, Heubner, i–viii + 1–66, 1 tab.
Follett, W.I. (1955) An unofficial interpretation of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature as amended by the XIII International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and by the XIV International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. California Academy of Sciences and Society of Systematic Zoology, [i] + i–v + 1–99.
Forshaw, J.M. & Cooper, W.T. (1979) The birds of paradise and bower birds. Sydney & London, Collins, i–xii + 13–304.
Forskål, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium… Hauniae, Mölleri, 1–20 + i–xxxv + 1–164, 1 pl.
Fraser-Brunner, A. (1943) Note on the plectognath fishes. VIII. The classification of the suborder Tetraodontoidea, with a synopsis of the genera. Annals & Magazine of natural History, (11), 10, 1–18.
Frith, C.B. & Beehler, B.M. (1998) The birds of paradise. Paradisaeidae. Oxford, Oxford University Press, i–xxx + 1–613, pl. 1–15.
Fritzsche, R.A. & Fuiman, L. (1982) Agnatha. In: S. P. Parker, Synopsis and classification of living organisms, Vol. 2, New York, McGraw-Hill, 830–831.
Gilliard, E.T. (1969) Birds of paradise and bower birds. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, i–xxiii + 1–485.
Gistel, J. (1848) Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs für höhere Schulen. Stuttgart, Hoffmann, i–xi + 1–216 + i–iv, pl. 1–32.
Gmelin, J.F. (1789) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locus. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tomus 1, pars 3. Lugduni, Delamollière, 1033–1516.
Goldfuss, G.A. (1820) Handbuch der Zoologie. Dritter Theil, zweite Abtheilung. Nürnberg, Johann Leonhard Schrag, i–xxiv + 1–512, pl. 3–4.
Gray, G.R. (1840) A list of the genera of birds with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London, Taylor, i–viii + 1–80.
Gray, G.R. (1849) The genera of birds. Volume 1. London, Longman & Co., i–xvi + 1–300, pl. 1–72.
Gray, J.E. (1850) Catalogue of the specimens of Amphibia in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Batrachia Gradientia, etc. London, Spottiswoodes & Shaw, 1–72, pl. 3–4.
Hemming, F. (Ed.) (1953) Copenhagen decisions on zoological nomenclature. Additions to, and modifications of, the Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique; approved and adopted by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, August, 1953. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, i–xxxi + 1–135.
Hemming, F. (Ed.) (1956a) Opinion 401. Suppression under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, and addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Gavia Forster, 1788, and Podiceps Latham, 1787 (class Aves). Opinions & Declarations rendered by the international Commission on zoological Nomenclature, 13 (1), 1–64.
Hemming, F. (Ed.) (1956b) Direction 38. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of the anonymously published work entitled Ornithologia britannica issued in 1771 and believed to have been written by Marmaduke Tunstall and matters incidental thereto (cancallation of Opinion 38). Opinions & Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 11 (D), 83–94.
Hillis, D.M. (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the tree of life. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 42, 331–338.
Hoese, D.F. (2006a) Order Tetraodontiformes. Introduction. In: Beesley & Wells (2006): 1859.
Hoese, D.F. (2006b) Suborder Tetraodontoidei. Introduction. In: Beesley & Wells (2006): 1868.
Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J. & Allen, G.R. (2006) Tetraodontidae. Blowfishes, pufferfishes, puffers, toadfishes, toadoes, tobys (CAAB: 37467000). In: Beesley & Wells (2006): 1912–1929.
Huxley, T.H. (1868) On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1868, 294–319.
Iredale, T. (1948) A check list of the birds or paradise and bower-birds. Australian Zoologist, 11, 161–189.
Iredale, T. (1950) Birds of paradise and bower birds. Melbourne, Georgian House, [i] + 1–xii + 1–239, pl. 1–33 + 1.
Jaillon, O., Aury, J.-M., Brunet, F., Petit, J.-L., STange-Thomann, N., Mauceli, E., Bouneau, L., Fischer, C., Ozouf-Costaz, C., Bernot, A., Nicaud, S., Jaffe, D., Fisher, S., Lutfalla, G., Dossat, C., Segurens, B., Dasilva, C., Salanoubat, M., Levy, M., Boudet, N., Castellano, S., Anthouard, V., Jubin, C., Castelli, V., Katinka, M., Vacherie, B., Biémont, C., Skalli, Z., Cattolico, L., Poulain, J., de Berardinis, V., Cruaud, C., Duprat, S., Brottier, P., Coutanceau, J.-P., Gouzy, J., Parra, G., Lardier, G., Chappie, C., McKernan, K., McEwan, P., Bosak, S., Kellis, M., Volff, J;-N., Guigó, R., Zody, M.C., Mesirov, J., Lindblad-Toh, K., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Kahn, D., Robvinson-Rechavi, M., Laudet, V., Schachter, V., Quétier, F., Saurin, W., Scarpelli, C., Wincker, P., Lander, E.S., Weissenbach, J. & Crollius, H.R. (2004) Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature, 431, 946–957.
Jerdon, T.C. (1862) The birds of India. Volume I. Calcutta, [i–xvii] + i–xlv + 1–535.
Jordan, D.S. (1885) A catalogue of the fishes known to inhabit the waters of North America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, with notes on the species discovered in 1883 and 1884. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1–185.
Jordan, D.S. (1907) Fishes. New York, Henry Holt & Co., i–xv + 1–788.
Koerber, S. (2009) From sponges to primates: emendation of 30 species nomina dedicated to the Swedish zoologist Einar Lönnberg. Zootaxa, 2201, 63–68.
Kottelat, M. (1989) Zoogeography of the fishes from Indochinese inland waters with an annotated check-list. Bulletin zoölogische Museum Universiteit van Amsterdam, 12 (1), 1–54.
Kottelat, M. (2001) Nomenclatural status of names of tetraodontiform fishes based on Bibron’s unpublished work. Zoosystema, 23 (3), 605–618.
Kuhl, H. & Van Hasselt, J.C. (1822) Uittriksels uit brieven van de Heeren Kuhl en Van Hasselt, aan de Heeren C. J. Temmnick, Th. Van Swinderen en W. De Haan. Algemeene Konst-en Letter-Bode, 7, 99–104.
Kuhn, O. (1965) Die Amphibien. Krailling bei München, Oeben, 1–102.
Lafresnaye, F. (1850) Essai d’une monographie du genre Picucule (Buffon), Dendrocolaptes (Hermann, Illiger), devenu aujourd’hui la sous-famille Dendrocolaptinae (Gray, Genera of Birds) de la famille Certhiadae de Swains. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, (2) 2, 369–388. [Not seen].
Latham, J. (1790) Index ornithologicus, sive systema ornithologiæ; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus… Vol. 1. London, Leigh & Sotheby, i–xviii + 1–500. [Not seen].
Laurenti, J.N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i–ii + 1–215, pl. 1–5.
Le Danois, Y. (1959) Etude ostéologique, myologique et systématique des poissons du sou-ordre des Orbiculates. Annales de l’Institut océanographique, 36 (1), 1–274.
Le Danois, Y. (1961) Catalogue des types de poisons Orbiculates du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. II. Familles des Tetraodontidae, Lagocephalidae, Colomesidae, Diodontidae et Triodontidae. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (2), 33 (5), 462–478.
Lesson, R.P. (1830) Traité d’ornithologie ou Tableaux méthodiques des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d’oiseaux. Volume 1, livre 3. Paris, Levrault, 161–240.
Lesson, R.P. (1831) Traité d’ornithologie ou Tableaux méthodiques des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d’oiseaux. Volume 1, livre 8. Paris, Levrault, 561–659.
Lévêque, C., Paugy, D., Teugels, G.G. & Romand, R. (1989) Inventaire taxinomique et distribution des poissons d’eau douce des bassins côtiers de Guinée et de Guinée Bissau. Revue d’Hydrobiologie tropicale, 22 (2), 107–127.
Linnaeus, C. (1744) Systema Naturae in quo proponuntur natura regia tria secundum classes, ordines, genera et species. Editio quarta ab auctore emendata et aucta. Parisiis, Sumptibus Michaelis-Antonii David, [i] + i–xxvi + 1–108, 1 pl.
Linnaeus, C. (1758a) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i–iv] + 1–824.
Linnaeus, C. (1758b) Opera Varia in quibus continentur Fundamenta Botanica, Sponsalia Plantarum, et Systema Naturae, in quo proponuntur naturae regna tria secundum classes, ordines, genera et species. Lucae, Typographia Juntiniana, [i–iv] + 1–376, 1 pl.
Linnaeus, C. (1759) Animalium Specierum in classes, ordines, genera, species methodica dispositio, additis characteribus, differentiis atque synonymis, accomodata ad Systema Naturae & in formam enchyridii redacta, secundum decimam Holmensem editionem. Lugduni Batavorum, Theodorum Haak, [i–iv] + 1–256.
Linnaeus, C. (1761) Fauna Svecica. Editio altera, auctior. Stocholmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i–l] + 1–579, pl. 1–2.
Linnaeus, C. (1766) Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus I, Pars I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 1–532.
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus I, Pars II. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 533–1327 + i–xxxiv.
Linnaeus, C. (1894) Systema Naturae. Regnum animale. Editio decima, 1758, Cura Societatis Zoologicae Germanicae iterum edita. Lipsiae, Guilielmi Engelmann, [i–iv] + 1–824 + i–iv.
Loche, [Capt. V.] (1860) Description de deux nouvelles espèces d’Alouettes découvertes dans le Sahara algérien par le commandant Loche. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, (2) 12 (Avril), 148–151.
Mayr, E. (1962) Family Paradisaeidae. In: E. Mayr & J.C. Greenway, Jr. (Eds.), Check-list of birds of the world. A continuation of the work of James L. Peters, Vol. 15, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 181–204.
McAllister, D.E. (1960) List of the marine fishes of Canada. National Museum of Canada Bulletin, 168, Biological Series, 62, i–iv + 1–76.
Melville, R.V. (1995) Towards stability in the names of animals. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, i–xi + 1–92.
Merrem, B. (1820) Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen systematis amphibiorum. Marburg, Iohann Christian Krieger, (i–xv + 1–191) ´ 2, 1 pl.
Meyer, A. (1926) Logik der Morphologie im Rahmen einer Logik der gesamten Biologie. Berlin, Julius Springer, i–vii + 1–290.
Michel, E., Nikolaeva, S., Dale-Skey, N. & Tracey, S. (Eds.) (2009a) Contributions to the discussion on electronic publication II. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 66 (1), 4–19.
Michel, E., Nikolaeva, S., Dale-Skey, N. & Tracey, S. (Eds.) (2009b) Contributions to the discussion on electronic publication. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 66 (3), 205–224.
Neave, S.A. (Ed.) (1939) Nomenclator zoologicus. Vol. II. D–L. London, Zoological Society of London, i–iv + 1–1025.
Neave, S.A. (Ed.) (1940a) Nomenclator zoologicus. Vol. III. M–P. London, Zoological Society of London, i–iv + 1–1065.
Neave, S.A. (Ed.) (1940b) Nomenclator zoologicus. Vol. IV. Q–Z and supplement. London, Zoological Society of London, i–iv + 1–758.
Nelson, J.S. (2006) Fishes of the world. Fourth edition. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, i–xix + 1–601.
Nemésio, A. (2007) “Page priority” does not exist in the Code: Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood, 1842) has precedence over Neomegalotomus simplex (Westwood, 1842) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Alydidae). Zootaxa, 1524, 57–59.
Ng, P.K.L., Guinot, D. & Davie, P.J.F. (2008) Systema Brachyurorum. Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. 17, 1–286.
Oken, L. von (1816) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dritter Theil, Zoologie. Zweite Abtheilung, Fleischthiere. Jena, Schmid, i–xvi + 1–1272.
Pennisi, E. (2001) Linnaeus’s last stand? Science, 291, 2304–2307.
Peters, J.L. (1951) Check-list of birds of the world. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 7, i–x + 1–318.
Potapov, R.L. (1993) New subspecies of the Himalayan Snowcock, Tetraogallus himalayensis sauricus, subsp. nova. Russian Journal of Ornithology, 2 (1), 3–5.
Potapov, R.L. (2007) On the name of a new subspecies of the Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis sauricus Potapov, 1993. Russian Journal of Ornithology, 16, 654–655.
Poynton, J.C. (1964) The Amphibia of Southern Africa: a faunal study. Annals of the Natal Museum, 17, 1–334.
Procé, M. de (1822) Sur plusieurs espèces nouvelles de poissons et de crustacés observées dans un voyage de France à Manille. Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris, 1822, 129–134.
Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1–124, 1 pl.
Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C.S. (1814) Principes généraux de Somiologie ou les loix [sic] de la nomenclature et de la classification de l’empire organique ou des animaux et des végétaux, contenant les règles essentielles de l’art de leur imposer des noms immuables et de les classer méthodiquement. Palerme, Franc. Abate, 1–52.
Randall, J.E. & Lim, K.K.P. (Eds.) (2000) A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, suppl. 8, 569–667.
Rentz, D.C. (1973) On chresonymy. Systematic Zoology, 22 (2), 195.
Richmond, C.W. (1908) Generic names applied to birds during the years 1901 to 1905, inclusive, with further additions to Waterhouse’s Index generum avium. Proceedings of the Unites States national Museum, 35, 583–655.
Roberts, T.R. (1986) Tetraodontidae. In: J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse & D. F. E. Thys van den Audenaerde (Eds.), Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa, Bruxelles (ISNB), Tervuren (MRAC) & Paris (ORSTOM), 434–436.
Roberts, T.R. (1998) Freshwater fugu or puffersishes of the genus Tetraodon from the Mekong basin, with descriptions of two new species. Ichthyological Research, 45 (3), 225–234.
Savage, J.M. (1986) Review of Dubois (1984). Copeia, 1986, 259–262.
Schneider, I.G. (1799) Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus primus, continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros, in genera et species descriptos notisque suis distinctos. Jena, Frommann, i–xv + 1–264, pl. 1–2.
Scopoli, I.A. (1777) Introductio ad historiam naturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plantarum, et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Pragae, Gerle, [i-x] + 1–506 + i–xxxvi.
Sepkoski, J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 363, 1–560.
Sharpe, R.B. (1879) Contributions to the ornithology of Borneo. Part IV. On the birds of the province of Lumbidan, north-western Borneo. The Ibis, (4) 3, 233–272.
Shaw, G. (1804) General zoology or Systematic natural history. Vol. 5, Part 2. Pisces. London, Kearsley, [i] + i–viii + 251–463, pl. 133–182.
Sherborn, C.D. (1902) Index Animalium. Cambridge University Press, London, i–lix + 1–1195.
Sibley, C.G. & Ahlquist, J.E. (1990) Phylogeny and classification of birds. A study in molecular evolution. New Haven & London, Yale University Press, i–xxiii + 1–976.
Simpson, G.G. (1940) Types in modern taxonomy. American Journal of Science, 238, 413–431.
Smith, H.M. & Pérez-Higareda, G. (1986) Nomenclatural name-forms. Systematic Zoology, 35, 421–422.
Smith, H.M. & Smith, R.B. (1973) Chresonymy ex synonymy. Systematic Zoology, “1972”, 21, 445.
Smith, H.M. & Smith, R.B. (1993) Synopsis of the herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Bibliographic addendum IV and index, bibliographic addenda II-IV 1979–1991. Niwot, Colrado, Univesity Press of Colorado, i–ix + 1–1082.
Sundevall, C.J. (1836) Ornithologiskt system. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademins Handlingar, “1835”, 43–130.
Swainson, W. (1824) An inquiry into the natural affinities of the Laniadae, or shrikes; preceded by some observations on the present state of ornithology in this country. Zoological Journal, 1, 289–307.
Swainson, W. (1837) Birds of West Africa. Volume 1. Edinburgh, Lizars, 1–286.
Swainson, W. & Richardson, J. (1832) Fauna boreali-americana. Part 2. The birds. London, Murray, i–lxvi + 1–523.
Tschudi, J.J. (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berücksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchâtel, Petitpierre, i–ii + 1–98, pl. 1–6.
Tyler, J.C. (1980) Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA technical Reports, NMFS Circulars, 434, i–xii + 1–422.
Van de Peer, Y. (2004) Tetraodon genome confirms Takifugu findings: most fish are ancient polyploids. Genome Biology, 5 (12), 250.
Vieillot, L.P. (1816) Analyse d’une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. Paris, Deterville, [i] + 1–70.
Vieillot, L.P. & Oudart, M.P. (1825) La galerie des oiseaux. Paris, Constant-Chantpie, [i–vii] + i–iii + 1–344, pl. 1–198.
Vigors, N.A. (1824) Sketches in ornithology; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds. On the groups of the Falconidae. Zoological Journal, 1, 308–346.
Vigors, N.A. (1825a) Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 14 (3), 395–517.
Vigors, N.A. (1825b) Sketches in ornithology; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds. (Continued from p. 197). The zoological Journal, 2 (7), 368–405.
Wager, V.A. (1961) The plain rana. African Wild Life, 15, 151–156.
Wheeler Q.D., Raven, P.H. & Wilson, E.O. (2004) Taxonomy: impediment or expedient? Science, 303, 285.
Willem, V. (1947) Contributions à l’étude des organes respiratoires chez les Téléostéens Plectognathes. 5e partie: Tétrodontes et Diodon. Bulletin du Musée royal d’Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 23 (17), 1–17.
Wilson, S.B. (1890) On a new finch from Midway island, North Pacific. The Ibis, (6) 2, 339–341.